Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Systematic Review

Association of Particulate Matter (PM_2.5) With COVID-19 Infection and Mortality in Low-and Middle-income Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Frisca Rahmadina, Riris Andono Ahmad, Aditya Lia Ramadona; J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(1):12-24. Published online January 17, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.499

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
Low-income and middle-income countries in Asia bear a disproportionate burden of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM_2.5) pollution, yet data remain scarce. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the association between PM_2.5 exposure and the risks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and mortality in this vulnerable region.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and other major databases for studies published up to December 31, 2024. We included observational studies reporting associations between PM_2.5 and COVID-19 outcomes in low-income and middle-income Asian countries. Pooled effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022316008).
Results
Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Separate analyses demonstrated statistically significant positive associations between PM_2.5 exposure and COVID-19 infection for both short-term exposure (pooled risk ratio [RR], 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.18) and long-term exposure (pooled RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.56). For mortality, the analysis identified a statistically non-significant positive association with short-term exposure (pooled RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.80 to 2.33). Substantial heterogeneity was observed across all analyses (I²>75%); however, sensitivity analyses confirmed that the findings for infection were robust.
Conclusions
Our findings provide robust evidence that PM_2.5 exposure is a significant risk factor for COVID-19 infection in low-income and middle-income Asian countries. The available evidence was insufficient to establish a clear association with mortality. These results underscore the urgent need for strengthened air quality control policies as a critical component of public health strategies to mitigate the burden of respiratory pandemics.; Summary

Key Message
This systematic review and meta-analysis confirms that both short-term and long-term PM 2.5 exposure significantly increase COVID-19 infection risks in Asian LMICs, with long-term exposure showing a substantially higher risk ratio. These findings highlight a critical intersection between air quality and infectious disease vulnerability. Consequently, integrating air quality management into public health strategies is essential for strengthening preparedness against future respiratory pandemics.

Original Articles

Impact of COVID-19 on the Profitability of General Hospitals in Korea: Jun Young Park, Tae Hyun Kim, Suk-Yong Jang, Sang Gyu Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(1):46-55. Published online September 11, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.303

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study was performed to quantify the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on hospital profitability in Korea by analyzing changes in the medical revenue-to-profit ratio (MRPR) and net income before reserve fund allocation (NIBR) before and after the pandemic onset. Additionally, it examined how financial outcomes varied by hospital ownership, geographic location, and type (secondary or tertiary), providing insights into the financial resilience of various hospital types during public health crises.
Methods
We conducted a longitudinal analysis using publicly available financial disclosure data from 243 general hospitals in Korea (2016–2022). We then performed a quadrant analysis to classify hospitals based on changes in MRPR and NIBR, identifying patterns of financial impact. For inferential analysis, we employed linear mixed-effects models incorporating a difference-in-differences framework, enabling estimation of both time-varying and hospital-specific effects.
Results
Following the onset of COVID-19, MRPR declined significantly, reaching −10.62% in 2020. NIBR initially dropped but later increased, reaching 21.09 billion Korean won per 100 beds in 2022. Quadrant analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity in financial responses, with national/public hospitals experiencing the most severe MRPR decline, whereas educational foundation and medical corporation hospitals displayed stronger financial recovery. Regression results confirmed significant interactions between outcomes after COVID-19 onset and hospital ownership type, indicating differential financial impacts across hospital categories.
Conclusions
The findings highlight the uneven financial effects of COVID-19 on Korean hospitals, emphasizing the importance of targeted government financial support. Policy measures should prioritize structural financial reforms to ensure hospital sustainability beyond short-term crisis management.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 2016–2022년 국내 종합병원 243개소의 재무자료를 활용하여 COVID-19 팬데믹이 병원 수익성에 미친 영향을 분석하였다. 팬데믹 이후 의료수익 대비 이익률은 전반적으로 감소한 반면, 정부 지원 등의 영향으로 적립금 차감 전 순이익은 증가하는 이중적 양상이 관찰되었다. 이러한 영향은 병원 소유 형태와 규모에 따라 상이하게 나타났으며, 공공병원의 재무적 취약성이 두드러졌다.

Key Message
Using longitudinal financial data from 243 Korean general hospitals (2016–2022), this study examined the impact of COVID-19 on hospital profitability. Medical revenue-to-profit ratios declined markedly after the pandemic onset, while net income before reserve fund allocation increased, reflecting substantial heterogeneity by ownership and hospital type. These findings highlight the need for targeted and structurally differentiated financial support policies to strengthen hospital resilience during future public health crises.

Changes in Adolescents’ Compliance Rate in Response to Policy Changes: COVID-19 Toothbrushing Restrictions in Schools for Korea: Suhyun Choi, Yubeen Kim, Joo Mi Kim, Joohyeon Kim, Jaewon Jeon, Jae-Seok Song, Yeunhee Kwak, Se-Hwan Jung, Nam-jun Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(1):35-45. Published online September 8, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.448

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
This study investigated changes in toothbrushing in adolescents in response to public health policy changes during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) focusing on behavioral trends before, during, and after policy enforcement according to socio-demographic subgroups.
Methods
Data from the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Survey (2018–2024) were divided into 3 periods: before (2018–2019), during (2020–2022), and after (2023–2024) the implementation of COVID-19 school restrictions. A total of 354 943 middle and high school students were included. The primary outcome variable was self-reported toothbrushing after lunch at school. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted, adjusting for confounders such as sex, academic performance, school level, school type, handwashing, and oral health status (toothache and gum bleeding).
Results
The compliance rate for toothbrushing declined significantly during the restriction period across all groups. It varied by sex, school type, school level, health-related behaviors (drinking, smoking, handwashing), and oral health status. Female students, middle schoolers, students in single-sex schools, non-smokers, and those practicing hand hygiene showed higher compliance. After restrictions were lifted, toothbrushing rates improved but remained lower than pre-pandemic levels. Recovery of the toothbrushing rate was observed in most groups, particularly among female students, high schoolers, and those with positive health-related behaviors. However, academic performance and oral health status were not significantly associated with recovery rate in adjusted analyses.
Conclusions
This study highlights that adolescents’ health behaviors are highly sensitive to environmental and policy changes. Variations in compliance and recovery rates underscore the need for adolescent-centered policies that account for both compliance and recovery, especially during crises such as pandemics.; Summary

Korean summary
청소년의 점심식사 후 칫솔질 행동은 COVID-19 학교 방역 제한 기간 동안 감소하였으며, 제한 해제 이후에도 부분적인 회복에 그쳤다. 순응도와 회복 양상은 집단별 특성에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 따라서 공중보건 정책은 행동의 순응뿐 아니라 회복까지 고려하여, 집단별 특성에 맞게 설계할 필요가 있다.

Key Message
Adolescents’ toothbrushing after lunch declined during COVID-19 school restrictions and showed only partial recovery after restrictions were lifted. Patterns of compliance rate and recovery rate varied according to subgroup characteristics. Therefore, public health policies should be designed to consider both compliance and recovery rates, tailored to subgroup-specific characteristics.

Lifestyle and Psychological Factors Associated With Depression in College Students in Hokkaido, Japan During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study: Atsushi Mizumoto, Reiya Tsuji, Kotomi Echizen, Yuichi Takata; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(6):581-588. Published online July 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.186

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
Although studies have demonstrated a decline in mental health during the early stages of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the long-term psychological effects remain insufficiently understood. This study conducted a web-based questionnaire survey to identify factors associated with depression among college students in Hokkaido, Japan, during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
A total of 187 participants who responded to a questionnaire administered in April 2022 were included in this study. The survey evaluated depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and included items on exercise habits, sleep duration, food frequency score (FFS), World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), daily step count, part-time job participation, and involvement in club activities.
Results
The mean CES-D score was 18.2±9.9, with 95 participants (50.8%) exhibiting symptoms of depression. Compared to those in the depression group, participants in the non-depression group were significantly more likely to engage in regular exercise and part-time jobs, as well as higher FFS, WHO-5, and FCV-19S scores. Logistic regression analysis showed that, even after adjusting for confounding variables, the WHO-5 score, FCV-19S score, and participation in part-time jobs remained significantly associated with depression scores.
Conclusions
Almost half of the participants showed symptoms of depression. These symptoms were associated with poor exercise habits and lack of part-time employment, among other factors. Among college students who had experienced more than 2 years of the pandemic, engaging in part-time work may have reduced social isolation and helped lower the risk of depression.; Summary

Key Message
This study conducted a web-based survey to identify factors associated with depression among college students in Hokkaido during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared with students in the depression group, those without depression were more likely to engage in regular exercise and part-time jobs and had higher FFS, WHO-5, and FCV-19S scores. Logistic regression showed that WHO-5, FCV-19S, and participation in part-time jobs remained significantly associated with depression after adjustment. Among students who had experienced more than two years of the pandemic, part-time employment may have reduced social isolation and lowered the risk of depression.

Experience of Medical Personnel Dispatched to Isolated Psychiatric Institution in Korea During COVID-19: Content Analysis: Youngjoo Kim, Jung Hee Hyun, Jacob Lee, Yoonyoung Nam, Eunshil Yim, Kyounga Lee, Baegju Na; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(4):431-439. Published online June 18, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.680

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
This study investigates problems related to medical response, and the support system among medical personnel dispatched to the psychiatric hospital when the first cluster of infections occurred in a psychiatric hospital in Korea.
Methods
Contents analysis was conducted for the responses of the medical personnel who responded to the interview. Training about basic quarantine rules, and safety management is not provided in the early dispatch stages.
Results
No guidance is available regarding the human rights protection of medical staff. Additionally, no on-site situation-control tower is available. Participants reported that temporary quarantine measures implemented at Hospital D to restrict the movement of patients and medical staff from the external world are problematic. The most significant problem is the insufficient governmental systemic support and consideration for protecting. Both the human rights of psychiatric patients and the human rights of the medical staff who care for them.
Conclusions
Future responses to new infectious diseases should include the establishment of a continuous support system in the community by changing the collective and closed-room environments as well as isolation-centered mental healthcare systems to protect the human rights of patients with mental disorders. Additionally, response drills for people with mental illness in closed environments should be practiced in response to emerging infectious diseases at ordinary times. Finally, training and emergency measures for medical staff dispatched to these facilities and a manual for the protection of the human rights of medical staff should be prepared.; Summary

Korean summary
이 논문은 COVID-19 초기 확산 시기, 한국 청도군의 한 정신병원에서 집단감염이 발생했을 때 파견된 의료진의 경험을 질적 내용 분석을 통해 조사한 연구입니다. 연구 결과, 정부의 준비 부족, 현장 통제 시스템 부재, 감염병 대응 훈련 미비, 인권 보호 기준 부재 등 여러 문제점이 드러났으며, 향후 정신질환자 대상 감염병 대응을 위해 지역사회 기반의 지속 가능한 지원체계와 의료진 인권 보호 매뉴얼 마련이 필요하다고 제안합니다.

Key Message
This study qualitatively analyzed the experiences of medical personnel dispatched to a psychiatric hospital in Cheongdo-gun, Korea, during a COVID-19 outbreak. It revealed critical issues such as lack of governmental preparedness, absence of on-site control systems, inadequate training, and insufficient protection of human rights for both patients and staff. The findings highlight the need for a sustainable, community-based mental healthcare system and the development of emergency manuals and human rights protection protocols for medical personnel in future infectious disease responses.

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy: Perceptions in Kerala, the Indian State With the Highest Literacy: Dhanya Muralidharan, Arun Paul, Suhaila Panangadanakath, Sreelakshmi T. Nandakumar, Shana S. Poothotill, Rahila A. MoiduKunhi, Zainul Ameen; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(5):527-537. Published online June 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.137

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Public acceptance of a vaccine determines whether pandemic control is successful. Most studies assessing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine acceptance were conducted before the vaccine became publicly available, whereas the actual intent to be vaccinated often differs once the vaccine is accessible. Therefore, this study investigated COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and associated determinants among the general population of Kerala, India, after the vaccine became available.
Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive online survey was conducted using a structured and validated questionnaire in both English and Malayalam. It collected information on contextual influences, individual perceptions, group influences, COVID-19 vaccine-specific factors, and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination.
Results
Of the 1078 participants, 85.0% (n=916) accepted the COVID-19 vaccine, while 15.0% (n=162) were hesitant. Factors predicting vaccine hesitancy included male sex, younger age, lower educational attainment (school level), lower income, being unmarried, and not having children. Key determinants of vaccine hesitancy identified were concerns regarding vaccine safety and effectiveness, lack of trust in the government, insufficient information provided through the vaccination program, disbelief in vaccination’s protective role against COVID-19, and perception of the vaccination process as complicated and inconvenient.
Conclusions
Vaccine-hesitant individuals do not perceive COVID-19 vaccination as a social responsibility to their community. Digitization of the vaccination process may not be suitable for all segments of society, indicating that additional support for persons from lower socioeconomic statuses may be necessary to enhance acceptance. The newly identified areas of concern can guide government and healthcare workers, both nationally and globally, in effectively addressing and mitigating vaccine hesitancy.

Summary

Key Message
Real intent to vaccinate varies following availability of newly introduced vaccines. Most studies assessing determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy were performed prior to vaccine availability in India. None have assessed the degree of acceptance after vaccine was available for the general public above 18 years. The study findings provide more valid and meaningful understanding of determinants of vaccine hesitancy, emphasizing the need for identifying and educating hesitant individuals, highlighting need for greater involvement of health care workers. Newer focus areas identified will aid Government and Health care workers nationally and globally in preventing a rise in vaccine hesitancy.

Citations

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Underreporting of Adverse Events Following COVID-19 Vaccination Among Healthcare Professionals in Poland: Potential Implications for Vaccine Hesitancy
Jakub Grabowski, Anna Niebrzydowska, Aleksandra Brzozowska, Przemysław Waszak, Paweł Zagożdżon, Shan Ali, Tomasz Brancewicz, Monika Wolff, Aleksandra Macul-Sanewska, Leszek Bidzan
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2025; 10(11): 320. CrossRef

Associations of Sex and Household Area With Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior During Total and Partial COVID-19 Lockdowns in Chile: A Study in Adults Aged 18-44 Years: Jairo Vanegas-López, Rodrigo Guzmán-Venegas, Gabriel Marzuca-Nassr, Claudio Muñoz-Poblete, Gonzalo Quiroz-Sandoval, Juan Silva-Urra, Andres Orellana-Uribe, Sebastián Dubó, Ignacio Sepúlveda, José Luis Márquez; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(2):177-187. Published online December 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.461

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic led to various intensities of lockdowns, affecting lifestyles globally. This study investigates the impact of partial lockdown versus total lockdown on adult physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior.
Methods
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted from April 2020 to October 2020, with 493 participants included in the analysis.
Results
The analysis revealed no significant differences in total PA or total sitting time between partial lockdown and total lockdown scenarios. However, moderate physical activity (MPA) significantly decreased during total lockdowns, with more pronounced reductions among females than males. Notably, a positive correlation was found between household area and MPA, suggesting that larger living spaces may encourage more PA. A negative correlation was observed between sitting time and MPA during both types of lockdown.
Conclusions
Total lockdown conditions were associated with a significant decrease in MPA, highlighting sex disparities in PA responses. Living space size emerged as a crucial factor in maintaining PA levels during restricted conditions. This study emphasizes the need to consider environmental and demographic factors in public health strategies during prolonged periods of restricted movement.

