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- From Rich to Poor: A Decomposition Analysis of Socioeconomic Inequality in Health-related Quality of Life in Iran
- Satar Rezaei
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(5):538-547. Published online August 20, 2025
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.383
- 4,187 View
- 222 Download
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Abstract
Summary
PDF
Supplementary Material - Objectives
Socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-established predictor of health outcomes across an individual’s lifespan. People from lower socioeconomic backgrounds generally have shorter life expectancies and lower levels of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) compared with those from higher-income groups. This study aimed to quantify income-related inequalities in HRQoL among adults in Iran.
Methods
A total of 3518 adults aged 18 years and older were selected using a convenience sampling method across 9 provinces in Iran. HRQoL was assessed with the EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) instrument, which evaluates 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. The concentration index (CI) approach was used to measure income-related inequality in worse HRQoL (disutility=1–utility value) and to identify the socioeconomic factors contributing to the observed inequality.
Results
The CI for worse HRQoL was -0.116, while the CI for the EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) score was 0.027. The CIs for reporting any problems in the EQ-5D-5L dimensions were: mobility (-0.122), self-care (-0.070), usual activities (-0.074), pain/discomfort (-0.139), and anxiety/depression (-0.139). Decomposition analysis showed that income (38.00%), educational level (31.53%), age (8.05%), and physical activity (7.30%) were the main factors contributing to socioeconomic inequality in poorer HRQoL in Iran.
Conclusions
This study identified a pro-poor distribution of poorer HRQoL and reported problems across all dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L in Iran. Targeted interventions should focus on reducing disparities in income, education, and physical activity levels. -
SummaryKey Message
The study of 3518 adults across 9 Iranian provinces revealed significant pro-poor socioeconomic inequality in health-related quality of life (HRQoL), with worse HRQoL concentrated among lower-income groups (concentration index: -0.116). Income (38%) and education level (31.53%) were the largest contributors to this inequality, followed by age (8.05%) and physical activity (7.30%) based on decomposition analysis. All five EQ-5D-5L health dimensions showed more reported problems in lower socioeconomic groups, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions addressing income, education, and lifestyle factors to reduce HRQoL disparities in Iran.- Effects of Marital Status and Income on Hypertension: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)
- Mia Son, Yeon Jeong Heo, Hye-Jin Hyun, Ho Jong Kwak
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(6):506-519. Published online October 7, 2022
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.264
- 13,405 View
- 314 Download
- 16 Web of Science
- 12 Crossref
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Abstract
Summary
PDF
- Objectives
This study aimed to analyze the associations of income, marital status, and health behaviors with hypertension in male and female over 40 years of age in the Korea.
Methods
The data were derived from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES; 4851-302) which included 211 576 participants. To analyze the relationships of income, marital status, and health behaviors with hypertension in male and female over 40 years of age, multiple logistic regression was conducted with adjustments for these variables.
Results
The prevalence of hypertension increased linearly as income decreased. The odds ratio for developing hypertension in people with an income of <0.5 million Korean won (KRW) compared to ≥6.0 million KRW was 1.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25 to 1.93) in the total population, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.27 to 1.98) in male, and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.35 to 3.28) in female. The combined effect of income level and marital status on hypertension was significant. According to income level and marital status, in male, low income and divorce were most associated with hypertension (1.76 times; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.08). However, in female, the low-income, married group was most associated with hypertension (1.83 times; 95% CI, 1.71 to 1.97).
Conclusions
The results of this study show that it is necessary to approach male and female marital status separately according to income in health policies to address inequalities in the prevalence of hypertension. -
SummaryKorean summary
이 연구는 한국의 40세 이상 성인 남녀를 대상으로 소득수준, 결혼, 건강행태요인이 고혈압에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이 연구는 한국인유전체역학조사사업조사(KoGES; 4851-302, 2001-2011)에서 구축한 211576명을 대상으로 다중 로지스틱회귀모델을 이용하여 분석했다. 소득이 고혈압에 미치는 영향은 역의 선형으로 소득이 적을수록 고혈압이 증가하는 경향이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 소득수준과 혼인상태, 고혈압과의 연관성은 여성보다 남성이 더 강하게 나타났다. 소득수준과 혼인상태가 상호작용하여 고혈압에 미치는 영향에서, 저소득층에서 별거 상태가 고혈압에 미치는 전반적인 영향이 가장 강하게 나타났으며, 남성의 경우 이혼 상태, 여성의 경우 결혼을 유지하고 있는 상태가 고혈압과 가장 강하게 연관되어, 남녀사이에 차이가 존재함을 보여주었다. 이 연구는 소득, 결혼이 고혈압에 중요하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 고혈압예방대책에 저소득과 별거 이혼등의 결혼상태를 고려하는것이 필요하다는 것을 제안한다. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Marital status and risk of type 2 diabetes among middle-aged and elderly population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mohammad Amin Karimi, Sara Binaei, Seyed Hadi Hashemi, Pegah Refahi, Ensiyeh Olama, Elnaz Olama, Aydin Mohammadpour, Reza Mostafaei Yonjali, Mohadeseh Poudineh, Niloofar Deravi
Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Geo-behavioural predictors of diagnosed hypertension in Igbo Ora Area, Oyo State, Nigeria
Olalekan J. Taiwo, Joshua O. Akinyemi, Ayodeji Adebayo, Oluwafemi A. Popoola, Rufus O. Akinyemi, Onoja M. Akpa, Paul Olowoyo, Akinkunmi P. Okekunle, Ezinne O. Uvere, Omotolani Titilayo Ajala, Chukwuemeka Nwimo, Olayinka J. Adebajo, Adewale E. Ayodele, Ayo
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Interpersonal Factors Influencing Hypertension Control: A Cross‐Sectional Study Among Hypertensive Patients in the Ashanti Region, Ghana
Francis Sambah, Kristin McBain‐Rigg, Abdul‐Aziz Seidu, Theophilus I. Emeto
Health Science Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI) and risk of hypertension: A prospective cohort study in China
Zhuangyu Zhang, Hongxia Li, Mengyang Xia, Zhiqiang Cao, Jingjing Li, Ling Liu, Yingying Ouyang, Chenrui Gong, Yuhan Tang, Ping Yao, Shuang Liu
Hypertension Research.2025; 48(11): 3021. CrossRef - Relationship of fractalkine with arsenic exposure and the risk of cardiovascular diseases
Nesar Uddin, Rajoana Karim Rimi, Osman Goni, Nayan Chandra Mohanto, Kamrun Nahar Rossi, Faysal Abedin, Sharmin Akter Beauty, Biplob Ahmed, Sobuj Mia, Sharon Jahan Sarder, Sajib Hossain, Mainul Islam, Abu Shadat M. Noman, Md Ashraful Hoque, Daigo Sumi, Kor
Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology.2025; 119: 104824. CrossRef - Analysis of Blood Pressure Status and Influencing Factors Among 7218 Emergency Department Nurses: An Observational Cross‐Sectional Study
Wenjia Liu, Jie Liu, Jing Li, Ni Chen, Suzhi Zhang, Yufang Zhu, Yaping Wang, Xiaolin Zhang, XiaoRan Hao, Luqi Zhang, Yun Li, Bin Zhao, Nidhi Chaudhary
International Journal of Hypertension.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Predicting hypertension and identifying most important factors among married women in Bangladesh using machine learning approach
Novel Chandra Das, Probir Kumar Ghosh, Md. Alamgir Hossain, Uddip Acharjee Shuvo, Nipa Rani Talukder, Fatema Khatun, Mohammad Ziaul Islam Chowdhury, Benojir Ahammed
PLOS One.2025; 20(10): e0335442. CrossRef - Prevalence and Determinants of Hypertension in Non-pregnant Women of Punjab
Charan Kamal Sekhon, Ramandeep Kaur, Monika Airi, Anurag Chaudhary
Indian Journal of Public Health.2025; 69(4): 560. CrossRef - The impact of retirement on blood pressure: evidence from a nationwide survey in China
Jiarun Mi, Xueyan Han, Man Cao, Hanchao Cheng, Zhaoyang Pan, Jian Guo, Wei Sun, Yuanli Liu, Congyi Zheng, Xin Wang, Xue Cao, Zhen Hu, Yixin Tian, Zengwu Wang, Tianjia Guan
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Stroke Among Hypertensive Patients in Selected Hospitals, Mogadishu: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Walid Abdulkadir Osman, Hassan Muse Ahmed, Maryan Mukhtar Abdullahi, Amal Adam Kuule, Qaali Barre Hassan
Health Science Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Psychological stress among hypertensive male patients in Jordan: prevalence and associated factors
Ali Aldirawi, Fadwa Alhalaiqa, Abdallah Alwawi, Samer Abuzerr
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Shapely additive values can effectively visualize pertinent covariates in machine learning when predicting hypertension
Alexander A. Huang, Samuel Y. Huang
The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2023; 25(12): 1135. CrossRef
- Marital status and risk of type 2 diabetes among middle-aged and elderly population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Inequality in Private Health Care Expenditures: A 36-Year Trend Study of Iranian Households
- Ehsan Aghapour, Mehdi Basakha, Seyed Hossein Mohaqeqi Kamal, Abolghasem Pourreza
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(4):379-388. Published online June 27, 2022
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.123
- 8,247 View
- 103 Download
- 2 Web of Science
- 2 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
Throughout history, societies have been impacted by inequality. Many studies have been conducted on the topic more broadly, but only a few have investigated inequalities in out-of-pocket health payments (OHP). This study measures OHP inequality trends among the Iranian households.
Methods
This study used data from the Iranian Statistics Center on Iranian household income and expenditures. The analysis included a total of 995 300 households during the 36 years from 1984 to 2019. The Gini coefficient, Atkinson index, and Theil index were calculated for Iranian OHP.
Results
Average Iranian household OHP increased from 33 US dollar (USD) in 1984 to 47 USD in 2019. During this 36-year span, the average±standard deviation Gini coefficient for OHP was 0.73±0.04, and the Atkinson and Theil indexes were 0.68±0.05 and 1.14±0.29, respectively. The Gini coefficients for the subcategories of OHP of outpatient diagnostic services, medical assistant accessories, hospital inpatient services, and addiction cessation were 0.70, 0.61, 0.84, and 0.64, respectively.
