Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

Loneliness and E-cigarette Use Among Adolescents in England: Evidence From the Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use Survey 2023: Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Najim Z. Alshahrani, Isaac Olushola Ogunkola; J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(1):66-74. Published online September 6, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.476

568 View
44 Download

Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
Adolescent e-cigarette use is an increasing public health concern in England, yet the psychosocial drivers of this trend remain poorly understood. This study examines the association between loneliness and current e-cigarette use among secondary school students aged 11–15.
Methods
We analysed data from 13 725 pupils who participated in the 2023 wave of the nationally representative Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use among Young People in England survey. Loneliness was assessed using a validated composite score derived from 3 indirect questions on social isolation, categorised as low, medium, and high. Current e-cigarette use was defined as self-reported use “sometimes” or “every week.” Logistic regression models estimated crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the association between loneliness and vaping, adjusting for age, gender, current smoking, ethnicity, family affluence, and alcohol use.
Results
Overall, 8.0% of adolescents (n=1104) reported current e-cigarette use. Compared with those reporting low loneliness, adolescents with medium and high loneliness had significantly greater odds of vaping, with adjusted ORs of 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24 to 1.76; p<0.001) and 2.46 (95% CI, 2.00 to 3.04; p<0.001), respectively. Findings were consistent in sensitivity analyses using weekly e-cigarette use as the outcome. Adolescents with medium and high loneliness had significantly higher adjusted odds of weekly use (adjusted ORs, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.75; p=0.005; and 2.04; 95% CI, 1.55 to 2.71; p<0.001, respectively) compared with those reporting low loneliness.
Conclusions
Loneliness is a strong and graded correlate of adolescent e-cigarette use.; Summary

Key Message
This study of 13,725 adolescents in England reveals that loneliness is a powerful, independent, and graded predictor of e-cigarette use. Adolescents reporting high levels of loneliness had nearly 2.5 times the adjusted odds of current vaping compared to those with low loneliness. These findings suggest that public health strategies should prioritize social connectedness and emotional well-being as critical components of youth vaping prevention frameworks.

The Influence of Family Adversities on Longitudinal Changes in Physical Inactivity Among Korean Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Tae Kyoung Lee, Jing Zhu, Young Mi Kim, Ze-Kai Jiang, Meilin Zhang, Won Ha Choi, Tae-Young Pak, Hana Song; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(5):443-450. Published online August 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.236

23,228 View
271 Download

Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
Lack of physical activity has a critical effect on the physical and mental health of adolescents. This study examined the influence of family adversities on the longitudinal changes in physical inactivity among adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods
The study used multi-wave data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, including 2590 Korean adolescents aged 12-14 years. The longitudinal trajectory of physical inactivity among adolescents and the effects of related factors were estimated using a latent growth modeling method.
Results
Our results revealed a significant increase in physical inactivity among adolescents over time. At the onset of the pandemic, approximately one-seventh of Korean middle schoolers reported a lack of physical activity. However, 3 years later, during the quarantine, nearly one-fifth of these adolescents reported a significant increase in their physical inactivity. Initially, low level parental education was predictive of adolescents’ physical inactivity, but this effect diminished over time, becoming statistically insignificant by the end of the 3-year period. Moreover, the increase in physical inactivity over the 3 years was significantly influenced by parental rejection.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that adolescents who experience parental rejection are more likely to report an increase in sedentary behaviors in contexts such as the COVID-19 pandemic.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 팬데믹 기간 동안 청소년의 신체 활동 변화와 신체 활동 부족에 대한 부정적 가정 환경의 영향을 조사했다. 한국 청소년 2,590명을 대상으로 한 3년간의 종단 패널 데이터를 잠재 성장 모형으로 분석하여 신체 활동 부족의 변화를 추적하였다. 그 결과, 팬데믹 기간 동안 청소년들의 신체 활동 부족이 현저히 증가했으며, 부모의 거부가 이러한 증가에 유의한 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다.

Key Message
This study examined the impact of family adversities on the longitudinal changes in physical inactivity among 2,590 Korean adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the 3-year period, physical inactivity increased significantly, with parental rejection playing a key role in this rise. While low parental education initially predicted higher levels of inactivity, its influence diminished over time.