Summary

Key Message
This study assessed the impact of partial and total COVID-19 lockdowns on physical activity and sedentary behavior in Chilean adults aged 18–44 years. Although total physical activity and sitting time did not significantly differ between lockdown types, moderate physical activity was significantly lower during total lockdowns, particularly among females. A positive association between household area and moderate activity suggests that public health strategies should consider gender and living conditions to mitigate the negative effects of prolonged restricted movement.

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Behavioral configurations of movement, screen exposure, and diet in school-aged children: a cross-sectional study
Pablo Gutiérrez-Pérez, Constanza Lisboa-Zamorano, Rodrigo Paredes-Suazo, José Luis Márquez
Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Air Passengers’ Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection With a 14-Day Quarantine and Accuracy Assessment of a Symptom-based Screening System at an Airport: Toonlaya Direkwutthikun, Chanapong Rojanaworarit, Isabella Andrade, Bhanasut Hunsajarupan, Nuttawoot Photisan, Pattarasuda Sookchom, Thawabhorn Jannok, Rome Buathong; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(1):72-82. Published online November 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.517

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study aimed to validate the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, identify infection risk factors among air passengers subject to a 14-day mandatory quarantine, and evaluate the accuracy of mass symptom-based screening criteria at an airport.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 116 004 air passengers who entered Thailand through Suvarnabhumi Airport in Bangkok from April 2020 to September 2020. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, risk characteristics, and accuracy indices of symptom-based screening were calculated.
Results
The overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 was 0.5%, or 540 infections per 100 000 air passengers. Identified risk factors included sex, nationality, continent of departure, on-arrival screening results, and month of travel. Positive screening results indicated a higher risk and positive likelihood ratio for SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the on-arrival screening criteria demonstrated low sensitivity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.
Conclusions
The current study confirms previous findings that the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection during air travel is low. However, this might result from strict pre-departure screening and the SARS-CoV-2 test requirement for arriving passengers. The symptom-based screening criteria used upon arrival showed a low probability of identifying positive cases, suggesting that incorporating additional criteria could help detect asymptomatic infections. The integrated screening and quarantine model proved effective in preventing the spread of the virus into local communities.; Summary

Key Message
The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection during air travel is low given a strict pre-departure screening and the SARS-CoV-2 test requirement. The symptom-based screening criteria used upon arrival showed a low probability of identifying positive cases. The integrated screening and quarantine model proved effective in preventing the spread of the virus into local communities.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Admissions and In-hospital Mortality of Patients With Stroke in Korea: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis: Youngs Chang, Soo-Hee Hwang, Haibin Bai, Seowoo Park, Eunbyul Cho, Dohoung Kim, Hyejin Lee, Jin Yong Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(1):60-71. Published online October 28, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.432

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on admission rates and in-hospital mortality among patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
Methods
We constructed a dataset detailing the monthly hospitalizations and mortality rates of inpatients with stroke from January 2017 to December 2021. Employing an interrupted time series analysis, we explored the impact of COVID-19 on hospitalizations and 30-day in-hospital mortality among stroke patients.
Results
The number of ischemic stroke admissions decreased by 18.5%, from 5335 to 4348, immediately following the COVID-19 outbreak (p<0.001). The in-hospital mortality rate for ischemic stroke increased slightly from 3.3% to 3.4% immediately after the outbreak, although it showed a decreasing trend over time. The number of hemorrhagic stroke admissions fell by 7.5%, from 2014 to 1864, immediately following the COVID-19 outbreak. The 30-day in-hospital mortality rate for hemorrhagic stroke initially decreased from 12.9% to 12.7%, but subsequently showed an increasing trend.
Conclusions
We confirmed that COVID-19 impacted both the admission and death rates of stroke patients. The admission rate for both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes decreased, while in-hospital mortality increased. Specifically, in-hospital mortality from ischemic stroke rose initially after the outbreak before stabilizing. Additionally, our findings indicate variable effects based on sex, age, and socioeconomic status, suggesting that certain groups may be more susceptible. This underscores the need to identify and support vulnerable populations to mitigate adverse health outcomes.

Summary

Korean summary
국민건강보험공단 데이터베이스를 자료원으로 하고 ITS 분석을 실시하여 코로나19가 뇌졸중 환자의 입원 및 30일 내 사망률에 미치는 영향을 조사했습니다. 그 결과 코로나19가 뇌졸중 환자의 입원율과 사망률에 모두 영향을 미친다는 사실을 확인했습니다. 특히, 75세 이상과 의료급여 수급자의 허혈성 및 출혈성 뇌졸중 입원율이 감소한 것으로 나타났습니다.

Key Message
Employing an interrupted time series analysis, we explored the impact of COVID-19 on hospitalizations and 30-day in-hospital mortality among stroke patients using the National Health Insurance Service Database. We confirmed that COVID-19 impacted both the admission and death rates of stroke patients. Specifically, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke admission rates decreased among individuals over 75 and MA beneficiaries.

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Who Dies Alone? Demographics, Underlying Diseases, and Healthcare Utilization Patterns of Lonely Death Individuals in Korea
Haibin Bai, Jae-ryun Lee, Min Jung Kang, Young-Ho Jun, Hye Yeon Koo, Jieun Yun, Jee Hoon Sohn, Jin Yong Lee, Hyejin Lee
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2025; 58(2): 218. CrossRef

SARS-CoV-2 Infection Risk Imposed by Fully-vaccinated Air Travelers Attending an Island-confined Quarantine System Enabling Tourism During the Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study: Thunyaporn Sirijantradilok, Chanapong Rojanaworarit, Isabella Andrade, Worawaran Kallayanasit, Panunda Yodkhunnathum, Somruethai Khamsakhon, Supasit Suerungruang, Nuttawoot Photisan; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(6):552-563. Published online September 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.351

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to identify the incidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among fully vaccinated air travelers participating in an island-confined quarantine system (Phuket Sandbox Program). It also compared the differential risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection across different coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines and the difference in time-to-detection periods between asymptomatic and symptomatic cases.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study determined the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among 63 052 air travelers who participated in a quarantine program from July 1, 2021 to October 31, 2021. Using Poisson regression with robust standard errors, we estimated the relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection across different brands and types of COVID-19 vaccines, adjusting for relevant covariates. We visualized the time-to-detection periods for SARS-CoV-2 infection using Kaplan-Meier failure curves and compared these curves for asymptomatic and symptomatic travelers using the log-rank test.
Results
The overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 0.3%. Individuals vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S, Gam-COVID-Vac, CoronaVac, and replicating viral vector vaccines faced a significantly higher risk of infection than those who received the BNT162b2 and mRNA vaccines. The time-to-detection periods for asymptomatic and symptomatic cases did not differ significantly.
Conclusions
Despite the relatively low risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, a risk of breakthrough cases remained with certain vaccines. Given the high proportion of asymptomatic cases, quarantine and intermittent testing should be implemented. The mandatory quarantine system proved effective in managing positive cases without necessitating a complete shutdown of travel. Implementing an island quarantine could be a viable strategy for reintroducing travel and tourism during a future COVID-19 outbreak or a new pandemic.; Summary

Key Message
"This study evaluated the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among 63,052 fully-vaccinated air travelers participating in the Phuket Sandbox Program in 2021. A breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection rate of 0.3% was identified. Travelers vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S, Gam-COVID-Vac, CoronaVac, and replicating viral vector vaccines exhibited a higher risk of breakthrough infections than those vaccinated with BNT162b2 or other mRNA vaccines. The island-confined quarantine system combined with confirmatory COVID-19 testing effectively identified post-arrival infected travelers, demonstrating its potential as a model enabling safe tourism while preventing importation of cases into communities beyond the island during the pandemic."

Excess Deaths in Korea During the COVID-19 Pandemic: 2020-2022: So-Jin Im, Ji-Yeon Shin, Duk-Hee Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(5):480-489. Published online August 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.254

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Excess deaths, an indicator that compares total mortality rates before and during a pandemic, offer a comprehensive view of the pandemic’s impact. However, discrepancies may arise from variations in estimating expected deaths. This study aims to compare excess deaths in Korea during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic using 3 methods and to analyze patterns using the most appropriate method.
Methods
Expected deaths from 2020 to 2022 were estimated using mortality data from 2015-2019 as reference years. This estimation employed 3 approaches: (1) simple average, (2) age-adjusted average, and (3) age-adjusted linear regression. Excess deaths by age, gender, and cause of death were also presented.
Results
The number of excess deaths varied depending on the estimation method used, reaching its highest point with the simple average and its lowest with the age-adjusted average. Age-adjusted linear regression, which accounts for both the aging population and declining mortality rates, was considered most appropriate. Using this model, excess deaths were estimated at 0.3% for 2020, 4.0% for 2021, and 20.7% for 2022. Excess deaths surged among individuals in their 20s throughout the pandemic, largely attributed to a rise in self-harm and suicide. Additionally, the results indicated sharp increases in deaths associated with “endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases” and “symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified.”
Conclusions
Substantial variations in excess deaths were evident based on estimation method, with a notable increase in 2022. The heightened excess deaths among young adults and specific causes underscore key considerations for future pandemic responses.

Summary

Korean summary
초과 사망은 팬데믹 영향을 종합적으로 평가하는 핵심 지표로 잘 알려져 있으나, 추정 방법에 따라 결과가 다양한 것으로 보고되고 있다. 코로나19 팬데믹동안 흔하게 사용된 3가지 방법 – 단순 평균, 연령보정 평균, 연령 보정 선형 회귀식-을 이용하여 초과사망을 추정하였을 때, 추정 방법에 따라서 초과사망에 큰 차이가 있었다. 3가지 방법 중 인구 고령화와 사망률 감소 추이를 고려한 연령 보정 선형 회귀식이 가장 적절한 것으로 판단되었으며, 이 방법을 이용한 한국의 초과 사망은 2020년 0.3%, 2021년 4.0%, 2022년 20.7%로 추정되었다. 또한 팬데믹 전 기간 동안 20대 초과 사망이 급증했는데 이는 주로 자해와 자살의 증가로 인한 것이었으며, '내분비, 영양 및 대사 질환' 및 ' 달리 분류되지 않은 증상, 징후와 임상 및 검사의 이상소견”으로 인한 초과사망도 급증하였다.

Key Message
● Excess deaths, a comprehensive indicator of the pandemic’s impact, varied by estimation method.
● Using an age-adjusted linear regression approach, which considers an aging population and declining mortality rates, excess deaths in Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic were estimated at 0.3% for 2020, 4.0% for 2021, and 20.7% for 2022.
● Excess deaths surged among individuals in their 20s throughout the pandemic, mainly due to increased self-harm and suicide, alongside a sharp rise in deaths related to ‘endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases’, and ‘symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified’.

Citations

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Imputing missing data with statistical-learning estimates: impacts on mortality risks attributable to area- and source-specific PM2.5.
Youngkwon Kim, Cinoo Kang, Seung-Muk Yi, JongBae Heo, Hwajin Kim, Woojoo Lee, Ho Kim, Philip K. Hopke, Young Su Lee, Hye-Jung Shin, Jungmin Park, Myungsoo Yoo, Kwonho Jeon, Jieun Park
Atmospheric Pollution Research.2026; 17(3): 102785. CrossRef
Integrated Clinical and Social Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korea: A Combined Systematic and Narrative Review
Yumi Jang, Jaehun Jung, Kyong Ran Peck
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Cause of death statistics in 2022 in the Republic of Korea
Jung-Hyun Oh, Juhee Seo, Hyun Jung Park
Ewha Medical Journal.2025; 48(3): e46. CrossRef
Excess mortality and healthcare costs during the COVID-19 pandemic among patients with ten major chronic diseases in South korea: a nationwide analysis
Jihun Song, Hye Jun Kim, Seogsong Jeong, Sun Jae Park, Hyun-Young Shin, Eun-kyeong Jeong, Jaehun Jung, Geehyuk Kim, Sang Min Park
BMC Infectious Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

The Influence of Family Adversities on Longitudinal Changes in Physical Inactivity Among Korean Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Tae Kyoung Lee, Jing Zhu, Young Mi Kim, Ze-Kai Jiang, Meilin Zhang, Won Ha Choi, Tae-Young Pak, Hana Song; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(5):443-450. Published online August 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.236

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
Lack of physical activity has a critical effect on the physical and mental health of adolescents. This study examined the influence of family adversities on the longitudinal changes in physical inactivity among adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods
The study used multi-wave data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, including 2590 Korean adolescents aged 12-14 years. The longitudinal trajectory of physical inactivity among adolescents and the effects of related factors were estimated using a latent growth modeling method.
Results
Our results revealed a significant increase in physical inactivity among adolescents over time. At the onset of the pandemic, approximately one-seventh of Korean middle schoolers reported a lack of physical activity. However, 3 years later, during the quarantine, nearly one-fifth of these adolescents reported a significant increase in their physical inactivity. Initially, low level parental education was predictive of adolescents’ physical inactivity, but this effect diminished over time, becoming statistically insignificant by the end of the 3-year period. Moreover, the increase in physical inactivity over the 3 years was significantly influenced by parental rejection.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that adolescents who experience parental rejection are more likely to report an increase in sedentary behaviors in contexts such as the COVID-19 pandemic.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 팬데믹 기간 동안 청소년의 신체 활동 변화와 신체 활동 부족에 대한 부정적 가정 환경의 영향을 조사했다. 한국 청소년 2,590명을 대상으로 한 3년간의 종단 패널 데이터를 잠재 성장 모형으로 분석하여 신체 활동 부족의 변화를 추적하였다. 그 결과, 팬데믹 기간 동안 청소년들의 신체 활동 부족이 현저히 증가했으며, 부모의 거부가 이러한 증가에 유의한 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다.

Key Message
This study examined the impact of family adversities on the longitudinal changes in physical inactivity among 2,590 Korean adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the 3-year period, physical inactivity increased significantly, with parental rejection playing a key role in this rise. While low parental education initially predicted higher levels of inactivity, its influence diminished over time.

Assessing COVID-19 Vulnerability Among HIV-positive Men Who Have Sex With Men in Korea: The Role of Vaccination and Sexual Behaviors: Minsoo Jung; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(4):370-378. Published online June 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.196

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
Comorbidities increase susceptibility to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, but limited information has been published regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and COVID-19 co-infections. This study explored the relationships among socioeconomic characteristics, sexual behaviors, and COVID-19 infection rates among Korean men who have sex with men (MSM) who are also living with HIV.
Methods
Data were collected through a web survey aimed at members of the largest gay portal site in Korea, supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (n=1005). The primary independent variables included COVID-19-related vaccinations and sexual behaviors. The dependent variable was the incidence of COVID-19 infection among respondents during the pandemic. For statistical analysis, hierarchical multiple logistic regression was performed, controlling for potential confounding variables.
Results
Model I indicated that older MSM were less likely to contract COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96 to 0.99). Model II demonstrated that HIV-positive MSM were nearly twice as likely to be infected with COVID-19 compared to their HIV-negative counterparts (aOR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.14 to 3.41). Furthermore, even after accounting for COVID-19 vaccination status in model III, HIV-positive MSM continued to show a higher risk of infection (aOR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.12 to 3.35).
Conclusions
The findings of this study indicate that HIV-positive MSM are at an increased risk of contracting COVID-19, even when their vaccination status is considered. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize the prevention of COVID-19 infections in HIV-positive individuals by administering appropriate antiretroviral therapy and ensuring adherence to public health guidelines.; Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 한국의 HIV 양성인 남성 동성애자(MSM)가 코로나-19 백신접종을 했어도 HIV 음성인 MSM에 비하여 COVID-19에 감염될 위험이 더 높다는 것을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과는 항레트로바이러스 요법의 준수나 촉진과 더불어 이들 취약 계층을 위한 COVID-19 예방조치 강화와 맞춤형 공중보건 전략의 필요성을 강조한다.

