Table 1.Baseline characteristics among women aged 65 and older in Korean Elderly Pharmacoepidemiologic Cohort
|
Total physical activity
|
p-value |
Bottom (n = 454) |
Medium (n = 2314) |
High (n = 2311) |
Continuous variable (mean, SD) |
|
|
|
|
Age (y) |
80.3 (7.2) |
76.4 (5.9) |
73.8 (4.8) |
<0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
21.3 (3.4) |
21.9 (3.4) |
22.0 (3.3) |
<0.001 |
Categorical variable (n, %) |
|
|
|
|
Self-reported health |
|
|
|
|
Good |
51 (11.2) |
538 (23.3) |
541 (23.4) |
<0.001 |
Average |
118 (26.0) |
854 (36.9) |
942 (40.8) |
|
Bad |
285 (62.8) |
922 (39.8) |
828 (35.8) |
|
Self-reported limitation in activity |
|
|
|
|
No |
110 (24.2) |
1295 (56.0) |
1563 (67.6) |
<0.001 |
Yes |
344 (75.8) |
1019 (44.0) |
748 (32.4) |
|
Chronic condition |
|
|
|
|
Diabetic mellitus, present |
27 (6.0) |
141 (6.1) |
122 (5.3) |
0.48 |
Hypertension, present |
34 (7.5) |
222 (9.6) |
243 (10.5) |
0.12 |
Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
Never-smoker |
281 (61.9) |
1580 (68.3) |
1661 (71.9) |
<0.001 |
Ex-smoker |
87 (19.2) |
258 (11.2) |
212 (9.2) |
|
Current smoker |
86 (18.9) |
476 (20.6) |
438 (19.0) |
|
Drinking status |
|
|
|
|
Never-drinker |
342 (75.3) |
1714 (74.1) |
1722 (74.5) |
<0.001 |
Ex-drinker |
49 (10.8) |
148 (6.4) |
127 (5.5) |
|
Current drinker |
63 (13.9) |
452 (19.5) |
462 (20.0) |
|
Religion |
|
|
|
|
No |
305 (67.2) |
1115 (48.2) |
917 (39.7) |
<0.001 |
Yes |
149 (32.8) |
1199 (51.8) |
1394 (60.3) |
|
Table 2.Cox regression models for physical activity levels and all-cause mortality among women aged 65 and older
|
No. of cases (n=1798) |
Person-months (n = 5079) |
Age adjusted
|
Multivariate1
|
Adjusted HR 95% CI |
p-trend |
Adjusted HR 95% CI |
p-trend |
Total physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bottom |
294 |
26 017 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Medium2
|
922 |
182 580 |
0.60 (0.52, 0.69) |
|
0.79 (0.68, 0.92) |
|
High |
582 |
201 246 |
0.43 (0.37, 0.50) |
|
0.60 (0.51, 0.71) |
|
Outdoor physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bottom |
855 |
148 571 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
0.047 |
Medium2
|
864 |
231 389 |
0.78 (0.70, 0.85) |
|
0.90 (0.81, 0.99) |
|
High |
79 |
29 883 |
0.62 (0.49, 0.78) |
|
0.90 (0.71, 1.14) |
|
Indoor physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bottom |
381 |
38 079 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Medium2
|
865 |
178 944 |
0.62 (0.55, 0.70) |
|
0.78 (0.68, 0.89) |
|
High |
552 |
192 820 |
0.45 (0.39, 0.52) |
|
0.58 (0.50, 0.67) |
|
Subtype of indoor physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cleaning house |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
859 |
135 926 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Irregular |
350 |
79 474 |
0.81 (0.71, 0.92) |
|
0.86 (0.76, 0.98) |
|
Regular |
589 |
194 443 |
0.62 (0.56, 0.69) |
|
0.70 (0.62, 0.78) |
|
Doing the laundry by hand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
976 |
182 775 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Irregular |
456 |
108 771 |
0.89 (0.79, 0.99) |
|
0.92 (0.82, 1.03) |
|
Regular |
366 |
118 297 |
0.73 (0.64, 0.82) |
|
0.80 (0.71, 0.91) |
|
Kitchen working |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
993 |
164 180 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Irregular |
224 |
47 145 |
0.93 (0.80, 1.08) |
|
1.00 (0.86, 1.16) |
|
Regular |
581 |
198 518 |
0.70 (0.63, 0.78) |
|
0.76 (0.68, 0.84) |
|
Table 3.Cox regression models for physical activity levels and cardiovascular disease mortality among women aged 65 and older
|
No. of cases (n=607) |
Person-months (n = 5079) |
Age adjusted
|
Multivariate1
|
Adjusted HR 95% CI |
p-trend |
Adjusted HR 95% CI |
p-trend |
