- Trends in Regional Disparities in Cardiovascular Surgery and Mortality in Korea: A National Cross-sectional Study
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Dal-Lae Jin, Kyoung-Hoon Kim, Euy Suk Chung, Seok-Jun Yoon
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(3):260-268. Published online May 30, 2024
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.057
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 Abstract
Summary
 PDF Supplementary Material
- Objectives
Regional disparities in cardiovascular care in Korea have led to uneven patient outcomes. Despite the growing need for and access to procedures, few studies have linked regional service availability to mortality rates. This study analyzed regional variation in the utilization of major cardiovascular procedures and their associations with short-term mortality to provide better evidence regarding the relationship between healthcare resource distribution and patient survival.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using nationwide claims data for patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), stent insertion, or aortic aneurysm resection in 2022. Regional variation was assessed by the relevance index (RI). The associations between the regional RI and 30-day mortality were analyzed.
Results
The RI was lowest for aortic aneurysm resection (mean, 26.2; standard deviation, 26.1), indicating the most uneven regional distribution among the surgical procedures. Patients undergoing this procedure in regions with higher RIs showed significantly lower 30-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.55 to 0.96; p=0.026) versus those with lower RIs. This suggests that cardiovascular surgery regional availability, as measured by RI, has an impact on mortality rates for certain complex surgical procedures. The RI was not associated with significant mortality differences for more widely available procedures like CABG (aOR, 0.96), PCI (aOR, 1.00), or stent insertion (aOR, 0.91).
Conclusions
Significant regional variation and underutilization of cardiovascular surgery were found, with reduced access linked to worse mortality for complex procedures. Disparities should be addressed through collaboration among hospitals and policy efforts to improve outcomes.
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Summary
Korean summary
심혈관 관련 수술을 대상으로 지역적 불균형을 분석한 결과, 관상동맥우회술, 경피적 관상동맥중재술, 스텐트 삽입술은 전국적으로 광범위하게 분포되었다. 반면에 대동맥류 절제술은 지역적 불균형이 발생하였고, 사망률 또한 유의한 차이가 있었다. 따라서 의료 격차 해소를 위해 병원 간 협력체계 구축, 지역 균형적 의료자원 확충 등 정책적 노력이 필요하다
Key Message
An analysis of regional disparities in cardiovascular surgeries revealed that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and stent insertion procedures were widely distributed nationwide. However, there was a regional imbalance in aortic aneurysm resection (AAR) surgeries, which also showed significant differences in mortality rates. Therefore, policy efforts are needed to bridge the healthcare gap, such as establishing collaborative systems among hospitals and ensuring a balanced distribution of medical resources across regions.
- Updating Korean Disability Weights for Causes of Disease: Adopting an Add-on Study Method
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Dasom Im, Noor Afif Mahmudah, Seok-Jun Yoon, Young-Eun Kim, Don-Hyung Lee, Yeon-hee Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Minsu Ock
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(4):291-302. Published online June 26, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.192
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3,018
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Abstract
Summary
PDFSupplementary Material
- Objectives
Disability weights require regular updates, as they are influenced by both diseases and societal perceptions. Consequently, it is necessary to develop an up-to-date list of the causes of diseases and establish a survey panel for estimating disability weights. Accordingly, this study was conducted to calculate, assess, modify, and validate disability weights suitable for Korea, accounting for its cultural and social characteristics.
Methods
The 380 causes of disease used in the survey were derived from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network and from 2019 and 2020 Korean studies on disability weights for causes of disease. Disability weights were reanalyzed by integrating the findings of an earlier survey on disability weights in Korea with those of the additional survey conducted in this study. The responses were transformed into paired comparisons and analyzed using probit regression analysis. Coefficients for the causes of disease were converted into predicted probabilities, and disability weights in 2 models (model 1 and 2) were rescaled using a normal distribution and the natural logarithm, respectively.
Results
The mean values for the 380 causes of disease in models 1 and 2 were 0.488 and 0.369, respectively. Both models exhibited the same order of disability weights. The disability weights for the 300 causes of disease present in both the current and 2019 studies demonstrated a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.994 (p=0.001 for both models). This study presents a detailed add-on approach for calculating disability weights.
Conclusions
This method can be employed in other countries to obtain timely disability weight estimations.