Key Message
This study found that HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in Korea are at a heightened risk of contracting COVID-19 compared to HIV-negative individuals, even when vaccination status is accounted for. This finding underscore the necessity of targeted public health strategies, including the promotion of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and the reinforcement of COVID-19 prevention measures for this vulnerable population.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare Services in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study on Healthcare Providers’ Perspectives: Sharmin Parveen, Md. Shahriar Mahbub, Nasreen Nahar, K. A. M. Morshed, Nourin Rahman, Ezzat Tanzila Evana, Nazia Islam, Abu Said Md. Juel Miah; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(4):356-369. Published online June 9, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.081

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
The objective of this study was to explore healthcare providers’ experiences in managing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its impact on healthcare services.
Methods
A qualitative study was conducted with 34 healthcare professionals across 15 districts in Bangladesh. Among the participants, 24 were health managers or administrators stationed at the district or upazila (sub-district) level, and 10 were clinicians providing care to patients with COVID-19. The telephone interviews were conducted in Bangla, audio-recorded, transcribed, and then translated into English. Data were analyzed thematically.
Results
Most interviewees identified a range of issues within the health system. These included unpreparedness, challenges in segregating COVID-19 patients, maintaining isolation and home quarantine, a scarcity of intensive care unit beds, and ensuring continuity of service for non-COVID-19 patients. The limited availability of personal protective equipment, a shortage of human resources, and logistical challenges, such as obtaining COVID-19 tests, were frequently cited as barriers to managing the pandemic. Additionally, changes in the behavior of health service seekers, particularly increased aggression, were reported. The primary motivating factor for healthcare providers was the willingness to continue providing health services, rather than financial incentives.
Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic presented a unique set of challenges for health systems, while also providing valuable lessons in managing a public health crisis. To effectively address future health crises, it is crucial to resolve a myriad of issues within the health system, including the inequitable distribution of human resources and logistical challenges.

Summary

Key Message
This qualitative study explored healthcare providers' perspectives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare services. Issues within the health system, such as a lack of skilled human resources, insufficient critical care facilities, low coverage of COVID-19 tests, inadequate logistical support, poor health behaviors and practices among health service seekers posed barriers to managing the pandemic at different healthcare levels. Ensuring personal protection for health professionals in the face of a novel disease presented a significant challenge. Increasing resource allocation and developing the capacity of healthcare providers were identified as potential solutions.

Citations

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The Female Sex Workers' Experiences of Accessing Healthcare Services in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Investigation
Shaharior Rahman Razu, Kim Usher, Rikki Jones, Md. Shahidul Islam
Diversity & Inclusion Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Impacts of Covid-19 on the Treatment of Kidney Dialysis Patients in Bangladesh: Lessons Learned and Future Directions

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Specific Trends in Blood Utilization During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Analysis of a Hungarian Clinical Centre
Sándor Pál, Margit Solymár, Barbara Réger, Hussain Alizadeh, András Vereczkei, Tamás Kiss, Zsuzsanna Faust
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(22): 7943. CrossRef

Mental Health of Medical Students After Combating the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-sectional Study in Vietnam: Duc Minh Cap, Anh Quang Nguyen, Tham Thi Nguyen; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(4):347-355. Published online May 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.108

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of mental health (MH) symptoms and associated factors among medical students who were engaged in combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in 4 provinces/cities of Vietnam.
Methods
A cross-sectional study with 580 participants was conducted at a medical university in Northern Vietnam. MH was assessed using the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, which was previously standardized in Vietnam. Data were collected through a structured self-administered questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to examine the association between MH symptoms and relevant factors.
Results
Out of a total of 2703 medical students, 21.5% responded to the questionnaire. Among the 580 respondents, the prevalence rates of depression, anxiety, and stress were 43.3%, 44.0%, and 24.7%, respectively. Factors significantly associated with self-reported depression included being female and having a COVID-19 infection. Similarly, being female and having a COVID-19 infection were significantly associated with self-reported anxiety. Factors associated with self-reported stress included being female, having a personal or family history of MH symptoms, working more than 8 hr/day, and having a COVID-19 infection.
Conclusions
COVID-19 has adversely impacted the MH of medical students. Our findings are valuable in their potential to motivate universities, MH professionals, and authorities to offer mental healthcare services to this group. Furthermore, there is a pressing need for training courses designed to equip future healthcare workers with the skills to manage crises effectively.; Summary

Key Message
This study investigated mental health symptoms among medical students after being involved in combating COVID-19 in Vietnam. Out of 580 participants, depression, anxiety, and stress rates were 43.3%, 44.0%, and 24.7%, respectively. Factors significantly associated with self-reported depression and anxiety were being female and having a COVID-19 infection. Factors associated with self-reported stress included being female, having a personal or family history of mental health symptoms, working more than 8 hours per day, and having a COVID-19 infection. The study emphasizes the importance of providing psychological support for medical students and the necessity for training programs to enhance crisis management skills.

Symptoms, Mental Health, and Quality of Life Among Patients After COVID-19 Infection: A Cross-sectional Study in Vietnam: Hai Nguyen Thanh, Duc Cap Minh, Hien Hoang Thu, Duc Nguyen Quang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(2):128-137. Published online February 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.511

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
This study was conducted to characterize the symptoms, mental health, quality of life (QoL), and associated factors following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 394 participants previously infected with COVID-19 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Mental health was assessed using the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Participants self-reported health-related QoL was measured with the EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) scale.
Results
Among the participants, 76.4% reported experiencing at least one symptom following COVID-19 infection. The most common symptoms were fatigue (42.1%), cognitive dysfunction (42.9%), and hair loss (27.9%). According to the DASS-21 results, the proportions of depression, anxiety, and stress were 28.7%, 26.4%, and 20.6%, respectively. The mean scores on the EQ-5D-5L and the EuroQol Visual Analog Scale were 0.94±0.11 and 84.20±13.11, respectively. Regarding QoL issues, the highest proportion of participants (32.7%) reported experiencing anxiety or depression, followed by pain or discomfort (25.4%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that factors associated with the presence of symptoms following COVID-19 infection included female (odds ratio [OR], 2.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65 to 4.91) and having QoL issues (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.71 to 6.19).
Conclusions
The study investigated the prevalence rates of various symptoms following COVID-19 infection. These findings underscore the need to prioritize comprehensive care for individuals recovering from COVID-19 and to implement strategies to mitigate the long-term impact of the disease on mental health and QoL.

Summary

Key Message
This cross-sectional study in Vietnam investigated symptoms, mental health, and quality of life among patients recovering from COVID-19. The study found that most participants experienced post-infection symptoms, with fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and hair loss being the most common. Mental health issues were prevalent, and participants reported varying levels of quality of life. The findings highlight the importance of comprehensive care and strategies to address the long-term impact of COVID-19 on mental health and quality of life.

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Prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and suicide tendency among individual with long-COVID and determinants: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Razieh Bidhendi-Yarandi, Akbar Biglarian, Jannike Lie Karlstad, Cathrine Fredriksen Moe, Enayatollah Bakhshi, Mohammad-Reza Khodaei-Ardakani, Samira Behboudi-Gandevani, Shibajee Debbarma
PLOS ONE.2025; 20(1): e0312351. CrossRef
Health-related quality of life in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of EQ-5D studies
Kidu Gidey, Yirga Legesse Niriayo, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Erica Lubetkin
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Quality of sleep after COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional study in the Southern Italy
Vincenza Sansone, Silvia Angelillo, Giovanna Paduano, Claudia Pileggi, Carmelo Giuseppe Angelo Nobile, Gabriella Di Giuseppe
Frontiers in Psychiatry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Excess Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southern Iran: Estimating the Absolute Count and Relative Risk Using Ecological Data: Mohammadreza Zakeri, Alireza Mirahmadizadeh, Habibollah Azarbakhsh, Seyed Sina Dehghani, Maryam Janfada, Mohammad Javad Moradian, Leila Moftakhar, Mehdi Sharafi, Alireza Heiran; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(2):120-127. Published online February 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.198

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to increased mortality rates. To assess this impact, this ecological study aimed to estimate the excess death counts in southern Iran.
Methods
The study obtained weekly death counts by linking the National Death Registry and Medical Care Monitoring Center repositories. The P-score was initially estimated using a simple method that involved calculating the difference between the observed and expected death counts. The interrupted time series analysis was then used to calculate the mean relative risk (RR) of death during the first year of the pandemic.
Results
Our study found that there were 5571 excess deaths from all causes (P-score=33.29%) during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, with 48.03% of these deaths directly related to COVID-19. The pandemic was found to increase the risk of death from all causes (RR, 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 1.33), as well as in specific age groups such as those aged 35-49 (RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.32), 50-64 (RR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.49), and ≥65 (RR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.32) years old. Furthermore, there was an increased risk of death from cardiovascular diseases (RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.22).
Conclusions
There was a 26% increase in the death count in southern Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. More than half of these excess deaths were not directly related to COVID-19, but rather other causes, with cardiovascular diseases being a major contributor.

Summary

Key Message
During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in southern Iran, there was a notable increase in excess deaths, representing a 33.29% rise compared to expected figures. Approximately half of these excess deaths were directly attributed to COVID-19. Moreover, the pandemic heightened the risk of death across all causes by 26%, with specific age groups, notably those aged 50-64, experiencing heightened vulnerability. Notably, cardiovascular diseases emerged as a significant contributor to excess mortality during this period, while decreases were observed in deaths related to chronic respiratory diseases and cancers.

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High incidence of post-discharge cardiovascular mortality after COVID-19 hospitalization: a data-linkage study in Southern Iran
Alireza Heiran, Amir Askarinejad, Sarvin Sasannia, Mana Moghadami, Foozhan Vaziri, Armin Naderi, Amirhossein Akbari Dahuee, Aida Bazrgar, Mahnaz Jafari, Leila Jamali, Mohammad Keshavarz, Fateme Hooman, Arash Shekari, Mahboubeh Aliakbarian Haveshki, Omid K
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jeong Pil Choi, Sangwan Kim, Jung Su Park, Mi-Sook Kim, Nam-Kyong Choi, Cheol Min Shin, Joongyub Lee
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2025; 58(1): 21. CrossRef
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Alleviation of PM_2.5-associated Risk of Daily Influenza Hospitalization by COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: A Time-series Study in Northeastern Thailand: Benjawan Roudreo, Sitthichok Puangthongthub; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(2):108-119. Published online January 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.349

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Abrupt changes in air pollution levels associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak present a unique opportunity to evaluate the effects of air pollution on influenza risk, at a time when emission sources were less active and personal hygiene practices were more rigorous.
Methods
This time-series study examined the relationship between influenza cases (n=22 874) and air pollutant concentrations from 2018 to 2021, comparing the timeframes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in and around Thailand’s Khon Kaen province. Poisson generalized additive modeling was employed to estimate the relative risk of hospitalization for influenza associated with air pollutant levels.
Results
Before the COVID-19 outbreak, both the average daily number of influenza hospitalizations and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM_2.5) concentration exceeded those later observed during the pandemic (p<0.001). In single-pollutant models, a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 before COVID-19 was significantly associated with increased influenza risk upon exposure to cumulative-day lags, specifically lags 0-5 and 0-6 (p<0.01). After adjustment for co-pollutants, PM_2.5 demonstrated the strongest effects at lags 0 and 4, with elevated risk found across all cumulative-day lags (0-1, 0-2, 0-3, 0-4, 0-5, and 0-6) and significantly greater risk in the winter and summer at lag 0-5 (p<0.01). However, the PM_2.5 level was not significantly associated with influenza risk during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Conclusions
Lockdown measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic could mitigate the risk of PM_2.5-induced influenza. Effective regulatory actions in the context of COVID-19 may decrease PM_2.5 emissions and improve hygiene practices, thereby reducing influenza hospitalizations.

Summary

Key Message
In the present research, both single- and multi-pollutant models indicated that the level of PM2.5 was significantly related to the daily number of influenza cases in Khon Kaen, Thailand, prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. Additionally, a significant risk difference was observed between the pre-outbreak and the pandemic periods due to the reduction in air pollutant concentrations because of lockdown measures to control the spread of COVID-19. These findings could be useful for developing environmental policies and strategies accordingly to mitigate respiratory health issues.

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Weekly extremes of PM2.5-attributable cardiovascular mortality in Northeastern Thailand: Extreme-value return levels and 26-week forecasts
Wirat Parntrasri, Sitthichok Puangthongthub
City and Environment Interactions.2026; 29: 100313. CrossRef
Associations of air pollution and pediatric influenza and the effect modification of temperature
Li Wu, Hui Liao, Maohong Hu, Yu Luo, Jingxiu Shen, Bo Zhang, Qianqian Si, Weijie Fu, Zhiqiang Deng
International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2026; : 1. CrossRef
Global association between air pollution and risk of influenza-related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2025; : 1. CrossRef
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Trends in Research on Patients With COVID-19 in Korean Medical Journals: Heejeong Choi, Seunggwan Song, Heesang Ahn, Hyobean Yang, Hyeonseong Lim, Yohan Park, Juhyun Kim, Hongju Yong, Minseok Yoon, Mi Ah Han; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(1):47-54. Published online January 17, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.254

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study was conducted to systematically summarize trends in research concerning patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as reported in Korean medical journals.
Methods
We performed a literature search of KoreaMed from January 2020 to September 2022. We included only primary studies of patients with COVID-19. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts, then performed full-text screening, both independently and in duplicate. We first identified the 5 journals with the greatest numbers of eligible publications, then extracted data pertaining to the general characteristics, study population attributes, and research features of papers published in these journals.
Results
Our analysis encompassed 142 primary studies. Of these, approximately 41.0% reported a funding source, while 3.5% disclosed a conflict of interest. In 2020, 42.9% of studies included fewer than 10 participants; however, by 2022, the proportion of studies with over 200 participants had increased to 40.6%. The most common design was the cohort study (48.6%), followed by case reports/series (35.2%). Only 3 randomized controlled trials were identified. Studies most frequently focused on prognosis (58.5%), followed by therapy/intervention (20.4%). Regarding the type of intervention/exposure, therapeutic clinical interventions comprised 26.1%, while studies of morbidity accounted for 13.4%. As for the outcomes measured, 50.7% of studies assessed symptoms/clinical status/improvement, and 14.1% evaluated mortality.
Conclusions
Employing a systematic approach, we examined the characteristics of research involving patients with COVID-19 that was published in Korean medical journals from 2020 onward. Subsequent research should assess not only publication trends over a longer timeframe but also the quality of evidence provided.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 2020년 이후 국내 의학저널에 보고된 코로나19 환자를 대상으로 진행된 연구의 특성을 체계적 방법론을 통해 살펴보았다. 142개 연구 중 5개는 국제 연구자들과 협력했으며 약 50%가 자금 지원에 관해 보고하였으며, 2022년에는 2020년에 비해 대규모 환자 코호트를 포함하는 연구 수가 증가하였다. 연구의 약 20%는 약물 치료와 같은 개입의 영향을 평가하였으며, 향후 연구에서는 장기간에 걸친 연구 경향 뿐만 아니라 연구의 질도 평가해야 할 것이다.