Conclusions
In this study, we scrutinized trends of inequality in the OHP of Iranian households. Inequality in OHP decreased slightly over the past four decades. An analysis of trends among different subgroups revealed that affluent households, such as households with insurance coverage and households in higher income deciles, experienced higher inequality. Therefore, lower inequality in health care expenditures may be related to restricted access to health care services in Iran. -
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Unequal benefits: the effects of health insurance integration on consumption inequality in rural China
Linlin Han
Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Decomposition of Healthcare Utilization Inequality in Iran: The Prominent Role of Health Literacy and Neighborhood Characteristics
Neda Soleimanvandiazar, Seyed Hossein Mohaqeqi Kamal, Mehdi Basakha, Salah Eddin Karimi, Sina Ahmadi, Gholamreza Ghaedamini Harouni, Homeira Sajjadi, Ameneh Setareh Forouzan
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
- Analysis of Differences in Preterm Birth Rates According to Household Occupation in Japan From 2007 to 2019
- Tasuku Okui, Naoki Nakashima
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(4):371-378. Published online June 20, 2022
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.178
- 8,881 View
- 125 Download
- 5 Web of Science
- 6 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
No studies have examined the association between preterm birth rates and socioeconomic factors in Japan using nationwide statistical data. We analyzed the association between preterm birth rates and household occupation using Vital Statistics data.
Methods
Aggregated Vital Statistics data from Japan from 2007 to 2019 were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. From the data, the number of births according to year, age group, gestational period, number of pregnancies, and household occupation were used in this study. Crude preterm birth rates and preterm birth rates adjusted by maternal age according to household occupation were calculated for each year. Poisson regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between household occupation and preterm births.
Results
Unemployed households had the highest preterm birth rate, and households with an occupation classification of “full-time worker 2” (an employee at a large company, civil servant, or board member) had the lowest preterm birth rate throughout each period. Poisson regression analysis revealed that unemployed households were statistically significantly associated with a high preterm birth risk. In contrast, the preterm birth rate adjusted by maternal age remained stable throughout each period regardless of household occupation, and preterm birth rates were found not to have increased in recent years in Japan.
Conclusions
Unemployed households had higher preterm birth rates than other household occupations. Further studies investigating the characteristics of unemployed households are needed to identify the reasons for this disparity. -
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Maternal occupation and risk of adverse fetal outcomes in Tanzania: A hospital-based cross-sectional study
Baldwina Tita Olirk, Aiwerasia Vera Ngowi, Furaha August, Ezra Jonathan Mrema, Jovine Bachwenkizi, Simon Henry Mamuya, Kahsu Gebrekidan
PLOS ONE.2025; 20(3): e0319653. CrossRef - Shotgun metagenomics of the vaginal microbiome in cervical shortening and preterm birth risk
Keun-Young Lee, Seung-Ho Shin, Goeun Park, Shin-Hae Kang, Hyun-Jung Kang, Jiye Kim, Jae Jun Lee, Ga-Hyun Son, Ji Young Hong
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Establishment and validation of clinical prediction models for preterm birth in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: Single-center retrospective observational study
Min Wen, Wenfei Zheng, Mengmeng Yu
Medicine.2025; 104(52): e46848. CrossRef - Analysis of an Association between Preterm Birth and Parental Educational Level in Japan Using National Data
Tasuku Okui
Children.2023; 10(2): 342. CrossRef - Association of maternal nationality with preterm birth and low birth weight rates: analysis of nationwide data in Japan from 2016 to 2020
Tasuku Okui, Yoko Sato, Seiichi Morokuma, Naoki Nakashima
Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Does the father’s job matter? Parental occupation and preterm birth in Korea
Taemi Kim, Eunseon Gwak, Bolormaa Erdenetuya, Jeong-Won Oh, Jung-won Yoon, Myoung-Hee Kim, Jia Ryu, Seung-Ah Choe
Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023078. CrossRef
- Decomposition of Socioeconomic Inequality in Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence in the Adult Population: A Cohort-based Cross-sectional Study in Northwest Iran
- Farhad Pourfarzi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(3):297-306. Published online May 3, 2022
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.051
- 8,216 View
- 127 Download
- 4 Web of Science
- 3 Crossref
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Abstract
PDFSupplementary Material
- Objectives
The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality is increasing in developing countries. This study aimed to decompose the socioeconomic inequality of CVD in Iran.
Methods
This cross-sectional population-based study was conducted on 20 519 adults who enrolled in the Ardabil Non-Communicable Disease cohort study. Principal component analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used, respectively, to estimate socioeconomic status and to describe the relationships between CVD prevalence and the explanatory variables. The relative concentration index, concentration curve, and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition model were used to measure and decompose the socioeconomic inequality.