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Summary
Korean summary
이 연구에서는 장애보정생존연수의 산출 방법론 중 발생률 기반 접근법을 이용하여 질병부담 산출에 활용할 질병원인에 대한 장애가중치를 산출하고 한국의 문화사회적 특징을 고려하여 이에 대한 타당성을 검증하였다. 특히, 지난 연구에서 활용한 질병원인에 대한 장애가중치 결과값을 add-on study 방법으로 활용하여 장애가중치를 개정하였다. 이번 연구에서 수행한 add-on study 방법을 활용하여 장애가중치 값을 산출할 경우 다수의 전문가의 누적된 의견을 기반으로 장애가중치를 안정적으로 개정하여 특정 질병원인의 장애보정생존연수를 보다 정확하게 산출할 수 있게 될 것이다.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by  - Trends in Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) and Disparities by Income and Region in Korea (2008–2020): Analysis of a Nationwide Claims Database
Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Measuring the Burden of Disease in Korea Using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (2008–2020)
Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Korean National Burden of Disease: The Importance of Diabetes Management
Chung-Nyun Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(4): 518. CrossRef
- A Review of the Types and Characteristics of Healthy Life Expectancy and Methodological Issues
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Young-Eun Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(1):1-9. Published online January 16, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.580
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8,648
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- An index that evaluates the health level of a population group considering both death and loss of function due to disease is called a summary measure of population health (SMPH). SMPHs are broadly divided into life year indices and life expectancy indices, the latter of which comprise healthy life expectancy (HLE). HLE is included as a policy target in various national and regional level healthcare plans, and the term “HLE” is commonly used in academia and by the public. However, the overall level of understanding of HLE—such as the precise definition of HLE and methods of calculating HLE—still seems to be low. As discussed in this study, the types of HLE are classified into disability-free life expectancy, disease-free life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, self-rated HLE, and disability-adjusted life expectancy. Their characteristics are examined to facilitate a correct understanding and appropriate utilization of HLE. In addition, the Sullivan method, as a representative method for calculating HLE, is presented in detail, and major issues in the process of calculating HLE, such as selection of the population group and age group, estimation of death probability, calculation of life years, and incorporation of health weights, are reviewed. This study will help researchers to select an appropriate HLE type and evaluate the validity of HLE research results, and it is expected to contribute to the vitalization of HLE research.
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Summary
Korean summary
건강수명의 유형은 무장애기대수명, 질병 없는 기대수명, 질보정기대수명, 자가평가보정 기대수명, 장애보정기대수명으로 분류된다. 건강수명의 올바른 이해와 적절한 활용을 돕기 위해 이들의 특성을 검토하였다. 이번 연구는 연구자들이 적절한 건강수명 유형을 선택하고 건강수명 연구 결과의 타당성을 평가하는 데 도움이 될 것이며, 건강수명 연구의 활성화에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.
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Citations
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Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2024; 24(1): 5. CrossRef - Trends in Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) and Disparities by Income and Region in Korea (2008–2020): Analysis of a Nationwide Claims Database
Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
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Tak Kyu Oh, In-Ae Song
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Estimating quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) for local authorities in Great Britain and its association with indicators of the inclusive economy: a cross-sectional study
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Chung-Nyun Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Dal-Lae Jin, Seok-Jun Yoon
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Oleksandr Sorochynskyi, Quentin Guibert, Frédéric Planchet, Michaël Schwarzinger
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Dasom Im, Noor Afif Mahmudah, Seok-Jun Yoon, Young-Eun Kim, Don-Hyung Lee, Yeon-hee Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Minsu Ock
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2023; 56(4): 291. CrossRef - The socioeconomic distribution of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in Chile
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- DALY Estimation Approaches: Understanding and Using the Incidence-based Approach and the Prevalence-based Approach
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Young-Eun Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(1):10-18. Published online January 19, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.597
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7,801
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- Disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) estimates may vary according to factors such as the standard life expectancy, age weighting, time preference and discount rate, calculation of disability weights, and selection of the estimation method. DALY estimation methods are divided into the following 3 approaches: the incidence-based approach, the pure prevalence-based approach, and the hybrid approach. These 3 DALY estimation approaches each reflect different perspectives on the burden of disease using unique characteristics, based on which the selection of a suitable approach may vary by the purpose of the study. The Global Burden of Disease studies, which previously estimated DALYs using the incidence-based approach, switched to using the hybrid approach in 2010, while the National Burden of Disease studies in Korea still mainly apply the incidence-based approach. In order to increase comparability with other international burden of disease studies, more DALY studies using the prevalence-based approach need to be conducted in Korea. However, with the limitations of the hybrid approach in mind, it is necessary to conduct more research using a disease classification system suitable for Korea. Furthermore, more detailed and valid data sources should be established before conducting studies using a broader variety of DALY estimation approaches. This review study will help researchers on burden of disease use an appropriate DALY estimation approach and will contribute to enhancing researchers’ ability to critically interpret burden of disease studies.