Total physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bottom |
96 |
26 017 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Medium2
|
316 |
182 580 |
0.58 (0.46, 0.73) |
|
0.78 (0.60, 1.01) |
|
High |
195 |
201 246 |
0.38 (0.29, 0.49) |
|
0.53 (0.40, 0.71) |
|
Outdoor physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bottom |
287 |
148 571 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
0.44 |
Medium2
|
287 |
231 389 |
0.73 (0.62, 0.87) |
|
0.88 (0.74, 1.05) |
|
High |
33 |
29 883 |
0.71 (0.50, 1.03) |
|
1.08 (0.74, 1.57) |
|
Indoor physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bottom |
119 |
38 079 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Medium2
|
316 |
178 944 |
0.67 (0.54, 0.83) |
|
0.85 (0.67, 1.07) |
|
High |
172 |
192 820 |
0.39 (0.31, 0.50) |
|
0.51 (0.39, 0.67) |
|
Subtype of Indoor physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cleaning house |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
300 |
135 926 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Irregular |
127 |
79 474 |
0.80 (0.65, 0.99) |
|
0.84 (0.68, 1.04) |
|
Regular |
180 |
194 443 |
0.50 (0.42, 0.61) |
|
0.57 (0.47, 0.69) |
|
Doing the laundry by hand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
327 |
182 775 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
0.003 |
Irregular |
166 |
108 771 |
0.93 (0.77, 1.13) |
|
0.96 (0.80, 1.17) |
|
Regular |
114 |
118 297 |
0.64 (0.51, 0.79) |
|
0.71 (0.57, 0.88) |
|
Kitchen working |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
314 |
164 180 |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
1.00 |
0.004 |
Irregular |
88 |
47 145 |
1.11 (0.87, 1.40) |
|
1.16 (0.91, 1.48) |
|
Regular |
205 |
198 518 |
0.71 (0.59, 0.86) |
|
0.75 (0.62, 0.91) |
|
Table 4.Two different methods for the sensitivity analysis among women aged 65 and older
Excluding deaths that occurring in the first 2 years of follow-up (n=4749)
|
Excluding participants who had bad conditions of health or limitations in their activity (n=2356)
|
|
Multivariate
|
|
Multivariate
|
Adjusted HR 95% CI |
p-trend |
Adjusted HR 95% CI |
p-trend |
All-cause mortality1
|
|
|
All-cause mortality1
|
|
|
Total physical activity |
|
|
Total physical activity |
|
|
Bottom |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Bottom |
1.00 |
0.005 |
Medium3
|
0.92 (0.77, 1.10) |
|
Medium3
|
0.91 (0.63, 1.31) |
|
High |
0.70 (0.58, 0.85) |
|
High |
0.72 (0.50, 1.05) |
|
Outdoor physical activity |
|
|
Outdoor physical activity |
|
|
Bottom |
1.00 |
0.32 |
Bottom |
1.00 |
0.57 |
Medium3
|
0.94 (0.85, 1.05) |
|
Medium3
|
1.00 (0.84, 1.19) |
|
High |
0.94 (0.73, 1.21) |
|
High |
0.86 (0.62, 1.20) |
|
Indoor physical activity |
|
|
Indoor physical activity |
|
|
Bottom |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Bottom |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Medium3
|
0.87 (0.74, 1.02) |
|
Medium3
|
0.77 (0.59, 1.00) |
|
High |
0.66 (0.55, 0.78) |
|
High |
0.59 (0.45, 0.78) |
|
Cardiovascular disease mortality2
|
|
|
Cardiovascular disease mortality2
|
|
|
Total physical activity |
|
|
Total physical activity |
|
|
Bottom |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Bottom |
1.00 |
0.03 |
Medium3
|
0.93 (0.67, 1.27) |
|
Medium3
|
0.63 (0.35, 1.12) |
|
High |
0.66 (0.46, 0.93) |
|
High |
0.50 (0.28, 0.92) |
|
Outdoor physical activity |
|
|
Outdoor physical activity |
|
|
Bottom |
1.00 |
0.54 |
Bottom |
1.00 |
0.65 |
Medium3
|
0.88 (0.73, 1.07) |
|
Medium3
|
0.97 (0.71, 1.31) |
|
High |
1.09 (0.74, 1.63) |
|
High |
1.23 (0.74, 2.02) |
|
Indoor physical activity |
|
|
Indoor physical activity |
|
|
Bottom |
1.00 |
<0.001 |
Bottom |
1.00 |
0.004 |
Medium3
|
0.95 (0.71, 1.25) |
|
Medium3
|
0.68 (0.43, 1.08) |
|
High |
0.60 (0.44, 0.82) |
|
High |
0.51 (0.31, 0.82) |
|