Figure 1Fully adjusted odds ratios (OR) of obesity for 2001, 2005, and 2007 to 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey stratified by sex and socioeconomic status (income and education level). (A) Men, (B) women, (C) men, and (D) women. 1Quartile levels of income. 2Three levels of education (1, up to 9 years; 2, 10 to 12 years; 3, ≥13 years).
Figure 2Fully adjusted mean differences in body mass index (BMI) for 2001, 2005, and 2007 to 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey stratified by sex and socioeconomic status (income and education level). (A) Men, (B) women, (C) men, and (D) women. 1Quartile levels of income. 2Three levels of education (1, up to 9 years; 2, 10 to 12 years; 3, ≥13 years).
Table 1.Descriptive characteristics and mean BMI stratified by survey periods for the 2001, 2005, and 2007 to 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Variables |
2001 (n = 5848)
|
2005 (n = 5182)
|
2007-2009 (n = 13 011)
|
Unweighted no. (%1) |
Mean BMI±SE |
Unweighted no. (%1) |
Mean BMI±SE |
Unweighted no. (%1) |
Mean BMI±SE |
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
20-39 |
2354 (39.9) |
22.7±0.1 |
1736 (38.3) |
22.9±0.1 |
4670 (37.5) |
23.0±0.1 |
40-59 |
2285 (39.3) |
24.1±0.1 |
2197 (41.7) |
24.3±0.1 |
5159 (39.6) |
24.1±0.1 |
60-79 |
1209 (20.8) |
24.0±0.1 |
1249 (20.0) |
24.1±0.1 |
3182 (22.9) |
24.0±0.1 |
p for trend2
|
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Men |
2595 (44.3) |
23.7±0.1 |
2207 (45.0) |
24.0±0.1 |
6090 (46.5) |
24.1±0.1 |
Women |
3253 (55.7) |
23.4±0.1 |
2975 (55.0) |
23.3±0.1 |
6921 (53.5) |
23.0±0.1 |
p-value3
|
|
0.010 |
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unmarried |
869 (15.1) |
22.0±0.1 |
719 (16.7) |
23.3±0.2 |
2030 (15.9) |
22.8±0.1 |
Married |
4359 (74.2) |
23.7±0.1 |
3804 (71.5) |
24.2±0.1 |
9546 (73.3) |
23.8±0.0 |
Others4
|
620 (10.7) |
24.2±0.2 |
659 (11.8) |
23.5±0.2 |
1435 (10.8) |
24.1±0.1 |
p-value3
|
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
Income5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 |
1092 (19.2) |
23.6±0.1 |
984 (17.0) |
23.9±0.1 |
3246 (24.2) |
23.7±0.1 |
Q2 |
1829 (31.1) |
23.6±0.1 |
1329 (26.2) |
23.6±0.1 |
3257 (25.4) |
23.7±0.1 |
Q3 |
1161 (19.7) |
23.6±0.1 |
1201 (23.8) |
23.5±0.1 |
3253 (25.5) |
23.5±0.1 |
Q4 |
1766 (30.0) |
23.4± 0.1 |
1668 (33.0) |
23.6±0.1 |
3255 (24.9) |
23.4±0.1 |
p for trend2
|
|
0.032 |
|
0.31 |
|
0.002 |
Education (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 9 |
2040 (35.1) |
24.4±0.1 |
1839 (31.4) |
24.4±0.1 |
4374 (32.1) |
24.2±0.1 |
10 to 12 |
2104 (36.0) |
23.3±0.1 |
1767 (35.3) |
23.7±0.1 |
4905 (38.5) |
23.4±0.1 |
≥13 |
1704 (28.9) |
22.8±0.1 |
1576 (33.3) |
23.0±0.1 |
3732 (29.4) |
23.3±0.1 |
p for trend2
|
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
Smoking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Never smoker |
3613 (62.2) |
23.5±0.1 |
3101 (57.3) |
23.4±0.1 |
7027 (49.1) |
23.2±0.1 |
Former smoker |
521 (8.8) |
23.9±0.1 |
905 (18.2) |
24.3±0.1 |
2703 (38.5) |
24.0±0.1 |
Current smoker |
1714 (29.0) |
23.6±0.1 |
1176 (24.5) |
23.7±0.1 |
3281 (29.4) |
23.9±0.1 |
p-value3
|
|
0.025 |
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
Alcohol use |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