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Summary
Korean summary
장애보정생존연수 산출 방법은 발생률 접근법, 순수 유병률 접근법 및 하이브리드 접근법으로 나뉜다. 이러한 3가지 장애보정생존연수 산출 접근법은 각각 고유한 특성을 가지고 질병부담에 대한 다양한 관점을 반영하기 때문에, 연구 목적에 따라 산출 접근법의 선택이 달라질 수 있다. 이번 연구의 결과는 연구자들이 장애보정생존연수 산출 방법의 타당성을 향상시키기 위하여 질병부담 연구에 사용할 산출 접근법을 결정하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - Trends in Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) and Disparities by Income and Region in Korea (2008–2020): Analysis of a Nationwide Claims Database
Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
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- Measuring the Burden of Disease in Korea, 2008-2018
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Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Hyesook Park, In-Hwan Oh, Min-Woo Jo, Minsu Ock, Dun-Sol Go, Seok-Jun Yoon
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(5):293-300. Published online September 30, 2021
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.478
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Abstract
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- The study aims to examine the current status and differences in the burden of disease in Korea during 2008-2018. We calculated the burden of disease for Koreans from 2008 to 2018 using an incidence-based approach. Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were expressed in units per 100 000 population by adding years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). DALY calculation results were presented by gender, age group, disease, region, and income level. To explore differences in DALYs by region and income level, we used administrative district and insurance premium information from the National Health Insurance Service claims data. The burden of disease among Koreans showed an increasing trend from 2008 to 2018. By 2017, the burden of disease among men was higher than that among women. Diabetes mellitus, low back pain, and chronic lower respiratory disease were ranked high in the burden of disease; the sum of DALY rates for these diseases accounted for 18.4% of the total burden of disease among Koreans in 2018. The top leading causes associated with a high burden of disease differed slightly according to gender, age group, and income level. In this study, we measured the health status of Koreans and differences in the population health level according to gender, age group, region, and income level. This data can be used as an indicator of health equity, and the results derived from this study can be used to guide community-centered (or customized) health promotion policies and projects, and for setting national health policy goals.
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Summary
Korean summary
이 논문에서는 장애보정생존년수라는 지표를 활용하여 2008-2018년 한국인의 질병부담 산출결과를 제시하였으며, 성별·연령군별·질환별 질병부담 수준의 차이 뿐만 아니라 지역 및 소득수준의 사회경제적 수준에 따른 질병부담의 격차도 함께 제시하였다.
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Citations
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Public Health.2024; 226: 173. CrossRef - Trends in Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) and Disparities by Income and Region in Korea (2008–2020): Analysis of a Nationwide Claims Database
Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Measuring the Burden of Disease in Korea Using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (2008–2020)
Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
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Yoon-Sun Jung, Seok-Jun Yoon
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Hyunkyu Kim, Seung Hoon Kim, Sung-In Jang, Eun-Cheol Park
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- Metabolic Risk Profile and Cancer in Korean Men and Women
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Seulki Ko, Seok-Jun Yoon, Dongwoo Kim, A-Rim Kim, Eun-Jung Kim, Hye-Young Seo
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(3):143-152. Published online May 18, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.021
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Abstract
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- Objectives
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Associations between metabolic syndrome and several types of cancer have recently been documented.
Methods
We analyzed the sample cohort data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2002, with a follow-up period extending to 2013. The cohort data included 99 565 individuals who participated in the health examination program and whose data were therefore present in the cohort database. The metabolic risk profile of each participant was assessed based on obesity, high serum glucose and total cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure. The occurrence of cancer was identified using Korean National Health Insurance claims data. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age group, smoking status, alcohol intake, and regular exercise.
Results
A total of 5937 cases of cancer occurred during a mean follow-up period of 10.4 years. In men with a high-risk metabolic profile, the risk of colon cancer was elevated (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.71). In women, a high-risk metabolic profile was associated with a significantly increased risk of gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.42). Non-significantly increased risks were observed in men for pharynx, larynx, rectum, and kidney cancer, and in women for colon, liver, breast, and ovarian cancer.
Conclusions
The findings of this study support the previously suggested association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of several cancers. A high-risk metabolic profile may be an important risk factor for colon cancer in Korean men and gallbladder and biliary tract cancer in Korean women.