Predictors and Prevalence of Alcohol and Cannabis Co-use Among Filipino Adolescents: Evidence From a School-based Student Health Survey: Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno III, Jerico B. Ogaya, Victor C. Cañezo Jr., Roland A. Niez, Florante E. Delos Santos, Melchor M. Magramo, Ann Rosanie Yap-Tan, Francis Ann R. Sy, Omar Kasimieh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(3):288-297. Published online May 9, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.052

20,439 View
425 Download
6 Web of Science
6 Crossref

Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
This study explored the prevalence and predictors of alcohol and cannabis co-use among 9263 Filipino adolescents, using data from the 2019 Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS).
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis of the GSHS, targeting adolescents aged 13-17 years and excluding cases with incomplete data on alcohol and cannabis use. Our analysis employed the bivariate chi-square test of independence and multivariable logistic regression using Stata version 18 to identify significant predictors of co-use, with a p-value threshold set at 0.05.
Results
The weighted prevalence of co-users was 4.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4 to 5.3). Significant predictors included male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.50; 95% CI, 3.31 to 6.10; p<0.001) and being in a lower academic year, specifically grade 7 (aOR, 4.08; 95% CI, 2.39 to 6.99; p<0.001) and grade 8 (aOR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.30 to 3.72; p=0.003). Poor sleep quality was also a significant predictor (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.29 to 2.44; p<0.001), as was a history of attempted suicide (aOR, 5.31; 95% CI, 4.00 to 7.06; p<0.001). Physical inactivity was associated with lower odds of co-use (aOR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.62; p<0.001). Additionally, non-attendance of physical education classes (aOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.06 to 2.05; p=0.021), infrequent unapproved parental checks (aOR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.80; p=0.024), and lower parental awareness of free-time activities (aOR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.87; p=0.005) were associated with higher odds of co-use. Factors not significantly linked to co-use included age group, being in grade 9, always feeling lonely, having no close friends, being bullied outside school, and whether a parent or guardian understood the adolescent’s worries.
Conclusions
The findings highlight the critical need for comprehensive interventions in the Philippines, addressing not only physical inactivity and parental monitoring but also focusing on sex, academic grade, participation in physical education classes, sleep quality, and suicide attempt history, to effectively reduce alcohol and cannabis co-use among adolescents.

Summary

Key Message
This cross-sectional study examines the prevalence and key predictors of alcohol and cannabis co-use among 9263 Filipino adolescents using data from the 2019 Global School-based Student Health Survey. Significant predictors of co-use include male sex, lower academic grade, poor sleep quality, history of attempted suicide, physical inactivity, non-attendance in physical education classes, infrequent parental checks, and low parental awareness of adolescents' activities, with a weighted co-use prevalence of 4.2%. The study underscores the need for comprehensive interventions addressing these factors to reduce substance co-use among Filipino adolescents.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparing self-rated health among exclusive e-cigarette users and traditional cigarette smokers: an analysis of the Health Survey for England 2019
Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Duaa Abdullah Bafail
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2025; 20(2): 441. CrossRef
Self-rated health differences between exclusive e-cigarette users and exclusive cigarette smokers: evidence from the 2017–2019 Scottish Health Survey
Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno, Isaac Olushola Ogunkola
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2025; 20(3): 771. CrossRef
Prevalence, drug education, and other associated factors of current illicit drug use among a nationally representative sample of school-aged adolescents in the Philippines in 2019
Supa Pengpid, Karl Peltzer, Lyndon Esconde Santos, Earl Francis Infante Mallari
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence Rates, Perceptions of Risk, and Motivations for Nonmedical Cannabis Use in Pediatric Pain
Joe Kossowsky, Christine Greco, Bridget A. Nestor, Camila Koike, Nicole Tacugue, Andreas M. Baumer, Elissa R. Weitzman
JAMA Network Open.2025; 8(5): e2512870. CrossRef
Sleep Disturbances Across the Addiction Stages: A Review of Alcohol, Cannabis and their Co-Use
Claudia B. Padula, Ariel Grayson, Sarah Izabel, Lea-Tereza Tenekedjieva, Emma Zhang, Andrea N. Goldstein-Piekarski
Current Addiction Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence, demographic, socio-economic, and lifestyle factors associated with cigarette, e-cigarette, and dual use: evidence from the 2017–2021 Scottish Health Survey
Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Duaa Abdullah Bafail, Oluwatobi Ebenezer Oni
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2024; 19(8): 2151. CrossRef