Results
The overall age-adjusted prevalence of CVD was 8.4% in northwest Iran. Multivariable logistic regression showed that older adults, overweight or obese adults, and people with hypertension and diabetes were more likely to have CVD. Moreover, people with low economic status were 38% more likely to have CVD than people with high economic status. The prevalence of CVD was mainly concentrated among the poor (concentration index, -0.077: 95% confidence interval, -0.103 to -0.060), and 78.66% of the gap between the poorest and richest groups was attributed to differences in the distribution of the explanatory variables included in the model.
Conclusions
The most important factors affecting inequality in CVD were old age, chronic illness (hypertension and diabetes), marital status, and socioeconomic status. This study documented stark inequality in the prevalence of CVD, wherein the poor were more affected than the rich. Therefore, it is necessary to implement policies to monitor, screen, and control CVD in poor people living in northwest Iran. -
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Relationship between social determinants of health and stroke, and the moderating and mediating effect of depression
YongYing Zhang, Bin Zhang, Honghua Zhuang, Yushan Yin
Journal of Affective Disorders.2026; 394: 120469. CrossRef - Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Cardiovascular Disease
George Bazoukis, Joseph Loscalzo, Jennifer L. Hall, Sandeep Chandra Bollepalli, Jagmeet P. Singh, Antonis A. Armoundas
Journal of the American Heart Association.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - A Global Perspective on Socioeconomic Determinants of Cardiovascular Health
Bart Wilder, Alejandro Pinedo, Salaheldin Abusin, David Ansell, Adrian Matias Bacong, James Calvin, Sung Whoy Cha, Rami Doukky, Faisal Hasan, Shengyuan Luo, Ahmet Afşin Oktay, Latha Palaniappan, Natasha Rana, Frederick Berro Rivera, Basmah Fayaz, Ahmed Al
Canadian Journal of Cardiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
- Socioeconomic Predictors of Diabetes Mortality in Japan: An Ecological Study Using Municipality-specific Data
- Tasuku Okui
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(5):352-359. Published online August 14, 2021
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.215
- 9,616 View
- 174 Download
- 3 Web of Science
- 3 Crossref
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Abstract
PDFSupplementary Material
- Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the geographic distribution of diabetes mortality in Japan and identify socioeconomic factors affecting differences in municipality-specific diabetes mortality.
Methods
Diabetes mortality data by year and municipality from 2013 to 2017 were extracted from Japanese Vital Statistics, and the socioeconomic characteristics of municipalities were obtained from government statistics. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of diabetes for each municipality using the empirical Bayes method and represented geographic differences in SMRs in a map of Japan. Multiple linear regression was conducted to identify the socioeconomic factors affecting differences in SMR. Statistically significant socioeconomic factors were further assessed by calculating the relative risk of mortality of quintiles of municipalities classified according to the degree of each socioeconomic factor using Poisson regression analysis.
Results
The geographic distribution of diabetes mortality differed by gender. Of the municipality-specific socioeconomic factors, high rates of single-person households and unemployment and a high number of hospital beds were associated with a high SMR for men. High rates of fatherless households and blue-collar workers were associated with a high SMR for women, while high taxable income per-capita income and total population were associated with low SMR for women. Quintile analysis revealed a complex relationship between taxable income and mortality for women. The mortality risk of quintiles with the highest and lowest taxable per-capita income was significantly lower than that of the middle-income quintile.
Conclusions
Socioeconomic factors of municipalities in Japan were found to affect geographic differences in diabetes mortality. -
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Worldwide burden and trends of diabetes among people aged 70 years and older, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Shimin Jiang, Tianyu Yu, Dingxin Di, Ying Wang, Wenge Li
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - The Effect of Neighborhood Deprivation on Mortality in Newly Diagnosed Diabetes Patients: A Countrywide Population-Based Korean Retrospective Cohort Study, 2002–2013
Kyoung-Hee Cho, Juyeong Kim, Young Choi, Tae-Hyun Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(7): 4324. CrossRef - Depression, cognitive dysfunction and other factors associated with 5-year overall mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot prospective observational study
E. G. Starostina, M. N. Volodina, I. V. Starostin
Diabetes mellitus.2022; 25(4): 327. CrossRef
COVID-19: Original Article- Did the Timing of State Mandated Lockdown Affect the Spread of COVID-19 Infection? A County-level Ecological Study in the United States
- Megh M. Trivedi, Anirudha Das
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(4):238-244. Published online July 2, 2021
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.071
- 7,963 View
- 130 Download
- 8 Web of Science
- 9 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
Previous pandemics have demonstrated that several demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic factors may play a role in increased infection risk. During this current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, our aim was to examine the association of timing of lockdown at the county level and aforementioned risk factors with daily case rate (DCR) in the United States.
Methods
A cross-sectional study using publicly available data was performed including Americans with COVID-19 infection as of May 24, 2020. The United States counties with >100 000 population and >50 cases per 100 000 people were included. The independent variable was the days required from the declaration of lockdown to reach the target case rate (50/100 000 cases) while the dependent (outcome) variable was the DCR per 100 000 on the day of statistical calculation (May 24, 2020) after adjusting for multiple confounding socio-demographic, geographic, and health-related factors. Each independent factor was correlated with outcome variables and assessed for collinearity with each other. Subsequently, all factors with significant association to the outcome variable were included in multiple linear regression models using stepwise method. Models with best R2 value from the multiple regression were chosen.