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Summary
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Citations
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- The Economic Burden of Cancers Attributable to Metabolic Syndrome in Korea
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Dongwoo Kim, Seok-Jun Yoon, Young-Hoon Gong, Young Ae Kim, Hye-Young Seo, Jihyun Yoon, A-Rim Kim
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48(4):180-187. Published online July 20, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.022
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9,803
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Abstract
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- Objectives
Metabolic syndrome is an important etiologic factor in the development of certain types of cancers. The economic cost of the treatment of cancer has been steadily increasing. We therefore estimated the economic burden of cancers attributable to metabolic syndrome in Korea.
Methods
We reviewed metabolic syndrome-related cancers and relative risk and then calculated population attributable fractions. We analyzed insurance claims data for metabolic syndrome-related cancers in 2012 in order to estimate the direct costs associated with these cancers, including hospitalization, outpatient visits, transportation costs, and caregivers’ costs as well as indirect costs such as loss of productivity due to cancer treatment and premature death.
Results
In 2012, 18 070 patients in Korea had cancers attributable to metabolic syndrome. The economic burden was USD 199.8 million and the direct and indirect costs were USD 124.5 million and USD 75.3 million, respectively.
Conclusions
We estimated the economic burden of cancers attributable to metabolic syndrome in Korea and the efforts are necessary to reduce this burden.
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Summary
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Associations Between the Continuity of Ambulatory Care of Adult Diabetes Patients in Korea and the Incidence of Macrovascular Complications
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Young-Hoon Gong, Seok-Jun Yoon, Hyeyoung Seo, Dongwoo Kim
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48(4):188-194. Published online July 23, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.020
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9,011
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Abstract
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- Objectives
The goal of this study was to identify association between the continuity of ambulatory care of diabetes patients in South Korea (hereafter Korea) and the incidence of macrovascular complications of diabetes, using claims data compiled by the National Health Insurance Services of Korea.
Methods
This study was conducted retrospectively. The subjects of the study were 43 002 patients diagnosed with diabetes in 2007, who were over 30 years of age, and had insurance claim data from 2008. The macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus were limited to ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke. We compared the characteristics of the patients in whom macrovascular complications occurred from 2009 to 2012 to the characteristics of the patients who had no such complications. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the effects of continuity of ambulatory care on diabetic macrovascular complications. The continuity of ambulatory diabetes care was estimated by metrics such as the medication possession ratio, the quarterly continuity of care and the number of clinics that were visited.
Results
Patients with macrovascular complications showed statistically significant differences regarding sex, age, comorbidities, hypertension, dyslipidemia and continuity of ambulatory diabetes care. Visiting a lower number of clinics reduced the odds ratio for macrovascular complications of diabetes. A medication possession ratio below 80% was associated with an increased odds ratio for macrovascular complications, but this result was of borderline statistical significance.
Conclusions
Diabetes care by regular health care providers was found to be associated with a lower occurrence of diabetic macrovascular complications. This result has policy implications for the Korean health care system, in which the delivery system does not work properly.
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Summary
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - Chasms in Achievement of Recommended Diabetes Care among Geographic Regions in Korea
Sanghyun Cho, Ji-Yeon Shin, Hyun Joo Kim, Sang Jun Eun, Sungchan Kang, Won Mo Jang, Hyemin Jung, Yoon Kim, Jin Yong Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
- Economic Burden of Colorectal Cancer in Korea
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Ju-Young Byun, Seok-Jun Yoon, In-Hwan Oh, Young Ae Kim, Hye-Young Seo, Yo-Han Lee
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(2):84-93. Published online March 31, 2014
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.2.84
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Abstract
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- Objectives
The incidence and survival rate of colorectal cancer in Korea are increasing because of improved screening, treatment technologies, and lifestyle changes. In this aging population, increases in economic cost result. This study was conducted to estimate the economic burden of colorectal cancer utilizing claims data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. MethodsEconomic burdens of colorectal cancer were estimated using prevalence data and patients were defined as those who received ambulatory treatment from medical institutions or who had been hospitalized due to colorectal cancer under the International Classification of Disease 10th revision codes from C18-C21. The economic burdens of colorectal cancer were calculated as direct costs and indirect costs. ResultsThe prevalence rate (per 100 000 people) of those who were treated for colorectal cancer during 2010 was 165.48. The economic burdens of colorectal cancer in 2010 were 3 trillion and 100 billion Korean won (KRW), respectively. Direct costs included 1 trillion and 960 billion KRW (62.85%), respectively and indirect costs were 1 trillion and 160 billion (37.15%), respectively. ConclusionsColorectal cancer has a large economic burden. Efforts should be made to reduce the economic burden of the disease through primary and secondary prevention.