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Adolescent Pregnancy Among an Indigenous Ethnic Group in Rural Nepal: A Community-based Cross-sectional Study: Kusumsheela Bhatta, Pratiksha Pathak, Madhusudan Subedi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(3):269-278. Published online April 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.023

11,340 View
449 Download
2 Web of Science
2 Crossref

Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
The Chepang people, an indigenous ethnic group in Nepal, experience substantial marginalization and socioeconomic disadvantages, making their communities among the most vulnerable in the region. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in the Chepang communities of Raksirang Rural Municipality, Makwanpur District, Bagmati Province, Nepal.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to April 2023 among 231 Chepang women selected using simple random sampling from Raksirang Rural Municipality. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for interviewing the mothers. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed, using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Variables with a variation inflation factor of more than 2 and a p-value of more than 0.25 were excluded from the final model.
Results
The study revealed that the prevalence rate of adolescent pregnancy among Chepang women was 71.4% (95% CI, 65.14 to 77.16). A large percentage of participants (72.7%) were married before the age of 18 years. Poor knowledge of adolescent pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 10.3; 95% CI, 8.42 to 14.87), unplanned pregnancy (aOR, 13.3; 95% CI, 10.76 to 19.2), and lack of sex education (aOR, 6.57; 95% CI, 3.85 to 11.27) were significantly associated with adolescent pregnancy.
Conclusions
The prevalence of adolescent pregnancy among the Chepang community was high. These findings highlighted the importance of raising awareness about the potential consequences of adolescent pregnancy and implementing comprehensive sexuality education programs for preventing adolescent pregnancies within this community.

Summary

Key Message
This community-based cross-sectional study found that adolescent pregnancy was highly prevalent (71.4%) among the Chepang community, an indigenous and marginalized ethnic group in Nepal. Key contributing factors included poor knowledge of adolescent pregnancy, unplanned pregnancies, and a lack of sex education. The findings highlighted the urgent need for targeted awareness campaigns and comprehensive sexuality education programs to address and reduce adolescent pregnancies in this vulnerable community.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Understanding the Determinants of Adolescent Pregnancy among an Indigenous Community in Rural Nepal: A Qualitative Exploration
Kusumsheela Bhatta, Pratiksha Pathak, Madhusudan Subedi
Public Health Challenges.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Letter to the Editor: Teenage Pregnancy in the Philippines: Effects and Interventions
Dalmacito A. Cordero
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(3): 304. CrossRef

Impact of Physical Activity on the Association Between Unhealthy Adolescent Behaviors and Anxiety Among Korean Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study: Hyo-jung Lee, Jeong Pil Choi, Kunhee Oh, Jin-Young Min, Kyoung-Bok Min; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(6):552-562. Published online November 15, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.313

5,411 View
148 Download

Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
Adolescents who engage in unhealthy behaviors are particularly vulnerable to anxiety. We hypothesized that participation in physical activity could influence the relationship between anxiety and unhealthy behaviors in adolescents. These behaviors include smoking, alcohol consumption, and unsafe sexual activity.
Methods
This study included 50 301 students from the first year of middle school to the third year of high school, all from Korea. The unhealthy adolescent behaviors examined included current alcohol consumption, current smoking, and unsafe sexual behavior. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire (GAD-7).
Results
The participants had a mean age of 15.19 years and an average GAD-7 score of 4.23. No significant differences were observed in GAD-7 score among exercising participants when categorized by smoking status (p=0.835) or unsafe sexual behavior (p=0.489). In contrast, participants in the non-exercise group who engaged in these behaviors demonstrated significantly higher GAD-7 scores (p<0.001 and 0.016, respectively). The only significant interaction was found between unsafe sexual behavior and exercise (p=0.009). Based on logistic regression analysis, within the non-exercise group, significant positive associations were observed between current smoking and anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18 to 1.57), as well as between unsafe sexual behavior and anxiety (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.73). However, within the exercise group, no significant association was found between anxiety and either smoking or unsafe sexual behavior. Furthermore, no significant interaction was observed between unhealthy behaviors and exercise.
Conclusions
These findings are insufficient to conclude that physical activity influences the relationship between unhealthy behaviors and anxiety.; Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 신체활동이 한국 청소년들사이에서 불안과 불건강행태간의 관계에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 조사하였다. 이 연구에서 신체활동을 하지 않는 청소년에서만 흡연 및 불안전한 성행위와 같은 불건강행태와 불안 간의 유의미한 연관성을 보였음에도 불구하고, 이러한 불건강행태와 운동 간에는 같은 방향의 유의미한 상호작용이 관찰되지 않았다. 따라서 이 연구는 신체 활동이 청소년들의 불건강행태와 불안간의 관계에 직접 미치는 영향에 대해 명확하게 결론을 내릴 수 없었다.