Key Message
This study employed a systematic approach to examine the characteristics of research conducted among patients with COVID-19, as reported in Korean medical journals from 2020 onward. Of 142 studies, 5 involved collaborations with international researchers, and approximately 50% made any declaration regarding funding, and By 2022, an increase was evident in the number of studies that included a large patient cohort relative to the year 2020. Roughly 20% of the studies assessed the impact of interventions, such as pharmaceutical treatments, and further research should assess not only publication trends over a longer timeframe but also the quality of evidence provided.

Mental Health Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Vietnam: Nhan Phuc Thanh Nguyen, Ha Phan Ai Nguyen, Cao Khoa Dang, Minh Tri Phan, Huynh Ho Ngoc Quynh, Van Tuan Le, Chinh Van Dang, Tinh Huu Ho, Van Trong Phan, Thang Van Dinh, Thang Phan, Thi Anh Thu Dang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(1):37-46. Published online December 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.327

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Objectives
The objective of this study was to characterize mental health issues among Vietnamese healthcare workers (HCWs) and to identify related factors.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 990 HCWs in 2021. Their mental health status was measured using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale.
Results
In total, 49.9%, 52.3%, and 29.8% of respondents were found to have depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. The multivariable linear regression model revealed that factors associated with increased anxiety scores included depression scores (β, 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.51) and stress scores (β, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.52). Factors associated with increased depression scores included being frontline HCWs (β, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.10 to 1.10), stress scores (β, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.56), and anxiety scores (β, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.47), while working experience was associated with reduced depression scores (β, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.16 to -0.01). Factors associated with increased stress scores included working experience (β, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.00 to 0.16), personal protective equipment interference with daily activities (β, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.07 to 1.00), depression scores (β, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.59), and anxiety scores (β, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.50), while age was associated with reduced stress scores (β, -0.12; 95% CI, -0.20 to -0.05).
Conclusions
Specific interventions are necessary to enhance and promote the mental health of HCWs so they can successfully cope with the circumstances of the pandemic.

Summary

Key Message
A cross-sectional study of 990 Vietnamese healthcare workers in Vietnam, 2021 revealed significant mental health issues: 49.9 % suffered from depression, 52.3 % from anxiety, and 29.8 % from stress. The study found a correlation between these conditions, with frontline workers being particularly vulnerable to depression. These findings highlight the critical need for targeted mental health interventions for healthcare workers, particularly those new to the field and working on the front lines, in order to better manage pandemic-related stressors.

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Pandemic preparedness in Vietnam: a review of health system resilience and areas for improvement
Bach Xuan Tran, Taufique Joarder, Vincent Junxiong Pang, Clara Marin Carballo, Hoa Thi Do, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Linh Gia Vu, Ngo Van Toan, Shenglan Tang
Journal of Global Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Emotional Competence of Healthcare Workers and Its Impact on Patient Loyalty in Vietnamese Hospitals
Phuoc Thien Mai, Nah Pi Sa, Triet Dinh Luu, Nam Khoa Ly, Phi Duong Nguyen
Health Psychology Research.2024; 12(1): 1. CrossRef

Changes in Adolescent Health Behavior and the Exacerbation of Economic Hardship During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study From the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Chaeeun Kim, Haeun Lee, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Hyesook Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(1):18-27. Published online November 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.306

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study investigated the association between exacerbated economic hardship during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and changes in the health behaviors of Korean adolescents.
Methods
We analyzed data from the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey and included 44 908 students (22 823 boys and 22 085 girls) as study subjects. The dependent variables included changes in health behaviors (breakfast habits, physical activity, and alcohol use) that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aggravation of economic hardship by COVID-19 and the subjective economic status of the family were used as exposure variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis was utilized to calculate the prevalence odds ratios (PORs).
Results
Severe exacerbation of a family’s economic hardship due to COVID-19 was negatively associated with the health behaviors of adolescents, including increased breakfast skipping (POR, 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55 to 2.21 for boys and POR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.27 to 1.92 for girls) and decreased physical activity (POR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.57 for boys and POR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.60 for girls). These negative changes in health behaviors were further amplified when combined with a low subjective family economic status.
Conclusions
The experience of worsening household hardship can lead to negative changes in health behavior among adolescents. It is crucial to implement measures that address the economic challenges that arise from stressful events such as COVID-19 and to strive to improve the lifestyles of adolescents under such circumstances.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 코로나바이러스감염증-19 (COVID-19) 대유행 기간 악화된 가구의 경제적 상황과 청소년의 건강 행태 변화의 관련성을 청소년건강행태조사를 이용하여 분석하였다. 가구의 경제적 상황이 COVID-19로 인해 심각하게 악화된 경우, 청소년 건강 행태의 부정적인 변화와 연관성이 관찰되었다. 가구의 경제적 상황이 악화되는 경험은 청소년들의 건강 행태에 부정적인 변화를 초래할 수 있다. COVID-19와 같은 사회적 사건으로 인해 발생하는 경제적 어려움에 대응하는 조치를 마련하고, 이러한 상황에서 청소년들의 건강 행태를 개선하기 위한 개입이 필요하다.

Key Message
This study investigated the association between exacerbated economic hardship during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and changes in the health behaviors of Korean adolescents using the 2021 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Severe exacerbation of a family’s economic hardship due to COVID-19 was negatively associated with the health behaviors of adolescents. The experience of worsening household hardship can lead to negative changes in health behavior among adolescents. It is crucial to implement measures that address the economic challenges that arise from stressful events such as COVID-19 and to strive to improve the lifestyles of adolescents under such circumstances.

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Family Dynamics, Socioeconomic Hardships, and Health Risk Behaviours of Bulgarian Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Elitsa Dimitrova, Anna Alexandrova-Karamanova
Children.2024; 11(8): 1016. CrossRef

An Important Strategy to Improve Adolescent Health Literacy: COVID-19 Modules in High School in Indonesia: Nurina Hasanatuludhhiyah, Visuddho Visuddho, Abdul Khairul Rizki Purba, Annette d’ Arqom, Ancah Caesarina Novi Marchianti; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(6):523-532. Published online November 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.113

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
During the second coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) surge, cases increased sharply due to low awareness and compliance with measures to limit disease spread. Health literacy (HL) is an important component of public health initiatives, and schools are potential sources of health education to increase HL via the presentation of COVID-19 educational modules.
Methods
This cross-sectional study involved an online questionnaire administered to students from 5 high schools in Surabaya and Sidoarjo, Indonesia, 6-7 weeks after the start of government-issued directives restricting public gatherings. We collected data on each respondent’s age, gender, parental education, and socioeconomic variables. HL was determined by the Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents. We additionally measured their attitudes and behaviors related to preventing the spread of COVID-19. The students were asked if they watched the COVID-19 module at school, their feelings about vaccination, and preferred online sources of COVID-19-related information.
Results
Most of the 432 respondents had viewed COVID-19 modules at school. Module exposure was associated with significantly higher total and domain-specific HL and more positive attitudes toward government-issued COVID-19 restrictions on travel and public gatherings (p<0.05). However, behaviors to prevent COVID-19 spread and vaccine acceptance were not associated with module exposure. Most students chose social media as their source of COVID-19-related information.
Conclusions
Schools can provide information to increase adolescents’ HL and the public’s support for health initiatives to prevent or limit the spread of COVID-19.

Summary

Key Message
A cross-sectional study carried out on high school students during the second surge of COVID-19 in Indonesia revealed that they benefitted from the COVID-19 module. Students who viewed the module had higher scores on health literacy measures of adolescents (HELMA), had a more favorable attitude toward government-issued restrictive policies, and were more likely to have adequate health literacy, in regard to the ability to use health information. These imply schools as part of the public health response by providing education to increase adolescents’ health literacy and the public’s support for health initiatives to prevent and limit the spread of COVID-19.

Citations

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A systematic review of psychological factors influencing attitudes and intentions toward, and uptake of, Covid-19 vaccines in adolescents
Angie Pitt, Richard Amlôt, Catherine Heffernan, G. James Rubin, Louise E. Smith
Vaccine: X.2026; 29: 100785. CrossRef
TikTok and digital health literacy: A systematic review
Margaret Kristin Merga
IFLA Journal.2025; 51(2): 490. CrossRef

Vaccination Status and In-hospital Mortality Among Adults With COVID-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia: A Retrospective Hospital-based Cohort Study: Hotma Martogi Lorensi Hutapea, Pandji Wibawa Dhewantara, Anton Suryatma, Raras Anasi, Harimat Hendarwan, Mondastri Korib Sudaryo, Dwi Gayatri; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(6):542-551. Published online October 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.360

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
Prospective studies on vaccination status and mortality related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in low-resource settings are still limited. We assessed the association between vaccination status (full, partial, or none) and in-hospital mortality among COVID-19 patients at most hospitals in Jakarta, Indonesia during the Delta predomination wave.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study among hospitalized COVID-19 patients who met the study criteria (>18 years old and admitted for inpatient treatment because of laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection). We linked individual-level data in the hospital admission database with vaccination records. Several socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were also analyzed. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to explore the association between vaccination status and in-hospital mortality in this patient group.
Results
In total, 40 827 patients were included in this study. Of these, 70% were unvaccinated (n=28 543) and 19.3% (n=7882) died during hospitalization. The mean age of the patients was 49 years (range, 35-59), 53.2% were female, 22.0% had hypertension, and 14.2% were treated in the intensive care unit, and the median hospital length of stay across the group was 9 days. Our study showed that the risk of in-hospital mortality among fully and partially vaccinated patients was lower than among unvaccinated adults (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40 to 0.47 and aHR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.77, respectively).
Conclusions
Vaccinated patients had fewer severe outcomes among hospitalized adults during the Delta wave in Jakarta. These features should be carefully considered by healthcare professionals in treating adults within this patient group.; Summary

Key Message
During the COVID-19 pandemic the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 was dominating and challenging. Vaccination is one of many approaches to control the pandemic. We assessed the association between vaccination status and in-hospitalized mortality in COVID-19 patients. We found that vaccination status was associated with lower mortality, and fully vaccinated patients experienced lower risk of in-hospitalized mortality compared to partially vaccinated ones.

Healthcare Systems and COVID-19 Mortality in Selected OECD Countries: A Panel Quantile Regression Analysis: Jalil Safaei, Andisheh Saliminezhad; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(6):515-522. Published online October 15, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.162

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
The pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exerted an unprecedented impact on the health of populations worldwide. However, the adverse health consequences of the pandemic in terms of infection and mortality rates have varied across countries. In this study, we investigate whether COVID-19 mortality rates across a group of developed nations are associated with characteristics of their healthcare systems, beyond the differential policy responses in those countries.
Methods
To achieve the study objective, we distinguished healthcare systems based on the extent of healthcare decommodification. Using available daily data from 2020, 2021, and 2022, we applied quantile regression with non-additive fixed effects to estimate mortality rates across quantiles. Our analysis began prior to vaccine development (in 2020) and continued after the vaccines were introduced (throughout 2021 and part of 2022).
Results
The findings indicate that higher testing rates, coupled with more stringent containment and public health measures, had a significant negative impact on the death rate in both pre-vaccination and post-vaccination models. The data from the post-vaccination model demonstrate that higher vaccination rates were associated with significant decreases in fatalities. Additionally, our research indicates that countries with healthcare systems characterized by high and medium levels of decommodification experienced lower mortality rates than those with healthcare systems involving low decommodification.
Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that stronger public health infrastructure and more inclusive social protections have mitigated the severity of the pandemic’s adverse health impacts, more so than emergency containment measures and social restrictions.

Summary

Key Message
This study investigates whether COVID-19 mortality rates across a group of developed nations are associated with characteristics of their healthcare systems, beyond the differential policy responses in those countries. To this aim, a quantile regression with non-additive fixed effects is applied to estimate mortality rates across quantiles. The results of this study indicate that stronger public health infrastructure and more inclusive social protections have mitigated the severity of the pandemic’s adverse health impacts, more so than emergency containment measures and social restrictions.

Citations

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Social globalisation and environmental sustainability: An analysis on ASEAN countries
Ahmet Kasap
Journal of Cleaner Production.2026; 538: 147230. CrossRef
Do adverse childhood experiences intensify the impact of hazardous drinking on depression? Application of quantile regression analysis
Mi-Sun Lee, Joonbeom Kim
Child Abuse & Neglect.2026; 174: 107976. CrossRef
Clinical Associations with Hospital Escalation Among COVID-19 Patients Receiving Remdesivir in a Hospital-at-Home Service: A Real-World Cohort Study
Manuel Mirón-Rubio, Regina de la Corte-Carmona, Amaya Palomo-Iloro, Eduardo Fernández-Carracedo, José Ramón Sevilla-Resúa, Santiago Somovilla-Moreno, Isabel Ortega-Fernández, Francisco Bas-Sanchís, María del Carmen Montero-Hernández, Irene Gutiérrez-Gómez
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(19): 6736. CrossRef

Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Post-COVID-19 Condition in Korea: Myungwon Jang, Dongkwon Choi, Jonghyuk Choi, Ho-Jang Kwon; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(5):431-439. Published online September 8, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.124

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Numerous studies have explored the causes and spread of outbreaks, yet there is a lack of research on post-coronavirus disease 2019 condition (PCC) in Korea. The goal of this study was to identify the various types of PCC and associated factors in discharged patients and to provide directions for the ongoing health management of confirmed patients.
Methods
A telephone survey was conducted among 680 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients diagnosed between July 7, 2021 and August 26, 2021, in Dangjin, Chungnam, Korea. A descriptive analysis of characteristics, univariate analysis, and regression were performed using data from basic epidemiological surveys conducted at the time of diagnosis and post-discharge questionnaires.
Results
Of the 585 patients who responded, 159 (27.2%) developed PCC. Of the 211 patients with no initial symptoms, 27 (12.8%) developed PCC, versus 132 (35.3%) of the 374 patients with initial symptoms. Among the initial symptoms, fever or chills, cough or sputum, loss of smell, and sore throat were associated with PCC. Compared to patients with less than 10 days of hospitalization, those with a hospitalization period of 21 days to 30 days (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0 to 5.2) and 31 days or more (OR, 5.8; 95% CI, 1.9 to 18.1) had a higher risk of PCC.
Conclusions
More than a quarter of COVID-19 patients, including those who had no initial symptoms, experienced PCC in Korea. People with the initial symptoms of fever, chills, and respiratory symptoms and those who had prolonged hospital stays had a high risk of PCC.