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Summary
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Citations
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Hong Wang, Yan‐Jie Li, Lin Lei, Cheng‐Cheng Liu, Wan‐Qing Chen, Min Dai, Xin Wang, Jie‐Bin Lew, Ju‐Fang Shi, Ni Li, Jie He
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Ria Garg, Vicki Cheng, Ursula Ellis, Vanay Verma, Helen McTaggart-Cowan, Stuart Peacock, Jonathan M. Loree, Mohsen Sadatsafavi, Mary A. De Vera
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Abdosaleh Jafari, Peyman Mehdi Alamdarloo, Mehdi Dehghani, Peivand Bastani, Ramin Ravangard
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- The Economic Burden of Epilepsy in Korea, 2010
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Jaehun Jung, Hye-Young Seo, Young Ae Kim, In-Hwan Oh, Yo Han Lee, Seok-Jun Yoon
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(6):293-299. Published online November 28, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.6.293
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- Objectives
The purposes of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of epilepsy and to estimate the cost of epilepsy in Korea, 2010. MethodsThis study used a prevalence based approach to calculate the cost of epilepsy. Claims data from the Korean national health insurance and data from the Korea health panel, the Korea National Statistical Office's records of causes of death, and labor statistics were used to estimate the cost of epilepsy. Patients were defined as those who were hospitalized or visited an outpatient clinic during 2010 with a diagnosis of epilepsy (International Classification of Diseases 10th revision codes G40-G41). Total costs of epilepsy included direct medical costs, direct non-medical cost and indirect costs. ResultsThe annual prevalence of treated epilepsy was 228 per 100 000 population, and higher in men. The age-specific prevalence was highest for teenagers. The total economic burden of epilepsy was 536 billion Korean won (KW). Indirect cost (304 billion KW) was 1.3 times greater than direct cost (232 billion KW). By gender, the male (347 billion KW) were more burdened than the female (189 billion KW). The estimated cost in young age younger than 20 years old was 24.5% of the total burden of epilepsy. ConclusionsA significant portion of the economic burden of epilepsy is borne by people in young age. To reduce the economic burden of epilepsy, effective prevention and treatment strategies are needed.
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Citations
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Ahmad Ghayas Ansari, Ariba Nasar, Hiba Nasar
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- A Strategy Toward Reconstructing the Healthcare System of a Unified Korea
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Yo Han Lee, Seok-Jun Yoon, Seok Hyang Kim, Hyun-Woung Shin, Jin Yong Lee, Beomsoo Kim, Young Ae Kim, Jangho Yoon, Young Seok Shin
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(3):134-138. Published online May 31, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.3.134
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This road map aims to establish a stable and integrated healthcare system for the Korean Peninsula by improving health conditions and building a foundation for healthcare in North Korea through a series of effective healthcare programs. With a basic time frame extending from the present in stages towards unification, the roadmap is composed of four successive phases. The first and second phases, each expected to last five years, respectively, focus on disease treatment and nutritional treatment. These phases would thereby safeguard the health of the most vulnerable populations in North Korea, while fulfilling the basic health needs of other groups by modernizing existing medical facilities. Based on the gains of the first two phases, the third phase, for ten years, would prepare for unification of the Koreas by promoting the health of all the North Korean people and improving basic infrastructural elements such as health workforce capacity and medical institutions. The fourth phase, assuming that unification will take place, provides fundamental principles and directions for establishing an integrated healthcare system across the Korean Peninsula. We are hoping to increase the consistency of the program and overcome several existing concerns of the current program with this roadmap. -
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Citations
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Yo Han Lee, Seok-Jun Yoon, Young Ae Kim, Ji Won Yeom, In-Hwan Oh
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(3):111-117. Published online May 31, 2013
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.3.111
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This article evaluates the overall current disease burden of North Korea through the recent databases of international organizations. It is notable that North Korea as a nation is exhibiting a relatively low burden from deaths and that there is greater burden from deaths caused by non-communicable diseases than from those caused by communicable diseases and malnutrition. However, the absolute magnitude of problems from communicable diseases like TB and from child malnutrition, which will increase the disease burden in the future, remains great. North Korea, which needs to handle both communicable and nutritional conditions, and non-communicable diseases, whose burden is ever more increasing in the nation, can now be understood as a country with the 'double-burden' of disease. -
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