2993 (52.2) |
23.5±0.1 |
1285 (22.7) |
23.6±0.1 |
2163 (13.7) |
23.5±0.1 |
Light |
391 (6.5) |
23.3±0.2 |
1325 (25.2) |
23.6±0.1 |
4307 (32.0) |
23.4±0.1 |
Moderate or heavy |
2464 (41.3) |
23.7±0.1 |
2572 (52.1) |
23.7±0.1 |
6541 (54.3) |
23.7±0.1 |
p for trend2
|
|
0.14 |
|
0.82 |
|
0.002 |
Weekly exercise |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
4187 (71.4) |
23.4±0.1 |
2697 (51.7) |
23.4±0.1 |
8915 (66.0) |
23.5±0.0 |
≤2 times/wk |
404 (6.8) |
23.8±0.2 |
666 (13.7) |
23.7±0.1 |
2419 (30.5) |
23.7±0.1 |
≥3 times/wk |
1257 (21.8) |
24.0±0.1 |
1819 (34.6) |
24.0±0.1 |
1677 (13.5) |
24.0±0.1 |
p for trend2
|
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
|
<0.001 |
Stress level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
1010 (17.9) |
23.8±0.1 |
770 (14.0) |
23.9±0.1 |
1952 (13.6) |
24.0±0.1 |
Low |
2846 (48.0) |
23.5±0.1 |
2627 (51.4) |
23.6±0.1 |
7238 (56.6) |
23.4±0.0 |
High |
1992 (34.1) |
23.5±0.1 |
1785 (34.6) |
23.6±0.1 |
3821 (29.8) |
23.7±0.1 |
p for trend2
|
|
0.17 |
|
0.14 |
|
0.21 |
Depression |
|
|
|
|
|
|
No |
NA |
NA |
4381 (84.8) |
23.6±0.1 |
11 099 (86.9) |
23.5±0.1 |
Yes |
NA |
NA |
801 (15.2) |
23.7±0.2 |
1912 (13.1) |
23.6±0.0 |
p-value3
|
|
NA |
|
0.75 |
|
0.36 |
Table 2.Multivariate odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for obesity according to income and education levels, stratified by sex and each dataset for the 2001, 2005, and 2007 to 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
|
Men
|
Women
|
|
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Income1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Q2 |
1.18 (0.90, 1.53) |
1.58 (0.89, 1.51) |
1.56 (0.89, 1.51) |
1.40 (1.11, 1.77) |
1.36 (1.07, 1.71) |
1.36 (1.08, 1.72) |
Q3 |
1.24 (0.93, 1.65) |
1.22 (0.91, 1.64) |
1.22 (0.91, 1.64) |
1.28 (0.98, 1.67) |
1.23 (0.94, 1.61) |
1.24 (0.95, 1.62) |
Q4 |
1.20 (0.91, 1.58) |
1.13 (0.86, 1.49) |
1.13 (0.86, 1.49) |
1.24 (0.97, 1.59) |
1.19 (0.92, 1.52) |
1.19 (0.93, 1.53) |
p for trend |
0.29 |
0.53 |
0.53 |
0.29 |
0.50 |
0.47 |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Q2 |
0.87 (0.61, 1.24) |
0.89 (0.62, 1.28) |
0.89 (0.62, 1.28) |
1.16 (0.89, 1.51) |
1.21 (0.93, 1.57) |
1.21 (0.93, 1.58) |
Q3 |
0.85 (0.58, 1.24) |
0.86 (0.58, 1.26) |
0.85 (0.58, 1.25) |
0.96 (0.70, 1.33) |
0.99 (0.72, 1.36) |
1.00 (0.72, 1.38) |
Q4 |
1.25 (0.89, 1.76) |
1.20 (0.85, 1.70) |
1.19 (0.85, 1.69) |
1.04 (0.78, 1.39) |
1.06 (0.79, 1.42) |
1.07 (0.79, 1.43) |
p for trend |
0.045 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.80 |
0.83 |
0.83 |
2007-2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
Q2 |
1.26 (0.99, 1.59) |
1.26 (0.99, 1.60) |
1.26 (0.99, 1.60) |
1.11 (0.92, 1.35) |
1.10 (0.90, 1.33) |
1.09 (0.90, 1.33) |
Q3 |
1.22 (0.94, 1.58) |
1.21 (0.94, 1.57) |
1.21 (0.94, 1.57) |
0.90 (0.72, 1.12) |
0.88 (0.70, 1.10) |
0.87 (0.70, 1.10) |
Q4 |
1.22 (0.95, 1.57) |
1.21 (0.94, 1.56) |
1.21 (0.94, 1.56) |
0.81 (0.65, 1.01) |
0.79 (0.63, 0.98) |
0.78 (0.63, 0.98) |
p for trend |
0.26 |
0.29 |
0.29 |
0.015 |
0.008 |
0.007 |
Education (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 9 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
10 to 12 |
1.13 (0.89, 1.43) |
1.07 (0.84, 1.36) |
1.06 (0.84, 1.35) |
0.51 (0.41, 0.63) |
0.49 (0.39, 0.61) |