Results
The timing of mandated lockdown order had the most significant association on the DCR per 100 000 after adjusting for multiple socio-demographic, geographic and health-related factors. Additional factors with significant association with increased DCR include rate of uninsured and unemployment.
Conclusions
The timing of lockdown order was significantly associated with the spread of COVID-19 at the county level in the United States. -
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- The Economic Power of Capital and the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States: An Empirical Study
Junfu Zhao
Review of Radical Political Economics.2025; 57(1): 30. CrossRef - Determining the best mathematical model for implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions
Gabriel McCarthy, Hana M. Dobrovolny
Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering.2025; 22(3): 700. CrossRef - Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Factors of COVID-19 Prevention Behavior in Indonesia: A Mixed-methods Study
Putri Winda Lestari, Lina Agestika, Gusti Kumala Dewi
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2023; 56(1): 21. CrossRef - Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America
Alexander Fulk, Raul Saenz-Escarcega, Hiroko Kobayashi, Innocent Maposa, Folashade Agusto
COVID.2023; 3(6): 807. CrossRef - Understanding mental health trends during COVID-19 pandemic in the United States using network analysis
Hiroko Kobayashi, Raul Saenz-Escarcega, Alexander Fulk, Folashade B. Agusto, Karina Cardoso Meira
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(6): e0286857. CrossRef - Conspiratorial Ideation Is Associated with Lower Perceptions of Policy Effectiveness: Views from Local Governments during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Adam Mayer, Stacia Ryder
Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Effectiveness of social distancing measures and lockdowns for reducing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare, community-based settings
Caitriona Murphy, Wey Wen Lim, Cathal Mills, Jessica Y. Wong, Dongxuan Chen, Yanmy Xie, Mingwei Li, Susan Gould, Hualei Xin, Justin K. Cheung, Samir Bhatt, Benjamin J. Cowling, Christl A. Donnelly
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Effects of Closures and Openings on Public Health in the Time of COVID-19: A Cross-Country and Temporal Trend Analysis
Long Chu, R. Quentin Grafton, Tom Kompas, Mary-Louise McLaws
Sage Open.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Association mining based approach to analyze COVID-19 response and case growth in the United States
Satya Katragadda, Raju Gottumukkala, Ravi Teja Bhupatiraju, Azmyin Md. Kamal, Vijay Raghavan, Henry Chu, Ramesh Kolluru, Ziad Ashkar
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
COVID-19: Brief Report- Association of Lower Socioeconomic Status and SARS-CoV-2 Positivity in Los Angeles, California
- Lao-Tzu Allan-Blitz, Cameron Goldbeck, Fred Hertlein, Isaac Turner, Jeffrey D. Klausner
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(3):161-165. Published online April 13, 2021
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.126
- 7,544 View
- 219 Download
- 13 Web of Science
- 19 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads heterogeneously, disproportionately impacting poor and minority communities. The relationship between poverty and race is complex, with a diverse set of structural and systemic factors driving higher rates of poverty among minority populations. The factors that specifically contribute to the disproportionate rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, are not clearly understood.
Methods
We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 test results from community-based testing sites in Los Angeles, California, between June and December, 2020. We used tester zip code data to link those results with United States Census report data on average annual household income, rates of healthcare coverage, and employment status by zip code.
Results
We analyzed 2 141 127 SARS-CoV-2 test results, of which 245 154 (11.4%) were positive. Multivariable modeling showed a higher likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 test positivity among Hispanic communities than among other races. We found an increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 positivity among individuals from zip codes with an average annual household income
Residence in zip codes with lower average annual household income, lower rates of employment, or lower rates of health insurance was associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Further research is needed into how those factors increase the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection among populations of lower socioeconomic status in order to develop targeted public health interventions. -
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Factors Associated with Self-reported COVID-19 Infection and Hospitalization among Patients Seeking Care at a Comprehensive Cancer Center
Rossybelle P. Amorrortu, Yayi Zhao, Robert J. Keenan, Scott M. Gilbert, Dana E. Rollison
Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities.2025; 12(1): 107. CrossRef - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Children Identified by Preprocedural Testing at 5 US Children’s Hospital Systems
Anna F. Wang-Erickson, Xueyan Zhang, Klancie Dauer, Danielle M. Zerr, Amanda Adler, Janet A. Englund, Brian Lee, Jennifer E. Schuster, Rangaraj Selvarangan, Chelsea Rohlfs, Mary A. Staat, Leila C. Sahni, Julie A. Boom, G. K. Balasubramani, John V. William
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Anna K. Porter, Sarah E. Kleinschmidt, Kara L. Andres, Courtney N. Reusch, Ryan M. Krisko, Oyebode A. Taiwo, Geary W. Olsen, Matthew P. Longnecker
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Jingxin Lei, Ying MacNab
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Original Article- Effects of Socio-demographic Factors on the Decreasing Trend in the Sex Ratio at Birth in Korea, 1997-2017
- Jisuk Bae
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(5):371-380. Published online August 7, 2020
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.282
- 8,341 View
- 112 Download
-
Abstract
PDFSupplementary Material
- Objectives
This study investigated the effects of socio-demographic factors on the decreasing trend in the sex ratio at birth from 1997 to 2017 in Korea.