Key Message
Among Korean adolescents, this study found that significant associations between unhealthy behaviors such as smoking and unsafe sex, and anxiety were only observed in adolescents who did not engage in physical activity. Despite this, no significant interaction was observed between these unhealthy behaviors and exercise. Contrary to popular belief, this study concludes that the evidence is insufficient to definitively say that physical activity influences the relationship between adolescent unhealthy behaviors and anxiety.

Changes in Adolescent Health Behavior and the Exacerbation of Economic Hardship During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study From the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Chaeeun Kim, Haeun Lee, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Hyesook Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(1):18-27. Published online November 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.306

7,661 View
447 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study investigated the association between exacerbated economic hardship during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and changes in the health behaviors of Korean adolescents.
Methods
We analyzed data from the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey and included 44 908 students (22 823 boys and 22 085 girls) as study subjects. The dependent variables included changes in health behaviors (breakfast habits, physical activity, and alcohol use) that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aggravation of economic hardship by COVID-19 and the subjective economic status of the family were used as exposure variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis was utilized to calculate the prevalence odds ratios (PORs).
Results
Severe exacerbation of a family’s economic hardship due to COVID-19 was negatively associated with the health behaviors of adolescents, including increased breakfast skipping (POR, 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55 to 2.21 for boys and POR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.27 to 1.92 for girls) and decreased physical activity (POR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.57 for boys and POR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.60 for girls). These negative changes in health behaviors were further amplified when combined with a low subjective family economic status.
Conclusions
The experience of worsening household hardship can lead to negative changes in health behavior among adolescents. It is crucial to implement measures that address the economic challenges that arise from stressful events such as COVID-19 and to strive to improve the lifestyles of adolescents under such circumstances.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 코로나바이러스감염증-19 (COVID-19) 대유행 기간 악화된 가구의 경제적 상황과 청소년의 건강 행태 변화의 관련성을 청소년건강행태조사를 이용하여 분석하였다. 가구의 경제적 상황이 COVID-19로 인해 심각하게 악화된 경우, 청소년 건강 행태의 부정적인 변화와 연관성이 관찰되었다. 가구의 경제적 상황이 악화되는 경험은 청소년들의 건강 행태에 부정적인 변화를 초래할 수 있다. COVID-19와 같은 사회적 사건으로 인해 발생하는 경제적 어려움에 대응하는 조치를 마련하고, 이러한 상황에서 청소년들의 건강 행태를 개선하기 위한 개입이 필요하다.

Key Message
This study investigated the association between exacerbated economic hardship during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and changes in the health behaviors of Korean adolescents using the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Severe exacerbation of a family’s economic hardship due to COVID-19 was negatively associated with the health behaviors of adolescents. The experience of worsening household hardship can lead to negative changes in health behavior among adolescents. It is crucial to implement measures that address the economic challenges that arise from stressful events such as COVID-19 and to strive to improve the lifestyles of adolescents under such circumstances.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Family Dynamics, Socioeconomic Hardships, and Health Risk Behaviours of Bulgarian Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Elitsa Dimitrova, Anna Alexandrova-Karamanova
Children.2024; 11(8): 1016. CrossRef

An Important Strategy to Improve Adolescent Health Literacy: COVID-19 Modules in High School in Indonesia: Nurina Hasanatuludhhiyah, Visuddho Visuddho, Abdul Khairul Rizki Purba, Annette d’ Arqom, Ancah Caesarina Novi Marchianti; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(6):523-532. Published online November 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.113