0.49 (0.40, 0.62) |
≥13 |
1.16 (0.90, 1.49) |
1.05 (0.81, 1.36) |
1.04 (0.80, 1.35) |
0.20 (0.15, 0.28) |
0.20 (0.14, 0.27) |
0.20 (0.15, 0.28) |
p for trend |
0.30 |
0.80 |
0.83 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 9 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
10 to 12 |
1.37 (1.00, 1.88) |
1.35 (1.00, 1.84) |
1.35 (1.00, 1.84) |
0.59 (0.44, 0.80) |
0.59 (0.44, 0.80) |
0.59 (0.44, 0.80) |
≥13 |
1.18 (0.81, 1.71) |
1.12 (0.76, 1.64) |
1.12 (0.77, 1.65) |
0.28 (0.19, 0.41) |
0.27 (0.19, 0.40) |
0.27 (0.19, 0.40) |
p for trend |
0.72 |
0.95 |
0.94 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
2007-2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 9 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
10 to 12 |
1.08 (0.88, 1.34) |
1.07 (0.87, 1.33) |
1.07 (0.87, 1.32) |
0.62 (0.51, 0.76) |
0.62 (0.50, 0.76) |
0.61 (0.50, 0.75) |
≥13 |
1.17 (0.94, 1.46) |
1.17 (0.94, 1.45) |
1.17 (0.94, 1.45) |
0.37 (0.29, 0.48) |
0.37 (0.29, 0.47) |
0.36 (0.28, 0.46) |
p for trend |
0.13 |
0.12 |
0.12 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
Table 3.Multivariate regression coefficients for the mean differences in body mass index according to income and education levels, stratified by sex and each dataset for the 2001, 2005, and 2007 to 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
|
Men
|
Women
|
|
Model1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Income1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Q2 |
0.422
|
0.392
|
0.402
|
0.892
|
0.792
|
0.792
|
Q3 |
0.792
|
0.772
|
0.772
|
0.682
|
0.572
|
0.572
|
Q4 |
0.762
|
0.672
|
0.672
|
0.652
|
0.512
|
0.522
|
p for trend |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.026 |
0.14 |
0.14 |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Q2 |
-0.18 |
-0.16 |
-0.17 |
0.42 |
0.43 |
0.452
|
Q3 |
0.21 |
0.23 |
0.21 |
0.40 |
0.37 |
0.38 |
Q4 |
0.662
|
0.612
|
0.60 |
0.40 |
0.30 |
0.32 |
p for trend |
<0.001 |
0.002 |
0.002 |
0.24 |
0.51 |
0.49 |
2007-2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q1 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Q2 |
0.34 |
0.34 |
0.34 |
0.26 |
0.23 |
0.24 |
Q3 |
0.28 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
-0.07 |
-0.13 |
-0.12 |
Q4 |
0.432
|
0.392
|
0.392
|
-0.26 |
-0.332
|
-0.322
|
p for trend |
0.06 |
0.11 |
0.11 |
0.012 |
0.004 |
0.004 |
Education (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 9 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
10 to 12 |
0.24 |
0.15 |
0.16 |
-1.162
|
-1.242
|
-1.242
|
≥13 |
0.21 |
0.05 |
0.06 |
-2.432
|
-2.492
|
-2.492
|
p for trend |
0.33 |
0.93 |
0.87 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
2005 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 9 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
10 to 12 |
0.35 |
0.31 |
0.32 |
-1.11 |
-1.17 |
-1.17 |
≥13 |
0.08 |
-0.08 |
-0.07 |
-2.43 |
-2.47 |
-2.48 |
p for trend |
0.85 |
0.44 |
0.45 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
2007-2009 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 9 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
10 to 12 |
0.14 |
0.12 |
0.12 |
-0.662
|
-0.702
|
-0.702
|
≥13 |
0.332
|
0.312
|
0.312
|
-1.352
|
-1.402
|
-1.412
|
p for trend |
0.022 |
0.030 |
0.029 |
<0.001 |
<0001 |
<0.001 |