Figure 1Influence of the 16 key risk factors on mortality outcomes in Japan in 2007. (A) Effect of risk factors on life expectancy at age 40. (B) Percentage change in probability of death at age 15 to 60. (C) Percentage change in probability of death at age 60 to 75 years. Ikeda N, et al. PLoS Med 2012;9(1):e1001160, according to the Creative Commons Attribution License [17]. LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids; BMI, body mass index; HTLV-1, human T-lymphotropic virus-1; TFA, trans-fatty acids; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; NCD, non-communicable diseases.
Figure 2Mortality rate among 50 to 59 years old Japanese women in 2010. From Vital Health and Social Statistics Division. Vital statistics in Japan 2011. Tokyo: Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare; 2013 [22].
Table 1.Top ten causes contributing to disability-adjusted life years in Japan in 1990 and 2010
Rank |
1990 |
2010 |
1 |
Cerebrovascular disease |
Low back pain |
2 |
Low back pain |
Cerebrovascular disease |
3 |
Ischemic heart disease |
Ischemic heart disease |
4 |
Stomach cancer |
Lower respiratory infections |
5 |
Lower respiratory infections |
Other musculoskeletal |
6 |
Road injury |
Lung cancer |
7 |
Self-harm |
Self-harm |
8 |
Other musculoskeletal |
Stomach cancer |
9 |
Neck pain |
Neck pain |
10 |
Lung cancer |
Falls |
Table 2.Top ten risk factors contributing to disability-adjusted life years in Japan in 1990 and 2010
Rank |
1990 |
2010 |
1 |
Dietary risks |
Dietary risks |
2 |
High blood pressure |
High blood pressure |
3 |
Smoking |
Smoking |
4 |
Alcohol use |
Physical inactivity |
5 |
High fasting plasma glucose |
High body mass index |
6 |
Ambient PM pollution |
High fasting plasma glucose |
7 |
High body mass index |
Alcohol use |
8 |
Occupational risks |
Ambient PM pollution |
9 |
High total cholesterol |
High total cholesterol |
10 |
Drug use |
Occupational risks |