Summary

Korean summary
코로나19 후유증은 진단 시 초기증상과 연관되며, 입원기간이 길어질수록 후유증 발병 위험이 높았다. 코로나19 후유증의 위험인자에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하며, 이러한 특징을 갖는 확진환자를 대상으로 퇴원 후 지속직인 환자관리가 필요하다.

Key Message
Post-coronavirus disease 2019 condition (PCC) are associated with initial symptoms at diagnosis, and the risk of this increases with longer hospital stays. Further research on the risk factors for PCC is needed, and continued patient care is necessary for confirmed patients with these characteristics after discharge.

Citations

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Prevalence, Symptoms, and Associated Factors of Long COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study
Rapeephan R Maude, Siriwan Tangjitgamol, Kasem Sirithanakul, Yanisa Duangduen, Natapon Ativanichayapong
Vajira Medical Journal : Journal of Urban Medicine.2025; 69(4): e273464. CrossRef

Gender Inequalities in Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Population-based Study in Korea: Minku Kang, Sarah Yu, Seung-Ah Choe, Daseul Moon, Myung Ki, Byung Chul Chun; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(5):413-421. Published online August 19, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.170

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study explored the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on psychosocial stress in prime working-age individuals in Korea, focusing on gender inequalities. We hypothesized that the impact of COVID-19 on mental health would differ by age and gender, with younger women potentially demonstrating heightened vulnerability relative to men.
Methods
The study involved data from the Korea Community Health Survey and included 319 592 adults aged 30 years to 49 years. We employed log-binomial regression analysis, controlling for variables including age, education, employment status, marital status, and the presence of children. The study period included 3 phases: the period prior to the COVID-19 outbreak (pre–COVID-19), the early pandemic, and the period following the introduction of vaccinations (post-vaccination).
Results
The findings indicated that women were at a heightened risk of psychosocial stress during the early pandemic (relative risk [RR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 1.05) and post-vaccination period (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.10) compared to men. This pattern was prominent in urban women aged 30-34 years (pre–COVID-19: RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.10; early pandemic: RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.25; post-vaccination period, RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.31).
Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted unequal impacts on psychosocial stress among prime working-age individuals in Korea, with women, particularly those in urban areas, experiencing a heightened risk. The findings highlight the importance of addressing gender-specific needs and implementing appropriate interventions to mitigate the psychosocial consequences of the pandemic.

Summary

Korean summary
코로나19 대유행이 국내 경제활동인구의 정신건강에 미친 젠더화된 영향을 조사하였다. 연구대상자는 2017-2021년 지역사회건강조사 조사대상자 319,592명이다. 연구 결과, 대유행 이후 30-39세 연령대 여성의 스트레스 수준이 남성에 비하여 현저히 증가한 것으로 나타났으며, 사회적 거리두기를 엄격하게 시행하였던 도시 지역에서 이러한 경향이 두드러졌다. 이번 연구 결과는 대유행 대응 노력에서 취약 집단을 지원하기 위한 중재 정책의 필요성을 강조한다

Key Message
We investigate the gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the working-age population in Korea, focusing on ages 30-49, utilizing data from the Korea Community Health Survey (KCHS) from 2017 to 2021 including 319,592 participants. Findings reveal a notable increase in stress levels among women in the 30-39 age group after the pandemic compared to men, accentuating in urban areas with stringent social distancing measures. Our results underscore the necessity for intervention policies to support vulnerable groups in pandemic response efforts.

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Resilience Factors Mitigate the Impact of (COVID)-19 Concerns on Depressive Symptoms
Young-Mee Kim, Sung-il Cho
American Journal of Health Behavior.2025; 49(2): 27. CrossRef
Psychological distress and compliance with sanitary measures during the Covid-19 pandemic
Irwin Hecker, Solène Wallez, Honor Scarlett, José Luis Ayuso-Mateos, Richard Bryant, Giulia Caggiu, Claudia Conflitti, Katalin Gémes, Josep Maria Haro, Vincent Lorant, Roberto Mediavilla, Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, Anna Monistrol-Mula, Matteo Monzio Compa
PLOS One.2025; 20(7): e0317272. CrossRef
Hwa-byung (anger syndrome) as a risk factor for suicidal ideation in MZ generation: a survey study in South Korea
Chan-Young Kwon
Frontiers in Psychology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploring the association between consultation themes and suicidal ideation: a gender-stratified analysis of Hangzhou Mental Health Hotline (2014-2023)
Deyuan Wu, Yating Wei, Qiuxia Chen, Xiaonv Fu, Haidong Song
BMC Psychiatry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Non-vaccination Against COVID-19 Among Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants Adults in Peru: A Cross-sectional Study, 2022: Akram Hernández-Vásquez, Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(5):397-406. Published online August 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.078

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with non-vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among the Venezuelan immigrant population residing in Peru.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using data obtained from the Second Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru in 2022. The dependent variable was vaccination status against COVID-19. The independent variables included socio-demographic, economic, and migratory characteristics of the included population. Crude and adjusted generalized linear Poisson-family models were used to calculate prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
A total of 7739 Venezuelan migrants aged 18 years or older were included. The proportion of non-vaccination against COVID-19 was 5.7%. Regarding associated factors, unemployment (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.65) was linked to an increased likelihood of not being vaccinated against COVID-19. In contrast, women (aPR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.95), possessing a migration permit (aPR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.54), and having health insurance (aPR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.81) were associated with a decreased likelihood of being unvaccinated.
Conclusions
The primary governmental and non-governmental institutions responsible for supporting and protecting the Venezuelan migrant and refugee population should improve vaccination access by issuing migration permits and providing health insurance.

Summary

Key Message
• Vaccination against COVID-19 is a strategy that should be provided equitably to the entire population. However, there are vulnerable groups such as Venezuelan migrants who have structural, cultural and socioeconomic barriers that limit access to this prevention system. • In Peru, about 6% of Venezuelan migrants have not received the complete vaccination schedule against COVID-19 due to the lack of employment in this population. In fact, the majority (61.9%) of Venezuelan migrants have only received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine by February 2022.

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Health Conditions of Immigrant, Refugee, and Asylum-Seeking Men During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Sidiane Rodrigues Bacelo, Vagner Ferreira do Nascimento, Anderson Reis de Sousa, Sabrina Viegas Beloni Borchhardt, Luciano Garcia Lourenção
COVID.2026; 6(1): 18. CrossRef

Brief Report

Utilization of the Unlinked Case Proportion to Control COVID-19: A Focus on the Non-pharmaceutical Interventional Policies of the Korea and Japan: Yeri Jeong, Sanggu Kang, Boeun Kim, Yong Jin Gil, Seung-sik Hwang, Sung-il Cho; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(4):377-383. Published online June 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.056

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Korea and Japan have managed the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using markedly different policies, referred to as the “3T” and “3C” strategies, respectively. This study examined these differences to assess the roles of active testing and contact tracing as non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We compared the proportion of unlinked cases (UCs) and test positivity rate (TPR) as indicators of tracing and testing capacities.
Methods
We outlined the evolution of NPI policies and investigated temporal trends in their correlations with UCs, confirmed cases, and TPR prior to the Omicron peak. Spearman correlation coefficients were reported between the proportion of UCs, confirmed cases, and TPR. The Fisher r-to-z transformation was employed to examine the significance of differences between correlation coefficients.
Results
The proportion of UCs was significantly correlated with confirmed cases (r=0.995, p<0.001) and TPR (r=0.659, p<0.001) in Korea and with confirmed cases (r=0.437, p<0.001) and TPR (r=0.429, p<0.001) in Japan. The Fisher r-to-z test revealed significant differences in correlation coefficients between the proportion of UCs and confirmed cases (z=16.07, p<0.001) and between the proportion of UCs and TPR (z=2.12, p=0.034) in Korea and Japan.
Conclusions
Higher UCs were associated with increases in confirmed cases and TPR, indicating the importance of combining testing and contact tracing in controlling COVID-19. The implementation of stricter policies led to stronger correlations between these indicators. The proportion of UCs and TPR effectively indicated the effectiveness of NPIs. If the proportion of UCs shows an upward trend, more testing and contact tracing may be required.

Summary

Korean summary
“3T”전략과 “3C”전략으로 대표되는 한국과 일본의 코로나 19 유행 시기의 NPI 정책을 비교하고, 접촉자 추적 및 검사 역량의 지표로 감염경로를 알 수 없는 확진자(unlinked case)와 검사 양성률(TPR)의 역할을 평가하였다. 감염경로를 알 수 없는 확진자(UC)는 전체 확진자수 증가 및 검사 양성률의 증가와 관련이 있었으며, 이는 COVID-19 통제에 있어 검사와 접촉자 추적을 적절히 조합하는 것이 중요함을 보여준다.

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Original Articles

COVID-19 Vaccination and Clinical Outcomes at a Secondary Referral Hospital During the Delta Variant-dominant Period in West Sumatra, Indonesia: Didan Ariadapa Rahadi, Elfira Yusri, Syandrez Prima Putra, Rima Semiarty, Dian Pertiwi, Cimi Ilmiawati; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(3):221-230. Published online May 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.077

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Indonesia, during which the Delta variant predominated, took place after a vaccination program had been initiated in the country. This study was conducted to assess the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on unfavorable clinical outcomes including hospitalization, severe COVID-19, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and death using a real-world model.
Methods
This single-center retrospective cohort study involved patients with COVID-19 aged ≥18 years who presented to the COVID-19 emergency room at a secondary referral teaching hospital between June 1, 2021 and August 31, 2021. We used a binary logistic regression model to assess the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on unfavorable clinical outcomes, with age, sex, and comorbidities as confounding variables.
Results
A total of 716 patients were included, 32.1% of whom were vaccinated. The elderly participants (≥65 years) had the lowest vaccine coverage among age groups. Vaccination had an effectiveness of 50% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25 to 66) for preventing hospitalization, 97% (95% CI, 77 to 99) for preventing severe COVID-19, 95% (95% CI, 56 to 99) for preventing ICU admission, and 90% (95% CI, 22 to 99) for preventing death. Interestingly, patients with type 2 diabetes had a 2-fold to 4-fold elevated risk of unfavorable outcomes.
Conclusions
Among adults, COVID-19 vaccination has a moderate preventive impact on hospitalization but a high preventive impact on severe COVID-19, ICU admission, and death. The authors suggest that relevant parties increase COVID-19 vaccination coverage, especially in the elderly population.

Summary

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Controlling the COVID-19 pandemic through vaccination: a perspective from Indonesia
Rano K. Sinuraya, Auliya A. Suwantika, Maarten J. Postma
Expert Review of Vaccines.2025; 24(1): 91. CrossRef
Changes in the intrinsic severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 according to the emerging variant: a nationwide study from February 2020 to June 2022, including comparison with vaccinated populations
Boyeong Ryu, Eunjeong Shin, Dong Hwi Kim, HyunJu Lee, So Young Choi, Seong-Sun Kim, Il-Hwan Kim, Eun-Jin Kim, Sangwon Lee, Jaehyun Jeon, Donghyok Kwon, Sungil Cho
BMC Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Determinant Factors of Mortality in Pre-elderly and Elderly Patients With COVID-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia: Thresya Febrianti, Ngabila Salama, Inggariwati , Dwi Oktavia; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(3):231-237. Published online May 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.008

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality in pre-elderly and elderly individuals in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Methods
We employed a case-control study design, utilizing secondary data from the Epidemiology Surveillance, Immunization Prevention, and Disease Control Sections of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office, collected from December 2020 to January 2021. The study included 188 cases and an equal number of controls. Cases were COVID-19 patients confirmed to have died, as reported by hospitals and communities and subsequently verified by healthcare workers. Control subjects were patients who completed a 14-day isolation period and had been officially declared recovered by healthcare professionals. The dependent variable was the mortality of COVID-19 patients in the January 2021 period. The independent variables consisted of demographic data (age and sex), clinical symptoms (cough, runny nose, anosmia, diarrhea, headaches, abdominal pain, muscle pain, and nausea/vomiting), and comorbidities (hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes). Multivariate analysis was conducted using multiple logistic regression.
Results
The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed several factors associated with COVID-19 fatalities in Jakarta: age of 60 years or older (odds ratio [OR], 4.84; 95% CI, 3.00 to 7.80), male (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 2.41 to 3.68), dyspnea (OR, 3.93; 95% CI, 2.04 to 7.55), anosmia (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.46), and heart disease (OR, 4.38; 95% CI, 1.04 to 18.46).
Conclusions
The control and prevention of COVID-19 among elderly individuals require particular vigilance. When a COVID-19 case is detected within this demographic, prompt treatment and medication administration are crucial to mitigate the presenting symptoms.

Summary

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Soo-Hee Hwang, Youngs Chang, Haibin Bai, Jieun Yun, Hyejin Lee, Jin Yong Lee, Dong Keon Yon
PLOS ONE.2025; 20(2): e0316943. CrossRef
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Sleep Quality and Poor Sleep-related Factors Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Vietnam: Thang Phan, Ha Phan Ai Nguyen, Cao Khoa Dang, Minh Tri Phan, Vu Thanh Nguyen, Van Tuan Le, Binh Thang Tran, Chinh Van Dang, Tinh Huu Ho, Minh Tu Nguyen, Thang Van Dinh, Van Trong Phan, Binh Thai Dang, Huynh Ho Ngoc Quynh, Minh Tran Le, Nhan Phuc Thanh Nguyen; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(4):319-326. Published online May 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.528

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased the workload of healthcare workers (HCWs), impacting their health. This study aimed to assess sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and identify factors associated with poor sleep among HCWs in Vietnam during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 1000 frontline HCWs were recruited from various healthcare facilities in Vietnam between October 2021 and November 2021. Data were collected using a 3-part self-administered questionnaire, which covered demographics, sleep quality, and factors related to poor sleep. Poor sleep quality was defined as a total PSQI score of 5 or higher.
Results
Participants’ mean age was 33.20±6.81 years (range, 20.0-61.0), and 63.0% were women. The median work experience was 8.54±6.30 years. Approximately 6.3% had chronic comorbidities, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. About 59.5% were directly responsible for patient care and treatment, while 7.1% worked in tracing and sampling. A total of 73.8% reported poor sleep quality. Multivariate logistic regression revealed significant associations between poor sleep quality and the presence of chronic comorbidities (odds ratio [OR], 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 5.24), being a frontline HCW directly involved in patient care and treatment (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.16 to 2.16), increased working hours (OR, 1.84; 95% CI,1.37 to 2.48), and a higher frequency of encountering critically ill and dying patients (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.95).
Conclusions
The high prevalence of poor sleep among HCWs in Vietnam during the COVID-19 pandemic was similar to that in other countries. Working conditions should be adjusted to improve sleep quality among this population.

