1Institute for Health Promotion, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea.
2Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.
3Korea Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea.
Copyright © 2012 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The authors have no conflicts of interest with the material presented in this paper.
This article is available at http://jpmph.org/.
Cigarette smoking |
Serum bilirubin subtypes |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n |
Total bilirubin |
Direct bilirubin |
Indirect bilirubin |
|||||||
n1 | Model I2 | Model II3 | n1 | Model I2 | Model II3 | n1 | Model I2 | Model II3 | ||
Smoking amount (cigarette/d) | ||||||||||
Never smoker | 14 992 | 2896 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 3397 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1927 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1 - 9 | 4535 | 916 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1056 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 612 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) |
10 - 19 | 15 481 | 3799 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) | 4080 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.5) | 2679 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) |
≥20 | 10 151 | 2765 | 1.8 (1.6, 1.9) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 2966 | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) | 1.8 (1.7, 1.9) | 1950 | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) | 1.9 (1.7, 2.0) |
Smoking duration (y) | ||||||||||
Never smoker | 14 992 | 2896 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 3397 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1927 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1 - 12 | 8047 | 1631 | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 1814 | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 1106 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) |
13 - 21 | 16 501 | 4022 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 4301 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 2835 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) |
≥22 | 8254 | 2279 | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 2458 | 1.8 (1.7, 1.9) | 1.8 (1.7, 1.9) | 1608 | 1.8 (1.7, 2.0) | 1.8 (1.7, 2.0) |
Pack-years4 | ||||||||||
Never smoker | 14 992 | 2896 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 3397 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1927 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1 - 6 | 7360 | 1511 | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1695 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1011 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) |
7 - 19 | 14 548 | 3585 | 1.4 (1.4, 1.5) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.6) | 3827 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.4) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.5) | 2552 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) |
≥20 | 7576 | 2200 | 1.7 (1.6, 1.9) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.2) | 2376 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | 1548 | 1.7 (1.6, 1.9) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.2) |
1 The number of the lowest quartile of bilirubin subtypes (total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin).
2 Adjusted for age, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, uric acid, body mass index, and alcohol consumption.
3 Adjusted for age, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, uric acid, body mass index, alcohol consumption and hemoglobin.
4 Pack-years were calculated as amount (cigarettes/d) x period of smoking (y)/20.
Variables |
Smoking amount (cigarette/d) |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NS1 |
1-9 |
10 - 19 |
≥ 20 |
||||
n | OR (95% CI) | n | OR (95% CI) | n | OR (95% CI) | ||
Age (y) | |||||||
< 40 | 7305 | 2597 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 8134 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 3548 | 1.6 (1.4, 1.7) |
≥40 | 7687 | 1938 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 7347 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 6603 | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
< 23 | 10 221 | 1592 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 4975 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7) | 2782 | 1.8 (1.7, 2.1) |
≥23 | 22 827 | 2943 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 10 506 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 7369 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) |
Hypertension | |||||||
No | 12 869 | 3985 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 13 464 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | 8484 | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) |
Yes | 2123 | 550 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 2017 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 1667 | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) |
Diabetes | |||||||
No | 14 445 | 4403 | 1.3 (0.8, 1.9) | 14 911 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.6) | 9506 | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) |
Yes | 547 | 132 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 570 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 645 | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) |
TG/HDL-C (mg/dL) | |||||||
<3 | 8990 | 2551 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 7721 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 4474 | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) |
≥3 | 6002 | 1984 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 7760 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 5677 | 1.5 (1.4, 1.6) |
Alcohol intake | |||||||
No | 3106 | 379 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1279 | 1.9 (1.6, 2.1) | 1055 | 1.9 (1.7, 2.2) |
Yes | 11 731 | 4110 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 14 045 | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 8942 | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) |