Table 1.Baseline characteristics of participants (n=111)
Characteristics |
Mean (95% confidence interval) |
Age (y) |
23.2 (22.7, 23.7) |
Weight (kg) |
71.6 (69.6, 73.7) |
Height (cm) |
174.2 (173.3, 175.2) |
Body fat mass (% of weight) |
21.3 (20.3, 22.2) |
Body muscle mass (% of weight) |
51.9 (51.0, 52.8) |
Body mass index (%) |
|
<23 |
48.6 (40.2, 58.6) |
23-25 |
27.0 (18.9, 36.2) |
≥25 |
24.3 (16.2, 32.9) |
Osteoporotic index |
53.2 (51.9, 54.4) |
T-score |
-0.11 (-0.34, 0.12) |
Z-score |
-0.57 (-0.29, 0.18) |
Socio-economic status (%) |
|
High |
32.4 (23.7, 42.3) |
Middle |
56.8 (48.5, 65.9) |
Low |
10.8 (6.3, 17.3) |
Past physical activity (%) |
|
More than or equal to 1 time a week |
65.8 (55.9, 73.1) |
Less than 1 time a week |
34.2 (26.9, 44.1) |
Members of sports club (%) |
37.8 (28.8, 47.7) |
Current physical activity (1000 MET-min/wk) |
1.70 (1.29, 2.12) |
Calcium intake (mg/d) |
658.8 (568.1, 749.4) |
Vitamin D intake (IU/d) |
130.2 (107.7, 152.7) |
Caffeine intake (mg/d) |
86.6 (67.5, 105.6) |
Smoking (%) |
|
Non-smoker |
81.1 (74.5, 90.2) |
Ex-smoker, smoker |
18.9 (9.8, 25.4) |
Span of smoking (pack-years) |
9.5 (4.5, 14.6) |
Dining out (%) |
|
More than or equal to 3 times a week |
42.3 (33.2, 53.6) |
Less than 3 times a week |
57.7 (46.4, 66.8) |
Table 2.Correlation of risk factors with Osteoporotic Index
Risk factors |
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient |
p-value |
Age |
-0.15 |
0.12 |
Weight |
0.02 |
0.83 |
Height |
-0.21 |
0.031 |
Body fat mass |
0.06 |
0.53 |
Body muscle mass |
-0.01 |
0.91 |
Body mass index |
0.13 |
0.18 |
Current physical activity |
0.21 |
0.025 |
Calcium intake |
0.098 |
0.31 |
Vitamin D intake |
0.14 |
0.15 |
Table 3.Comparison of prevalence rate of osteopenia in characteristic risk factors
|
Normal |
Osteopenia |
p-value |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
|
|
0.53 |
< 23 |
41 |
13 |
|
23-25 |
22 |
8 |
|
≥25 |
23 |
4 |
|
Socio-economic status |
|
|
0.0551
|
High |
32 |
4 |
|
Middle |
47 |
16 |
|
Low |
7 |
5 |
|
Past physical activity (time/wk) |
|
|
|
≥1 |
63 |
10 |
0.002 |
<1 |
23 |
15 |
|
Current physical activity (MET-min/wk) |
|
|
|
≥3000 |
13 |
0 |
0.072 |
600-3000 |
50 |
16 |
|
<600 |
23 |
9 |
|
Smoking |
|
|
> 0.991
|
Non-smoker |
70 |
20 |
|
Ex-smoker, smoker |
16 |
5 |
|
Club activity |
|
|
|
Non-sports |
50 |
19 |
0.11 |
Sports |
36 |
6 |
|
Calcium intake (mg/d) |
|
|
|
≥800 |
26 |
6 |
0.55 |
<800 |
60 |
19 |
|
Vitamin D intake (IU/d) |
|
|
|
High ≥200 |
18 |
3 |
0.401
|
Low <200 |
68 |
22 |
|
Table 4.The prevalence ratio (PR) of osteopenia according to the risk factors by multivariate Poisson regression analysis
Risk factors |
Model 1 Unadjusted PR (95% CI) |
Model 2 Adjusted PR1 (95% CI) |
Model 3 Adjusted PR2 (95% CI) |
Past physical activity (≥1 time/wk) |
0.41 (0.20, 0.84) |
0.35 (0.18, 0.68) |
0.37 (0.18, 0.75) |
Current physical activ- ity (1000 MET) |
0.71 (0.53, 0.96) |
0.66 (0.48, 0.91) |
0.64 (0.44, 0.91) |