Summary

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Characteristics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Hospitalized Children Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Thailand: Wilawan Chaiut, Ratana Sapbamrer, Sauwaluk Dacha, Tavitiya Sudjaritruk, Ida Parwati, Anton Sumarpo, Rungnapa Malasao; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(3):212-220. Published online March 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.019

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study compared the epidemiological and clinical manifestations of patients hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic at a tertiary care hospital in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand.
Methods
This retrospective observational study utilized data from all cases of laboratory-confirmed RSV infection at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital from January 2016 to December 2021. Differences in the clinical presentation of RSV infection before (2016 to 2019) and during (2020 to 2021) the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed and compared.
Results
In total, 358 patients hospitalized with RSV infections were reported from January 2016 to December 2021. During the COVID-19 pandemic, only 74 cases of hospitalized RSV infection were reported. Compared to pre-pandemic levels, the clinical presentations of RSV infection showed statistically significant decreases in fever on admission (p=0.004), productive cough (p=0.004), sputum (p=0.003), nausea (p=0.03), cyanosis (p=0.004), pallor (p<0.001), diarrhea (p<0.001), and chest pain (p<0.001). Furthermore, vigilant measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, including lockdowns, also interrupted the RSV season in Thailand from 2020 to 2021.
Conclusions
The incidence of RSV infection was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, which also changed the clinical presentation and seasonal pattern of RSV infection in children.

Summary

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Changes in the Hospital Standardized Mortality Ratio Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Disaggregated Analysis by Region and Hospital Type in Korea: EunKyo Kang, Won Mo Jang, Min Sun Shin, Hyejin Lee, Jin Yong Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(2):180-189. Published online March 20, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.479

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a global shortage of medical resources; therefore, we investigated whether COVID-19 impacted the quality of non-COVID-19 hospital care in Korea by comparing hospital standardized mortality rates (HSMRs) before and during the pandemic.
Methods
This retrospective cohort study analyzed Korean National Health Insurance discharge claim data obtained from January to June in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020. Patients’ in-hospital deaths were classified according to the most responsible diagnosis categories. The HSMR is calculated as the ratio of expected deaths to actual deaths. The time trend in the overall HSMR was analyzed by region and hospital type.
Results
The final analysis included 2 252 824 patients. In 2020, the HSMR increased nationwide (HSMR, 99.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 97.7 to 101.0) in comparison to 2019 (HSMR, 97.3; 95% CI, 95.8 to 98.8). In the COVID-19 pandemic zone, the HSMR increased significantly in 2020 (HSMR, 112.7; 95% CI, 107.0 to 118.7) compared to 2019 (HSMR, 101.7; 95% CI, 96.9 to 106.6). The HSMR in all general hospitals increased significantly in 2020 (HSMR, 106.4; 95% CI, 104.3 to 108.5) compared to 2019 (HSMR, 100.3; 95% CI, 98.4 to 102.2). Hospitals participating in the COVID-19 response had a lower HSMR (HSMR, 95.6; 95% CI, 93.9 to 97.4) than hospitals not participating in the COVID-19 response (HSMR, 124.3; 95% CI, 119.3 to 129.4).
Conclusions
This study suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic may have negatively impacted the quality of care in hospitals, especially general hospitals with relatively few beds. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to prevent excessive workloads in hospitals and to properly employ and coordinate the workforce.

Summary

Korean summary
코로나19 대유행 지역은 비감염 지역과 달리 2019년에 비해 2020년에 HSMR이 크게 증가했고, 상대적으로 병상 수가 적은 종합병원에서 HSMR이 증가했다. 코로나19 대응에 참여하는 병원은 병원 규모와 관계없이 HSMR이 낮은 경향을 보였다. 감염병 유행 시 병원의 과도한 업무량이 부여되지 않게하고 인력을 적절하게 고용하여 조정하는 것이 필요하다.

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National Expenditures on Anticancer and Immunomodulating Agents During 2013–2022 in Korea
Jieun Yun, Youngs Chang, Minsol Jo, Yerin Heo, Dong-Sook Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact of COVID-19 on Admissions and In-hospital Mortality of Patients With Stroke in Korea: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis
Youngs Chang, Soo-Hee Hwang, Haibin Bai, Seowoo Park, Eunbyul Cho, Dohoung Kim, Hyejin Lee, Jin Yong Lee
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국내 호흡기세포융합바이러스의 동절기 유행 규모 예측모형 개발
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Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Factors of COVID-19 Prevention Behavior in Indonesia: A Mixed-methods Study: Putri Winda Lestari, Lina Agestika, Gusti Kumala Dewi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(1):21-30. Published online December 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.340

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Abstract PDF: Objectives
To prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), behaviors such as mask-wearing, social distancing, decreasing mobility, and avoiding crowds have been suggested, especially in high-risk countries such as Indonesia. Unfortunately, the level of compliance with those practices has been low. This study was conducted to determine the predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors of COVID-19 prevention behavior in Indonesia.
Methods
This cross-sectional study used a mixed-methods approach. The participants were 264 adults from 21 provinces in Indonesia recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a Google Form and in-depth interviews. Statistical analysis included univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression. Furthermore, qualitative data analysis was done through content analysis and qualitative data management using Atlas.ti software.
Results
Overall, 44.32% of respondents were non-compliant with recommended COVID-19 prevention behaviors. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, low-to-medium education level, poor attitude, insufficient involvement of leaders, and insufficient regulation were also associated with decreased community compliance. Based on in-depth interviews with informants, the negligence of the Indonesian government in the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to the unpreparedness of the community to face the pandemic, as people were not aware of the importance of preventive practices.
Conclusions
Education level is not the only factor influencing community compliance with recommended COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Changing attitudes through health promotion to increase public awareness and encouraging voluntary community participation through active risk communication are necessary. Regulations and role leaders are also required to improve COVID-19 prevention behavior.; Summary

Associations Between Conventional Healthy Behaviors and Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From the 2020 Community Health Survey in Korea: Rang Hee Kwon, Minsoo Jung; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(6):568-577. Published online October 14, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.351

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
Many studies have shown that social distancing, as a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) that is one of the various measures against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is an effective preventive measure to suppress the spread of infectious diseases. This study explored the relationships between traditional health-related behaviors in Korea and social distancing practices during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
Data were obtained from the 2020 Community Health Survey conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (n=98 149). The dependent variable was the degree of social distancing practice to cope with the COVID-19 epidemic. Independent variables included health-risk behaviors and health-promoting behaviors. The moderators were vaccination and unmet medical needs. Predictors affecting the practice of social distancing were identified through hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis.
Results
Smokers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.924) and frequent drinkers (aOR, 0.933) were more likely not to practice social distancing. A greater degree of physical activity was associated with a higher likelihood of practicing social distancing (aOR, 1.029). People who were vaccinated against influenza were more likely to practice social distancing than those who were not (aOR, 1.150). However, people with unmet medical needs were less likely to practice social distancing than those who did not experience unmet medical needs (aOR, 0.757).
Conclusions
Social distancing practices were related to traditional health behaviors such as smoking, drinking, and physical activity. Their patterns showed a clustering effect of health inequality. Therefore, when establishing a strategy to strengthen social distancing, a strategy to protect the vulnerable should be considered concomitantly.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 코로나-19 판데믹 기간 동안 한국사회에서 전통적인 건강 행태와 의료이용 행태가 사회적 거리두기 실천과 어떻게 연관되는지 탐구하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 흡연과 음주 같은 건강위험 행태는 사회적 거리두기의 실천 가능성을 낮추었고 운동과 같은 건강증진 행태는 사회적 거리두기의 실천 가능성을 높였다. 아울러 인플루엔자 백신 접종을 받은 집단은 미접종 집단에 비하여 사회적 거리두기의 실천 가능성이 높았다. 따라서 사회적 거리두기와 같은 방역정책을 수립할 때 인구집단의 건강행태 특성을 고려할 필요가 있다.

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The Impact of Household Economic Deterioration Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic and Socioeconomic Status on Suicidal Behaviors in Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study Using 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey Data: Sanggu Kang, Yeri Jeong, Eun Hye Park, Seung-sik Hwang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(5):455-463. Published online September 12, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.241

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Economic hardship has a serious impact on adolescents’ mental health. The financial impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was more severe for low-income families, and this also impacted adolescents. This study aimed to examine the associations of economic deterioration (ED) caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and low socioeconomic status (SES) with adolescents’ suicidal behaviors.
Methods
This study analyzed data from the 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, which included 54 948 middle and high school students. Odds ratios (ORs) of suicidal ideation, suicidal planning, and suicide attempts related to ED and SES were calculated using multivariable logistic regression. We calculated relative excess risks due to interaction to assess additive interactions.
Results
The ORs for suicidal ideation, suicidal planning, and suicide attempts related to combined severe ED and low SES were 3.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.13 to 4.23), 3.88 (95% CI, 3.09 to 4.88), and 4.27 (95% CI, 3.21 to 5.69), respectively.
Conclusions
ED and low SES were significantly associated with suicidal behaviors in adolescents. Although no significant additive interaction was found, the ORs related to suicidal ideation, suicidal planning, and suicide attempts were highest among adolescents from low-income families with severe ED. Special attention is needed for this group, considering the increased impact of economic inequality due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Summary

Korean summary
청소년의 정신건강은 가정의 경제상황에 크게 영향을 받는다. 청소년건강행태조사(KYRBS)(2020)에 참여한 54948명의 중고등학생을 대상으로 가정의 기존 경제적 형편과 코로나19로 인한 가정경제 악화가 자살위험에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 그 결과 자살사고, 자살계획, 자살시도 모두 코로나19로 인한 경제상황 악화 정도가 심한 저소득층 가정 청소년에서 위험이 제일 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 코로나19(COVID-19)로 인해 심화된 경제적 불평등이 청소년 정신건강 불평등으로 이어지지 않게 하기 위한 개입이 필요하다.

Citations

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Meng Qin Ao, Dan Luo, Hao Hou, Yu Lei Jiang, Zi Yao Lv, Bowen Li, Na Lyu, Shu Yan, Huijing Zou, Bing Xiang Yang
International Journal of Social Psychiatry.2025; 71(2): 315. CrossRef
Latent class analysis of health behaviors, anxiety, and suicidal behaviors among Korean adolescents
Mi-Sun Lee, Hooyeon Lee
Journal of Affective Disorders.2024; 354: 339. CrossRef
Demographic and clinical profile of adolescents suicide attempters admitted to an emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic – a retrospective cohort study using hospital information system
Lucyna Tomaszek, Paulina Kurleto, Edyta Turkanik, Ewa Bielec, Irena Milaniak, Wioletta Dąbrowska-Mędrzycka
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Nationwide trends in sadness, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts among multicultural and monocultural adolescents in South Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2011–2022
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Evaluation of the Public Health Emergency Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Daegu, Korea During the First Half of 2020: Hwajin Lee, Keon-Yeop Kim, Jong-Yeon Kim, Sin Kam, Kyeong Soo Lee, Jung Jeung Lee, Nam Soo Hong, Tae-Yoon Hwang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(4):360-370. Published online June 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.068

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study evaluated the response in Daegu, Korea to the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic according to a public health emergency response model.
Methods
After an examination of the official data reported by the city of Daegu and the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as a literature review and advisory meetings, we chose a response model. Daegu’s responses were organized into 4 phases and evaluated by applying the response model.
Results
In phase 1, efforts were made to block further transmission of the virus through preemptive testing of a religious group. In phase 2, efforts were concentrated on responding to mass infections in high-risk facilities. Phase 3 involved a transition from a high-intensity social distancing campaign to a citizen participation–based quarantine system. The evaluation using the response model revealed insufficient systematic preparation for a medical surge. In addition, an incorporated health-related management system and protection measures for responders were absent. Nevertheless, the city encouraged the participation of private hospitals and developed a severity classification system. Citizens also played active roles in the pandemic response by practicing social distancing.
Conclusions
This study employed the response model to evaluate the early response in Daegu to the COVID-19 pandemic and revealed areas in need of improvement or maintenance. Based on the study results, creation of a systematic model is necessary to prepare for and respond to future public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 공중보건 위기대응 모형을 적용하여 코로나19 1차 유행에 대한 대구시의 대응을 평가하였습니다. 모형의 세부적 요소인 15개 역량에 따른 평가 결과, 대구의 대응에서 개선 또는 유지해야 할 영역들이 확인되었습니다. 이 결과를 바탕으로, 한국형 공중보건 위기대응 모형을 체계적으로 구축해야 할 것입니다.

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Estimation of the Effectiveness of a Tighter, Reinforced Quarantine for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: Analysis of the Third Wave in South Korea
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Journal of Personalized Medicine.2023; 13(3): 402. CrossRef

Systematic Review

Vitamin D Deficiency and Comorbidities as Risk Factors of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Pinki Mishra, Rizwana Parveen, Ram Bajpai, Nidhi Agarwal; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(4):321-333. Published online June 13, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.640

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Extensive evidence links low vitamin D status and comorbidities with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, but the results of published studies are contradictory. Therefore, we investigated the association of lower levels of vitamin D and comorbidities with the risk of COVID-19 infection.
Methods
We searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov for articles published until August 20, 2021. Sixteen eligible studies were identified (386 631 patients, of whom 181 114 were male). We included observational cohort and case-control studies that evaluated serum levels of vitamin D in COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative patients. Mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
Results
Significantly lower vitamin D levels were found in COVID-19-positive patients (MD, -1.70; 95% CI, -2.74 to -0.66; p=0.001), but with variation by study design (case-control: -4.04; 95% CI, -5.98 to -2.10; p<0.001; cohort: -0.39; 95% CI, -1.62 to 0.84; p=0.538). This relationship was more prominent in female patients (MD, -2.18; 95% CI, -4.08 to -0.28; p=0.024) than in male patients (MD, -1.74; 95% CI, -3.79 to 0.31; p=0.096). Male patients showed higher odds of having low vitamin D levels (odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% CI, 1.38 to 3.17; p<0.001) than female patients (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.86; p=0.477). Comorbidities showed inconsistent, but generally non-significant, associations with COVID-19 infection.
Conclusions
Low serum vitamin-D levels were significantly associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection. This relationship was stronger in female than in male COVID-19 patients. Limited evidence was found for the relationships between comorbidities and COVID-19 infection, warranting large population-based studies to clarify these associations.

Summary

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Nutrition Reviews.2025; 83(9): 1757. CrossRef
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Carolina Teles, Ana Borges, Ana Magalhães, Cátia Barra, Isabel Silva, Patrícia Tomé, Jorge Crespo, Artur Paiva, Lèlita Santos
Medicina Clínica.2025; 164(12): 106920. CrossRef
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Effects of vitamin D on the incidence and severity of COVID-19
V. V. Krivosheev, L. Yu. Nikitina, I. V. Kozlovskiy, A. V. Fedorov
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Ukrainian Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults
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Marharyta Sobczak, Rafał Pawliczak
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Original Articles

In-depth Correlation Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Effective Reproduction Number and Mobility Patterns: Three Groups of Countries: Mounir Ould Setti, Sylvain Tollis; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(2):134-143. Published online February 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.522

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Many governments have imposed—and are still imposing—mobility restrictions to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, there is no consensus on whether policy-induced reductions of human mobility effectively reduce the effective reproduction number (Rt) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several studies based on country-restricted data reported conflicting trends in the change of the SARS-CoV-2 Rt following mobility restrictions. The objective of this study was to examine, at the global scale, the existence of regional specificities in the correlations between Rt and human mobility.
Methods
We computed the Rt of SARS-CoV-2 using data on worldwide infection cases reported by the Johns Hopkins University, and analyzed the correlation between Rt and mobility indicators from the Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports in 125 countries, as well as states/regions within the United States, using the Pearson correlation test, linear modeling, and quadratic modeling.
Results
The correlation analysis identified countries where Rt negatively correlated with residential mobility, as expected by policymakers, but also countries where Rt positively correlated with residential mobility and countries with more complex correlation patterns. The correlations between Rt and residential mobility were non-linear in many countries, indicating an optimal level above which increasing residential mobility is counterproductive.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that, in order to effectively reduce viral circulation, mobility restriction measures must be tailored by region, considering local cultural determinants and social behaviors. We believe that our results have the potential to guide differential refinement of mobility restriction policies at a country/regional resolution.