Methods
Data from 10 349 602 live births registered with Statistics Korea from 1997 to 2017 were analyzed. The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female live births, during the study period (1997-1999 [phase I], 2000-2002 [phase II], 2003-2005 [phase III], 2006-2008 [phase IV], 2009-2011 [phase V], 2012-2014 [phase VI], and 2015-2017 [phase VII]) was calculated according to selected socio-demographic factors, such as parental age, education, occupation, and birth order. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for a male birth after adjusting for potential confounders.
Results
The SSR gradually decreased from 1.10 (in 1998-2000 and 2002) to 1.05 (in 2013-2016). While a decreasing trend in the SSR was not noted among first births, male-biased sex ratios were prominent among third and higher-order births, for which the highest SSR was 1.46 in 1998. Higher birth order was significantly associated with an excess of male births in phases I-VI (≥third vs. first, OR range, 1.03 to 1.35). Advanced maternal age was significantly associated with an excess of female births in phases II, III, and V (≥40 vs. 20-24 years, OR range, 0.92 to 0.95).
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that advanced maternal age and reduction of the artificially-biased SSR among third and higher-order births may partially explain the decreasing trend in the SSR from 1997 to 2017 in Korea. -
SummaryBrief Report
- Life Expectancy and Inequalities Therein by Income From 2016 to 2018 Across the 253 Electoral Constituencies of the National Assembly of the Korea
- Jinwook Bahk, Hee-Yeon Kang, Young-Ho Khang
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(2):143-148. Published online March 5, 2020
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.050
- 6,967 View
- 156 Download
- 3 Crossref
-
Abstract
Summary
PDFSupplementary Material
- Objectives
We calculated life expectancy and inequalities therein by income for the period of 2016-2018 across the 253 electoral constituencies of the 20th National Assembly election in Korea.
Methods
We obtained population and death data between 2016 and 2018 from the National Health Information Database and constructed abridged life tables using standard life table procedures according to gender and income quintiles for the electoral constituencies of the 20th National Assembly election held in 2016.
Results
Life expectancy across the 253 constituencies ranged from 80.51 years to 87.05 years, corresponding to a gap of 6.54 years. The life expectancy difference by income across the 253 constituencies ranged from 2.94 years to 10.67 years. In each province, the difference in life expectancy by income across electoral constituencies was generally greater than the inter-constituency differences. Constituencies in capital and metropolitan areas showed a higher life expectancy and a lower life expectancy difference by income than constituencies in rural areas.
Conclusions
Pro-rich inequalities in life expectancy by income existed in every electoral constituency in Korea. Both intra-constituency and inter-constituency socioeconomic inequalities in health should be highlighted in future policy-making in the National Assembly. -
SummaryKorean summary
이 연구는 2016년 치뤄진 제20대 국회의원 선거구 253개에서 2016-2018년의 기대수명을 산출하고, 소득 상위 20%와 소득 하위 20% 간 기대수명 격차를 제시하였다. 연구 결과, 253개 모든 선거구에서 소득 상위 20%가 소득 하위 20%보다 기대수명이 높게 나타났으며, 선거구 내의 소득에 따른 기대수명 격차가 선거구들 간의 기대수명 차이보다 더 큰 경향을 보였다. 기대수명의 선거구 간 격차를 줄이고, 선거구 내의 소득 계층 간 기대수명 격차를 해소하기 위한 입법적 조치를 마련하는 데에 이 연구의 결과가 근거자료로 유용하게 사용되기를 기대한다. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Spatio-temporal Analysis of District-level Life Expectancy from 2004 to 2017 in Korea
Hwa-Kyung Lim, Hee-Yeon Kang, Ikhan Kim, Young-Ho Khang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Cancer-free Life Expectancy in Small Administrative Areas in South Korea and Its Associations with Regional Health Insurance Premiums
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 19(1): 383. CrossRef
- Spatio-temporal Analysis of District-level Life Expectancy from 2004 to 2017 in Korea
Review- Measurement of Socioeconomic Position in Research on Cardiovascular Health Disparities in Korea: A Systematic Review
- Chi-Young Lee, Yong-Hwan Lee
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(5):281-291. Published online August 14, 2019
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.094
- 10,957 View
- 200 Download
- 5 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
The validity of instruments measuring socioeconomic position (SEP) has been a major area of concern in research on cardiovascular health disparities. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify the current status of the methods used to measure SEP in research on cardiovascular health disparities in Korea and to provide directions for future research.
Methods
Relevant articles were obtained through electronic database searches with manual searches of reference lists and no restriction on the date of publication. SEP indicators were categorized into compositional, contextual, composite, and life-course measures.
Results
Forty-eight studies published from 2003 to 2018 satisfied the review criteria. Studies utilizing compositional measures mainly relied on a limited number of SEP parameters. In addition, these measures hardly addressed the time-varying and subjective features of SEP. Finding valid contextual measures at the organizational, community, and societal levels that are appropriate to Korea’s context remains a challenge, and these are rarely modeled simultaneously. Studies have rarely focused on composite and life-course measures.