5,674 View
169 Download
1 Web of Science
2 Crossref

Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
During the second coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) surge, cases increased sharply due to low awareness and compliance with measures to limit disease spread. Health literacy (HL) is an important component of public health initiatives, and schools are potential sources of health education to increase HL via the presentation of COVID-19 educational modules.
Methods
This cross-sectional study involved an online questionnaire administered to students from 5 high schools in Surabaya and Sidoarjo, Indonesia, 6-7 weeks after the start of government-issued directives restricting public gatherings. We collected data on each respondent’s age, gender, parental education, and socioeconomic variables. HL was determined by the Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents. We additionally measured their attitudes and behaviors related to preventing the spread of COVID-19. The students were asked if they watched the COVID-19 module at school, their feelings about vaccination, and preferred online sources of COVID-19-related information.
Results
Most of the 432 respondents had viewed COVID-19 modules at school. Module exposure was associated with significantly higher total and domain-specific HL and more positive attitudes toward government-issued COVID-19 restrictions on travel and public gatherings (p<0.05). However, behaviors to prevent COVID-19 spread and vaccine acceptance were not associated with module exposure. Most students chose social media as their source of COVID-19-related information.
Conclusions
Schools can provide information to increase adolescents’ HL and the public’s support for health initiatives to prevent or limit the spread of COVID-19.

Summary

Key Message
A cross-sectional study carried out on high school students during the second surge of COVID-19 in Indonesia revealed that they benefitted from the COVID-19 module. Students who viewed the module had higher scores on health literacy measures of adolescents (HELMA), had a more favorable attitude toward government-issued restrictive policies, and were more likely to have adequate health literacy, in regard to the ability to use health information. These imply schools as part of the public health response by providing education to increase adolescents’ health literacy and the public’s support for health initiatives to prevent and limit the spread of COVID-19.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A systematic review of psychological factors influencing attitudes and intentions toward, and uptake of, Covid-19 vaccines in adolescents
Angie Pitt, Richard Amlôt, Catherine Heffernan, G. James Rubin, Louise E. Smith
Vaccine: X.2026; : 100785. CrossRef
TikTok and digital health literacy: A systematic review
Margaret Kristin Merga
IFLA Journal.2025; 51(2): 490. CrossRef

Association Between Parental BMI and Offspring’s Blood Pressure by Mediation Analysis: A Study Using Data From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Hyowon Choi, Hunju Lee, Yeon-Soon Ahn; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(6):533-541. Published online October 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.289

5,305 View
133 Download

Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study analyzed the relationship between parental body mass index (BMI; BMI_p) and hypertension in their adolescent offspring (HTN_a), focusing on the mediating effect of adolescents’ BMI (BMI_a).
Methods
Utilizing data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, including participants aged 12-18, we conducted a mediation analysis while controlling for confounding factors such as age, sex, physical activity, dietary habits, household income quartile, and parents’ alcohol and smoking habits.
Results
The study included a total of 5731 participants, of whom 3381 and 5455 participants had data on fathers’ and mothers’ BMI, respectively. For adolescent systolic blood pressure (SBP_a), the father’s BMI (BMI_f) had a significant total effect (β, 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12 to 0.34) and average controlled mediated effect (ACME) (β, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.32), but the average direct effect (ADE) was not significant. The mother’s BMI (BMI_m) had a significant total effect (β, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.25), ACME (β, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.28) and ADE (β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.16 to 0.00). For adolescent diastolic blood pressure, both BMI_f and BMI_m had significant ACMEs (β, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.12 and β, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.12, respectively), BMI_m had a significant ADE (β, -0.09; 95% CI, -0.16 to -0.02) but BMI_f had an insignificant ADE and total effect.
Conclusions
The study found that parental BMI had a significant effect on SBP_a, mediated through BMI_a. Therefore, a high BMI in parents could be a risk factor, mediated through BMI_a, for systolic hypertension in adolescents, necessitating appropriate management.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구를 통해 부모의 BMI가 청소년기의 BMI를 매개하여 청소년의 수축기 혈압에 영향을 미침을 확인할 수 있었습니다. 그러나 본 연구는 단면적인 데이터를 활용하였으며, 후향적 연구로 이에 대한 한계를 가지고 있으며, 이후 이에 대한 추가 연구가 필요합니다.

Key Message
This study was able to confirm that parents' BMI mediated their BMI during adolescence and affected systolic blood pressure in adolescents. However, this study utilized cross-sectional data, and has limitations on this as a retrospective study, so further studies are needed.

Postpartum Depression in Young Mothers in Urban and Rural Indonesia: Alifa Syamantha Putri, Tri Wurisastuti, Indri Yunita Suryaputri, Rofingatul Mubasyiroh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(3):272-281. Published online May 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.534

14,120 View
393 Download
9 Web of Science
16 Crossref

Search