Summary

Citations

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Liping Peng, Kylie E. C. Ainslie, Xiaotong Huang, Benjamin J. Cowling, Peng Wu, Tim K. Tsang
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Correlation analysis of vaccination coverage, positivity rate, and community mobility rate on COVID-19 effective reproductive rate: SIR modeling study from Indonesia
Meirina Nur Asih Susanti, Siti Nurrochmah, Lucky Radita Alma, Supriyadi Supriyadi
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Sydney Paltra, Inan Bostanci, Kai Nagel
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The effect of social movements on COVID-19 case increases and death in Turkey
Mehmet Akif Gun, Onder Hanci
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Irma Varela-Lasheras, Lilia Perfeito, Sara Mesquita, Joana Gonçalves-Sá, Ryan S. McGinnis
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Social and Policy Determinants of COVID-19 Infection Across 23 Countries: An Ecological Study: Kyungsik Kim, Young-Do Jeung, Jeoungbin Choi, Sue K. Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(2):144-152. Published online February 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.396

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Objectives
This study aimed to identify the social and policy determinants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection across 23 countries.
Methods
COVID-19 indicators (incidence, mortality, and fatality) for each country were calculated by direct and indirect standardization. Multivariable regression analyses were used to identify the social and policy determinants of COVID-19 infection.
Results
A higher number of doctors per population was related to lower incidence, mortality, and fatality rates of COVID-19 in 23 countries (β=-0.672, -0.445, and -0.564, respectively). The number of nurses/midwives per population was associated with lower mortality and fatality rates of COVID-19 in 23 countries (β=-0.215 and -0.372, respectively). Strengthening of policy restriction indicators, such as restrictions of public gatherings, was related to lower COVID-19 incidence (β=-0.423). A national Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination policy conducted among special groups or in the past was associated with a higher incidence of COVID-19 in 23 countries (β=0.341). The proportion of the elderly population (aged over 70 years) was related to higher mortality and fatality rates (β=0.209 and 0.350, respectively), and income support was associated with mortality and fatality rates (β=-0.362 and -0.449, respectively).
Conclusions
These findings do not imply causality because this was a country-based correlation study. However, COVID-19 transmission can be influenced by social and policy determinants such as integrated health systems and policy responses to COVID-19. Various social and policy determinants should be considered when planning responses to COVID-19.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 23개국의 코로나 19 감염 지표 (발생, 사망, 치명)과 관련있는 사회적, 정책적 요소를 확인하고자 하는생태학적 연구이다. 이는 코로나 19 감염 지표에 대한 인과성을 제시하는 연구가 아니기에 주의 깊은 해석이 필요하며 본 연구에서 제시한 사회적, 정책적 요소를 통해 코로나 19 감염에 대한 국가적인 정책을 고려할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

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Wenpeng You, Frank Donnelly, Luisa Garcia, Rita Chang
Future Science OA.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
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Soo-Hee Hwang, Youngs Chang, Haibin Bai, Jieun Yun, Hyejin Lee, Jin Yong Lee, Dong Keon Yon
PLOS ONE.2025; 20(2): e0316943. CrossRef
The Impact of COVID-19 on Admissions and In-hospital Mortality of Patients With Stroke in Korea: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis
Youngs Chang, Soo-Hee Hwang, Haibin Bai, Seowoo Park, Eunbyul Cho, Dohoung Kim, Hyejin Lee, Jin Yong Lee
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2025; 58(1): 60. CrossRef
COVID 19 mortality as a reflection of the quality of health in EU countries
Beáta Stehlíková, Zuzana Vincúrová, Ivan Brezina, Ilona Švihlíková
Economics & Sociology.2023; 16(3): 138. CrossRef
Social and Policy Determinants of COVID-19
Rujittika Mungmunpuntipantip, Viroj Wiwanitkit
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(3): 307. CrossRef
Social and Policy Determinants of COVID-19 Infection Across 23 Countries: An Ecological Study
Kyungsik Kim, Sue K. Park
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(3): 308. CrossRef
Country-level and regional COVID-19 burden and determinants across OECD member states and partner countries
Nlandu Roger Ngatu, Kazuto Tayama, Kanae Kanda, Tomohiro Hirao
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine.2022; 27: 41. CrossRef
The association between tobacco or nicotine product use behaviors and non-compliance with mask-wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Korea
Da-eun Lee, Heewon Kang, Sung-il Cho
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Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With and Without COVID-19: A Comparative Study From Bangladesh: Sumaya Binte Masud, Faiza Zebeen, Dil Ware Alam, Mosharap Hossian, Sanjana Zaman, Rowshan Ara Begum, Mohammad Hayatun Nabi, Mohammad Delwer Hossain Hawlader; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(6):422-430. Published online October 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.432

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Pregnant women are especially vulnerable to respiratory infections such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but insufficient research has investigated pregnancy and its outcomes in women with COVID-19. This cross-sectional study compared birth outcomes related to COVID-19 between Bangladeshi pregnant women with and without COVID-19.
Methods
The study was conducted at 3 tertiary referral hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from March to August 2020. Pregnant women admitted for delivery at these hospitals with laboratory results (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) were analyzed. Using convenience sampling, we included 70 COVID-19-positive and 140 COVID-19-negative pregnant women. Trained and experienced midwives conducted the interviews. Data were analyzed using the t-test, the chi-square test, and univariate and multivariable linear and logistic regression.
Results
Pregnant women with COVID-19 were more likely to give birth to a preterm baby (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 4.37) and undergo a cesarean section (aOR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.51 to 7.07). There were no significant differences in birth weight, premature rupture of membranes, and the Apgar score at 1 minute or 5 minutes post-delivery between women with and without COVID-19. All the newborn babies who were born to COVID-19-positive women were COVID-19-negative.
Conclusions
Our study suggests that pregnant women with COVID-19 were more likely to give birth to a preterm baby and undergo a cesarean section. For this reason, physicians should be particularly cautious to minimize adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women with COVID-19 and their newborn babies.

Summary

Citations

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Preterm Birth and SARS-CoV-2: Does a Correlation Exist?
Federica Perelli, Annalisa Vidiri, Giovanna Palomba, Rita Franco, Vitalba Gallitelli, Marco Parasiliti, Marta Bisanti, Amelia Spanò, Adele Silvagni, Alessandra Lopez, Giuseppe Gullo, Gaspare Cucinella, Anna Franca Cavaliere
Biomedicines.2025; 13(2): 282. CrossRef
Neonatal outcomes among pregnant women with COVID-19: a systematic scoping review and meta-analysis
Yongqiu Li, Ying Lu, Huilin Tang, Eliot A. Spector, Xiaoxiao Wen, Kimberly Germinal, Alexandra Milfort, Yi Guo, Sarah Bost, Elizabeth Shenkman, Jiang Bian, Hui Hu, Jingchuan Guo
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
SARS-CoV-2 infection by trimester of pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes: a Mexican retrospective cohort study
Rakesh Ghosh, Juan Pablo Gutierrez, Iván de Jesús Ascencio-Montiel, Arturo Juárez-Flores, Stefano M Bertozzi
BMJ Open.2024; 14(4): e075928. CrossRef
The impact of COVID-19 infections on pregnancy outcomes in women
Ke Xu, Wen Sun, Shuangshuang Yang, Tianqi Liu, Ning Hou
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
COVID-19 vaccine decision-making among pregnant and lactating women in Bangladesh
Rupali J. Limaye, Prachi Singh, Alicia Paul, Berhaun Fesshaye, Clarice Lee, Eleonor Zavala, Sydney Wade, Hasmot Ali, Hafizur Rahman, Shirina Akter, Ruth Karron, Towfida Jahan Siddiqua
Vaccine.2023; 41(26): 3885. CrossRef
The coronavirus disease 2019 infection in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yeonsong Jeong, Min-A Kim
Obstetrics & Gynecology Science.2023; 66(4): 270. CrossRef
Sources of COVID-19 Vaccine Promotion for Pregnant and Lactating Women in Bangladesh
Berhaun Fesshaye, Sydney A. Wade, Clarice Lee, Prachi Singh, Eleonor Zavala, Hasmot Ali, Hafizur Rahman, Towfida Jahan Siddiqua, Shirina Atker, Ruth A. Karron, Rupali J. Limaye
Vaccines.2023; 11(8): 1387. CrossRef
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women and their babies: clinical and epidemiological features
María José Vidal, Èrica Martínez-Solanas, Sergi Mendoza, Núria Sala, Mireia Jané, Jacobo Mendioroz, Pilar Ciruela
Gaceta Sanitaria.2023; 37: 102332. CrossRef
An outbreak of infection due to severe acute respiratory corona virus-2 in a neonatal unit from a low and middle income setting
Firdose Lambey Nakwa, Reenu Thomas, Alison van Kwawegen, Nandi Ntuli, Karabo Seake, Samantha Jane Kesting, Noela Holo Bertha Kamanga, Dikeledi Maureen Kgwadi, Neema Chami, Tshiamo Mogajane, Claude Ondongo-Ezhet, Thulisile Nelly Maphosa, Stephanie Jones, V
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Public Preferences for Allocation Principles for Scarce Medical Resources in the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korea: Comparisons With Ethicists’ Recommendations: Ji-Su Lee, Soyun Kim, Young Kyung Do; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(5):360-369. Published online August 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.333

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate public preferences regarding allocation principles for scarce medical resources in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, particularly in comparison with the recommendations of ethicists.
Methods
An online survey was conducted with a nationally representative sample of 1509 adults residing in Korea, from November 2 to 5, 2020. The degree of agreement with resource allocation principles in the context of the medical resource constraints precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic was examined. The results were then compared with ethicists’ recommendations. We also examined whether the perceived severity of COVID-19 explained differences in individual preferences, and by doing so, whether perceived severity helps explain discrepancies between public preferences and ethicists’ recommendations.
Results
Overall, the public of Korea agreed strongly with the principles of “save the most lives,” “Koreans first,” and “sickest first,” but less with “random selection,” in contrast to the recommendations of ethicists. “Save the most lives” was given the highest priority by both the public and ethicists. Higher perceived severity of the pandemic was associated with a greater likelihood of agreeing with allocation principles based on utilitarianism, as well as those promoting and rewarding social usefulness, in line with the opinions of expert ethicists.
Conclusions
The general public of Korea preferred rationing scarce medical resources in the COVID-19 pandemic predominantly based on utilitarianism, identity and prioritarianism, rather than egalitarianism. Further research is needed to explore the reasons for discrepancies between public preferences and ethicists’ recommendations.

Summary

Korean summary
코로나19 대유행으로 가시화된 의료자원의 부족 상황에서 서로 다른 의료자원 배분 원칙에 대한 일반 대중의 선호를 조사한 연구이다. 제시된 여러 원칙 중에서, 공리주의, 한국인 아이덴티티, 약자우선주의에 기초한 배분 원칙이 가장 높은 선호를 보였다. 이러한 결과는, 일반 상황과 달리 감염병 대유행 상황에서는 공리주의에 기초한 배분 원칙을 강화하되 사회적 유용성도 자원 배분의 주요 원칙으로 받아들일 수 있다는 윤리학자들의 견해와는 차이를 보인다.

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COVID-19: Original Articles

Did the Timing of State Mandated Lockdown Affect the Spread of COVID-19 Infection? A County-level Ecological Study in the United States: Megh M. Trivedi, Anirudha Das; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(4):238-244. Published online July 2, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.071

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Previous pandemics have demonstrated that several demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic factors may play a role in increased infection risk. During this current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, our aim was to examine the association of timing of lockdown at the county level and aforementioned risk factors with daily case rate (DCR) in the United States.
Methods
A cross-sectional study using publicly available data was performed including Americans with COVID-19 infection as of May 24, 2020. The United States counties with >100 000 population and >50 cases per 100 000 people were included. The independent variable was the days required from the declaration of lockdown to reach the target case rate (50/100 000 cases) while the dependent (outcome) variable was the DCR per 100 000 on the day of statistical calculation (May 24, 2020) after adjusting for multiple confounding socio-demographic, geographic, and health-related factors. Each independent factor was correlated with outcome variables and assessed for collinearity with each other. Subsequently, all factors with significant association to the outcome variable were included in multiple linear regression models using stepwise method. Models with best R2 value from the multiple regression were chosen.
Results
The timing of mandated lockdown order had the most significant association on the DCR per 100 000 after adjusting for multiple socio-demographic, geographic and health-related factors. Additional factors with significant association with increased DCR include rate of uninsured and unemployment.
Conclusions
The timing of lockdown order was significantly associated with the spread of COVID-19 at the county level in the United States.

Summary

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The Economic Power of Capital and the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States: An Empirical Study
Junfu Zhao
Review of Radical Political Economics.2025; 57(1): 30. CrossRef
Determining the best mathematical model for implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions
Gabriel McCarthy, Hana M. Dobrovolny
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Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Factors of COVID-19 Prevention Behavior in Indonesia: A Mixed-methods Study
Putri Winda Lestari, Lina Agestika, Gusti Kumala Dewi
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2023; 56(1): 21. CrossRef
Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America
Alexander Fulk, Raul Saenz-Escarcega, Hiroko Kobayashi, Innocent Maposa, Folashade Agusto
COVID.2023; 3(6): 807. CrossRef
Understanding mental health trends during COVID-19 pandemic in the United States using network analysis
Hiroko Kobayashi, Raul Saenz-Escarcega, Alexander Fulk, Folashade B. Agusto, Karina Cardoso Meira
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Adam Mayer, Stacia Ryder
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Effectiveness of social distancing measures and lockdowns for reducing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare, community-based settings
Caitriona Murphy, Wey Wen Lim, Cathal Mills, Jessica Y. Wong, Dongxuan Chen, Yanmy Xie, Mingwei Li, Susan Gould, Hualei Xin, Justin K. Cheung, Samir Bhatt, Benjamin J. Cowling, Christl A. Donnelly
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Closures and Openings on Public Health in the Time of COVID-19: A Cross-Country and Temporal Trend Analysis
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Association mining based approach to analyze COVID-19 response and case growth in the United States
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Sources of Infection Among Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in Jeju Province, Korea: Moonkyong Hwang, Jong-Myon Bae; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(4):245-250. Published online June 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.286

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Jeju Province in Korea reported 627 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases between January 20, 2020, and March 31, 2021. This study analyzed the sources of infection among confirmed cases in Jeju Province, a self-governed island.
Methods
The sources of infection were broadly categorized as follows: (1) infections from overseas (confirmed patients who reported travel overseas or contact with overseas travelers); (2) infections from outside Jeju Province (confirmed patients who had visited other provinces or had contact with individuals who had traveled to other provinces in Korea); and (3) unknown sources of infection (confirmed patients who were infected following contact with an infected person whose source of infection was unknown). The chi-square test was used to analyze the differences in the distributions of related variables for each source of infection.
Results
Of the 627 confirmed cases, 38 (6.1%) were infections from overseas sources, 199 (31.7%) were from outside of Jeju Province, and 390 (62.2%) were from unknown sources. Jeju Province had no cases with an unknown source of infection during the first and second waves of the nationwide outbreak.
Conclusions
Infections from overseas sources could be blocked from spreading to local communities in Jeju Province by conducting screening at the airport, along with the preemptive suspension of visa-free entry. In addition, considering the scale of the nationwide outbreak, measures must be established to delay outbreaks from unknown sources of infection caused by sources outside Jeju Province.

Summary

Korean summary
제주도 COVID-19 확진지의 감염원은 다음의 3가지로 대분할 수 있었다. (1) 해외유입 감염원: 해외 방문력이 있거나 해외 방문력이 있는 확진자와 접촉한 적이 있는 확진자; (2) 도외유입 감염원: 국내 타시도 방문력이 있거나 타시도 확진자와 접촉한 적이 있는 확진자; (3) 감염원 미상: 감염경로를 특정할 수 없는 도내 확진자와 이들과 접촉하여 확진자가 된 경우. 이중 해외유입군에 대하여는 선제적인 무비자 중지 결정과 함께 공항만에서의 선별검사를 시행하여 해외유입에 의한 지역사회 전파 가능성을 막을 수 있음을 확인하였다. 반면, 전국의 유행 크기와 맞물러, 도외 유입군으로 인한 감염미상군 발생 시점을 최대한 미룰 수 있는 방안들을 개발할 필요가 있겠다.

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The Impact of the South Korean Local Government's Public Health and Healthy Urban Planning Policies in Combating COVID-19
Fatih ULAŞAN
Kent Akademisi.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Severe Disease of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Low Case Fatality Rate Region in Korea
Misun Kim, Jeong Rae Yoo, Sang Taek Heo, Hyang Ran Lee, Hyunjoo Oh
Infection & Chemotherapy.2021; 53(4): 718. CrossRef

Factors Affecting Public Non-compliance With Large-scale Social Restrictions to Control COVID-19 Transmission in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia: Bunga Christitha Rosha, Indri Yunita Suryaputri, Irlina Raswanti Irawan, Prisca Petty Arfines, Agus Triwinarto; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(4):221-229. Published online June 24, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.101

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The Indonesian government issued large-scale social restrictions (called Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar, or PSBB) at the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to control the spread of COVID-19 in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (Greater Jakarta). Public compliance poses a challenge when implementing large-scale social restrictions, and various factors have contributed to public non-compliance with the regulation. This study aimed to determine the degree of non-compliance and identify the factors that contributed to public non-compliance with the PSBB in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia.
Methods
This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 839 residents of Greater Jakarta participated in this study. Data were collected online using a Google Form, and convenience sampling was undertaken. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to explore the relationships between public non-compliance with the PSBB regulation and socio-demographic variables, respondents’ opinion of the PSBB, and social capital.
Results
A total of 22.6% of subjects reported participating in activities that did not comply with the PSBB. The variables that most affected non-compliance with the PSBB were age, gender, income, opinion of the PSBB, and social capital.
Conclusions
Strengthening social capital and providing information about COVID-19 prevention measures, such as washing one’s hands with soap, wearing masks properly, and maintaining social distancing, is essential. Robust public understanding will foster trust and cooperation with regard to COVID-19 prevention efforts and provide a basis for mutual agreement regarding rules/penalties.

Summary

Citations

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Hyelim Shin, Taesik Lee
European Journal of Operational Research.2025; 322(3): 949. CrossRef
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Irwin Hecker, Solène Wallez, Honor Scarlett, José Luis Ayuso-Mateos, Richard Bryant, Giulia Caggiu, Claudia Conflitti, Katalin Gémes, Josep Maria Haro, Vincent Lorant, Roberto Mediavilla, Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, Anna Monistrol-Mula, Matteo Monzio Compa
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Yusuf Hanafi, Ahmad Taufiq, Muhammad Saefi, M. Alifudin Ikhsan, Tsania Nur Diyana, Andy Hadiyanto, Yedi Purwanto, Muhammad Fahmi Hidayatullah
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Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Alfonsa Liquory Seran, Christopher Raymond, Maria Silvia Merry, Roheena Tahir, Gregorius Abanit Asa, Paul Russell Ward
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(14): 8502. CrossRef
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Lu-Anne Swart, Naiema Taliep, Ghouwa Ismail, Ashley van Niekerk
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Gregorius Abanit Asa, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Melkianus Ratu, Paul Russell Ward
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Associations Between Compliance With Non-pharmaceutical Interventions and Social-distancing Policies in Korea During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Yu Seong Hwang, Heui Sug Jo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(4):230-237. Published online June 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.139

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study explored changes in individuals’ behavior in response to social distancing (SD) levels and the “no gatherings of more than 5 people” (NGM5) rule in Korea during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods
Using survey data from the COVID-19 Behavior Tracker, exploratory factor analysis extracted 3 preventive factors: maintenance of personal hygiene, avoiding going out, and avoiding meeting people. Each factor was used as a dependent variable. The chi-square test was used to compare differences in distributions between categorical variables, while binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with high compliance with measures to prevent transmission.
Results
In men, all 3 factors were significantly associated with lower compliance. Younger age groups were associated with lower compliance with maintenance of personal hygiene and avoiding meeting people. Employment status was significantly associated with avoiding going out and avoiding meeting people. Residence in the capital area was significantly associated with higher compliance with personal hygiene and avoiding venturing out. Increasing SD levels were associated with personal hygiene, avoiding going out, and avoiding meeting people. The NGM5 policy was not significantly associated with compliance.
Conclusions
SD levels, gender, age, employment status, and region had explanatory power for compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Strengthening social campaigns to inspire voluntary compliance with NPIs, especially focused on men, younger people, full-time workers, and residents of the capital area is recommended. Simultaneously, efforts need to be made to segment SD measures into substrategies with detailed guidance at each level.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구에서는 대한민국 정부가 COVID-19 방역 정책으로 시행한 ‘사회적 거리두기 단계 조절’과 ‘5인 이상 집합 금지 조치’에 대한 개인의 순응도를 파악하였다. 이를 위해 영국 임페리얼 대학이 2020년 4월부터 2021년 4월까지 24회에 걸쳐 한국인 총 13,300명에게 개인 행동을 조사한 공개 데이터를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 더 높은 수준의 사회적 거리두기 단계 – 특히 다중이용시설들이 폐쇄되는 2.5 단계 -에서 비약물적 중재 조치의 순응도와 더 강한 상관관계를 보였다. 그러나 5인 이상 집합금지는 순응도와 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않아 사람들이 모임 인원을 제한할 뿐 지속적으로 모임을 하는 것으로 해석된다. 연령, 성별, 직업 구분, 거주지와 같은 인구-사회학적 특성들이 순응도에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으므로, 낮은 순응도를 보이는 인구집단의 순응도를 고취시킬 수 있도록 세부적인 전략 (예: 재택근무, 온라인회의, 온라인 수업 권장 등)이 필요하다.

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COVID-19: Special Article

COVID-19 International Collaborative Research by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service Using Its Nationwide Real-world Data: Database, Outcomes, and Implications: Yeunsook Rho, Do Yeon Cho, Yejin Son, Yu Jin Lee, Ji Woo Kim, Hye Jin Lee, Seng Chan You, Rae Woong Park, Jin Yong Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(1):8-16. Published online January 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.616

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This article aims to introduce the inception and operation of the COVID-19 International Collaborative Research Project, the world’s first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) open data project for research, along with its dataset and research method, and to discuss relevant considerations for collaborative research using nationwide real-world data (RWD). COVID-19 has spread across the world since early 2020, becoming a serious global health threat to life, safety, and social and economic activities. However, insufficient RWD from patients was available to help clinicians efficiently diagnose and treat patients with COVID-19, or to provide necessary information to the government for policy-making. Countries that saw a rapid surge of infections had to focus on leveraging medical professionals to treat patients, and the circumstances made it even more difficult to promptly use COVID-19 RWD. Against this backdrop, the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) of Korea decided to open its COVID-19 RWD collected through Korea’s universal health insurance program, under the title of the COVID-19 International Collaborative Research Project. The dataset, consisting of 476 508 claim statements from 234 427 patients (7590 confirmed cases) and 18 691 318 claim statements of the same patients for the previous 3 years, was established and hosted on HIRA’s in-house server. Researchers who applied to participate in the project uploaded analysis code on the platform prepared by HIRA, and HIRA conducted the analysis and provided outcome values. As of November 2020, analyses have been completed for 129 research projects, which have been published or are in the process of being published in prestigious journals.

Summary

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COVID-19: Perspective

New Obligations of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service: Taking Full-fledged Action Against the COVID-19 Pandemic: Seung Mi Yoo, Seol Hee Chung, Won Mo Jang, Kyoung Chang Kim, Jin Yong Lee, Sun Min Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(1):17-21. Published online January 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.594

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Abstract Summary PDF

In 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused unprecedented disruptions to global health systems. The Korea has taken full-fledged actions against this novel infectious disease, swiftly implementing a testing-tracing-treatment strategy. New obligations have therefore been given to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) to devote the utmost effort towards tackling this global health crisis. Thanks to the universal national health insurance and state-of-the-art information communications technology (ICT) of the Korea, HIRA has conducted far-reaching countermeasures to detect and treat cases early, prevent the spread of COVID-19, respond quickly to surging demand for the healthcare services, and translate evidence into policy. Three main factors have enabled HIRA to undertake pandemic control preemptively and systematically: nationwide data aggregated from all healthcare providers and patients, pre-existing ICT network systems, and real-time data exchanges. HIRA has maximized the use of data and pre-existing network systems to conduct rapid and responsive measures in a centralized way, both of which have been the most critical tactics and strategies used by the Korean healthcare system. In the face of new obligations, our promise is to strive for a more responsive and resilient health system during this prolonged crisis.

Summary

Korean summary
건강보험심사평가원은 전 국민과 전체 요양기관의 축적된 정보, 전체 요양기관과 연결된 네트워크, 실시간 데이터 공유를 통해 이번 코로나19 위기 대응에 기여했다. 건강보험심사평가원은 1) 진단검사∙약제 등재, 2) 요양기관 내 고위험군 감지, 3) 마스크 중복구매 방지 시스템 구축, 4) 주요 보건의료자원 가동현황 모니터링 시스템 구축, 5) 환자관리 정보시스템 구축 및 익명화된 환자 데이터 공개로 국제협력연구 촉진의 다섯 가지 전략을 성공적으로 수행했다. 건강보험심사평가원은 현재의 보건위기 상황을 극복하고, 코로나19 시대 이후로도 새롭게 주어진 위기대응의 역할과 소명을 다할 것이다.

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Andre Q Andrade, Jean-Pierre Calabretto, Nicole L Pratt, Lisa M Kalisch-Ellett, Vanessa T Le Blanc, Elizabeth E Roughead
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COVID-19: Special Article

Mainstreaming of Health Equity in Infectious Disease Control Policy During the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: Hongjo Choi, Seong-Yi Kim, Jung-Woo Kim, Yukyung Park, Myoung-Hee Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(1):1-7. Published online January 15, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.593

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Abstract Summary PDF

The Korean government’s strategy to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has focused on non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as social distancing and wearing masks, along with testing, tracing, and treatment; overall, its performance has been relatively good compared to that of many other countries heavily affected by COVID-19. However, little attention has been paid to health equity in measures to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to examine the unequal impacts of COVID-19 across socioeconomic groups and to suggest potential solutions to tackle these inequalities. The pathways linking social determinants and health could be entry points to tackle the unequal consequences of this public health emergency. It is crucial for infectious disease policy to consider social determinants of health including poor housing, precarious working conditions, disrupted healthcare services, and suspension of social services. Moreover, the high levels of uncertainty and complexity inherent in this public health emergency, as well as the health and socioeconomic inequalities caused by the pandemic, underscore the need for good governance other than top-down measures by the government. We emphasize that a people-centered perspective is a key approach during the pandemic era. Mutual trust between the state and civil society, strong accountability of the government, and civic participation are essential components of cooperative disaster governance.

Summary

Korean summary
"이 연구는 코로나19 대유행이 건강불평등에 미치는 영향을 검토하고, 불평등 완화 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 건강의 사회적 결정요인은 코로나19와 건강불평등을 이해하기 위한 출발점이다. 건강의 사회적 결정요인은 코로나19 감염과 그로 인한 사망 등 직접영향 경로와 코로나19 대응과정의 문제로 건강불평등을 야기하는 간접영향 경로에 모두 관여한다. 공중보건위기로 인한 건강불평등을 줄이기 위해서는 시민참여를 통한 협력적 거버넌스 강화와 모든 건강정책에서 사람중심돌봄의 관점을 견지하는 것이 필요하다."

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COVID-19: Brief Report

Particle Filtration Efficiency Testing of Sterilization Wrap Masks: Destiny F. Chau, Patrick O'Shaughnessy, Michael L. Schmitz; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(1):31-36. Published online December 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.394

8,573 View
134 Download
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Non-traditional materials are used for mask construction to address personal protective equipment shortages during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Reusable masks made from surgical sterilization wrap represent such an innovative approach with social media frequently referring to them as “N95 alternatives.” This material was tested for particle filtration efficiency and breathability to clarify what role they might have in infection prevention and control.
Methods
A heavyweight, double layer sterilization wrap was tested when new and after 2, 4, 6, and 10 autoclave sterilizing cycles and compared with an approved N95 respirator and a surgical mask via testing procedures using a sodium chloride aerosol for N95 efficiency testing similar to 42 CFR 84.181. Pressure testing to indicate breathability was also conducted.
Results
The particle filtration efficiency for the sterilization wrap ranged between 58% to 66%, with similar performance when new and after sterilizing cycles. The N95 respirator and surgical mask performed at 95% and 68% respectively. Pressure drops for the sterilization wrap, N95 and surgical mask were 10.4 mmH₂O, 5.9 mmH₂O, and 5.1 mmH₂O, respectively, well below the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health limits of 35 mmH₂O during initial inhalation and 25 mmH₂O during initial exhalation.
Conclusions
The sterilization wrap’s particle filtration efficiency is much lower than a N95 respirator, but falls within the range of a surgical mask, with acceptable breathability. Performance testing of non-traditional mask materials is crucial to determine potential protection efficacy and for correcting misinterpretation propagated through popular media.

Summary

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Spunbond-Meltblown-Spunbond ou Tecido-Não-Tecido para proteção respiratória de trabalhadores da saúde
Francieli Faustino, Helenize Ferreira Lima Leachi, Aline Franco Da Rocha, Renata Perfeito Ribeiro
Revista SOBECC.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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