Conclusions
Future studies should develop and utilize valid compositional and contextual measures and appraise social patterns that vary across time, place, and culture using such measures. Studies should also consider multilevel influences, adding a focus on the interactions between different levels of intertwined SEP factors to advance the design of research. More attention should be given to composite and life-course measures. -
Summary
Citations
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Yiyi Yang, Hokyou Lee, Kokoro Shirai, Keyang Liu, Hiroyasu Iso, Hyeon Chang Kim, Wei Wang
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Original Articles- Measuring and decomposing socioeconomic inequality in catastrophic healthcare expenditures in Iran
- Satar Rezaei, Mohammad Hajizadeh
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(4):214-223. Published online June 14, 2019
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.046
- 10,932 View
- 233 Download
- 25 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
Equity in financial protection against healthcare expenditures is one the primary functions of health systems worldwide. This study aimed to quantify socioeconomic inequality in facing catastrophic healthcare expenditures (CHE) and to identify the main factors contributing to socioeconomic inequality in CHE in Iran.
Methods
A total of 37 860 households were drawn from the Households Income and Expenditure Survey, conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran in 2017. The prevalence of CHE was measured using a cut-off of spending at least 40% of the capacity to pay on healthcare services. The concentration curve and concentration index (C) were used to illustrate and measure the extent of socioeconomic inequality in CHE among Iranian households. The C was decomposed to identify the main factors explaining the observed socioeconomic inequality in CHE in Iran.
Results
The prevalence of CHE among Iranian households in 2017 was 5.26% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.04 to 5.49). The value of C was -0.17 (95% CI, -0.19 to -0.13), suggesting that CHE was mainly concentrated among socioeconomically disadvantaged households in Iran. The decomposition analysis highlighted the household wealth index as explaining 71.7% of the concentration of CHE among the poor in Iran.
Conclusions
This study revealed that CHE is disproportionately concentrated among poor households in Iran. Health policies to reduce socioeconomic inequality in facing CHE in Iran should focus on socioeconomically disadvantaged households. -
Summary
Citations
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Uttam Haldar, Santanu Bisai Bisai
Journal of Rural Development.2025; : 359. CrossRef - Exploring dental and medicine health expenditures in Iran: financial protection and inequality analysis
Satar Rezaei, Mohammad Ali Mohammadi Gharehghani, Sina Ahmadi
Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Beyond the operation room: Exploring inequalities in out-of-pocket and catastrophic health expenditures for caesarean surgical care in Cameroon, a decomposition analysis
Relindis Ma-gang Tapang, Aya Suzuki
Health Care for Women International.2025; 46(7): 826. CrossRef - Did health reform improve financial protection for disadvantaged groups in Ecuador? A socio-economic inequality assessment of catastrophic health expenditures 2006-2014
Edy Quizhpe Ordóñez, Miguel San Sebastian, Enrique Teran, Anni-Maria Pulkki-Brännström
BMJ Open.2025; 15(7): e100522. CrossRef - The socioeconomic and health system determinants of financial protection indicators: a global systematic review (2008–2023)
Bingqing Guo, Xin Peng, Yeuk Shun Joshua Tran, Shaz Cheng, Karen Ann Grépin
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Uttam Haldar, Santanu Bisai, Subhadip Gupta
GeoJournal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Health systems performance in health outcomes, health financing and COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons from 31 countries
Pirhossein Kolivand, Jalal Arabloo, Peyman Saberian, Taher Dorooudi, Soheila Rajaie, Fereshte Karimi, Behzad Raei, Masoud Behzadifar, Arash Parvari, Seyed Jafar Ehsanzadeh, Saeid Homayoun, Shahrzad Salehbeigi, Peyman Namdar, Samad Azari, André Luis C Rama
PLOS One.2025; 20(10): e0334693. CrossRef - Incidence and mortality trend of liver cancer in Iran from 1990 to 2021: an epidemiological investigation using the Global Burden of Disease study
Onika Kazi, Shokoufeh Hamidzadeh, Amirhossein Ghaseminejad-Raeini, Alireza Azarboo, Amirhossein Shirinezhad
Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2025; 87(12): 8013. CrossRef - The Burden and Socioeconomic Inequality in Catastrophic Out-of-pocket Health Expenditure in Post-Pandemic Nigeria
Chioma Lynda Aniebo, Lucky Osaheni Lawani, Paul Eze
Global Social Welfare.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Prevalence and Determinants of Catastrophic Healthcare Expenditures in Iran From 2013 to 2019
Abdoreza mousavi, Farhad lotfi, Samira Alipour, Aliakbar Fazaeli, Mohsen Bayati
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(1): 65. CrossRef - Household financial burden associated with out-of-pocket payments for healthcare in Iran: insights from a cross-sectional survey
Satar Rezaei, Maryam Karimi, Shahin Soltani, Eshagh Barfar, Mohammad Ali Mohammadi Gharehghani, Abbas Badakhshan, Nasim Badiee, Mohsen Pakdaman, Heather Brown
BMC Health Services Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Examining the level and distribution of catastrophic health expenditure from 2013 to 2018: A province-level study in China
Mingsheng Chen, Lizheng Xu, Lei Si, Zhonghua Wang, Stephen Jan
Economic Modelling.2023; 121: 106233. CrossRef - Equity and extent of financial risk protection indicators during COVID-19 pandemic in rural part of Tamil Nadu, India
Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Sathish Rajaa, Isha Sinha, Murali Krishnan, Gerald Samuel, Krishna Kanth
Heliyon.2023; 9(8): e18902. CrossRef - Catastrophic household expenditure associated with out-of-pocket payments for dental healthcare in Spain
Samuel López-López, Raúl del Pozo-Rubio, Marta Ortega-Ortega, Francisco Escribano-Sotos
The European Journal of Health Economics.2022; 23(7): 1187. CrossRef - User fee removal for the poor: a qualitative study to explore policies for social health assistance in Iran
Manal Etemadi, Mohammad Hajizadeh
BMC Health Services Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - A 25-Year Trend of Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Its Inequality in China: Evidence from Longitudinal Data
Yongjian Xu, Yiting Zhou, Andi Pramono, Yazhuo Liu, Cong Jia
Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2022; Volume 15: 969. CrossRef - Decomposition of Socioeconomic Inequality in Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence in the Adult Population: A Cohort-based Cross-sectional Study in Northwest Iran
Farhad Pourfarzi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(3): 297. CrossRef - Financial risk protection from out-of-pocket health spending in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review of the literature
Taslima Rahman, Dominic Gasbarro, Khurshid Alam
Health Research Policy and Systems.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Incidence of catastrophic healthcare expenditure and its main determinants in Mexican households caring for a person with a mental disorder
Lina Diaz-Castro, Héctor Cabello-Rangel, Carlos Pineda-Antúnez, Alejandra Pérez de León
Global Mental Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Unmet dental care need in West of Iran: determinants and inequality
Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Farman Zahir Abdullah, Hossein Safari, Satar Rezaei, Abdorrahim Afkhamzadeh, Shina Amirhosseini, Afshin Shadi, Jamal Mahmoudpour, Bakhtiar Piroozi
International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare.2021; 14(5): 426. CrossRef - The impact of out-of pocket payments of households for dental healthcare services on catastrophic healthcare expenditure in Iran
Abraha Woldemichael, Satar Rezaei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Mohammad Ebrahimi, Shahin Soltani, Abbas Aghaei
BMC Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Measuring Out-of-pocket Payment, Catastrophic Health Expenditure and the Related Socioeconomic Inequality in Peru: A Comparison Between 2008 and 2017
Akram Hernández-Vásquez, Carlos Rojas-Roque, Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández, Diego Rosselli
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2020; 53(4): 266. CrossRef Incidence and Intensity of Catastrophic Health-care Expenditure for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Care in Iran: Determinants and Inequality
Bakhtiar Piroozi, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Ghobad Moradi, Hossein Safari, Shahnaz Ghafoori, Yadolah Zarezade, Farzam Bidarpour, Satar Rezaei
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2020; Volume 13: 2865. CrossRef- Trend and status of out-of-pocket payments for healthcare in Iran: equity and catastrophic effect
Satar Rezaei, Abraha Woldemichael, Mohammad Ebrahimi, Sina Ahmadi
Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Catastrophic Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Among Rural Households in the Semi-Pastoral Community, Western Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
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- Trends in Inequality in Cigarette Smoking Prevalence by Income According to Recent Anti-smoking Policies in Korea: Use of Three National Surveys
- Youngs Chang, Sanghyun Cho, Ikhan Kim, Jinwook Bahk, Young-Ho Khang
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(6):310-319. Published online October 30, 2018
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.225
- 10,915 View
- 167 Download
- 10 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDFSupplementary Material
- Objectives
This study examined trends in inequality in cigarette smoking prevalence by income according to recent anti-smoking policies in Korea.
Methods
The data used in this study were drawn from three nationally representative surveys, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the Korea Community Health Survey, and the Social Survey of Statistics Korea. We calculated the age-standardized smoking prevalence, the slope index of inequality, and the relative index of inequality by income level as a socioeconomic position indicator.
Results
Smoking prevalence among men decreased during the study period, but the downward trend became especially pronounced in 2015, when the tobacco price was substantially increased. Inequalities in cigarette smoking by income were evident in both genders over the study period in all three national surveys examined. Absolute inequality tended to decrease between 2014 and 2015 among men. Absolute and relative inequality by income decreased between 2008 and 2016 in women aged 30-59, except between 2014 and 2015.
Conclusions
The recent anti-smoking policies in Korea resulted in a downward trend in smoking prevalence among men, but not in relative inequality, throughout the study period. Absolute inequality decreased over the study period among men aged 30-59. A more aggressive tax policy is warranted to further reduce socioeconomic inequalities in smoking in young adults in Korea. -
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Longitudinal assessment of smoking‐related knowledge, attitude, and practice for cancer prevention: an analysis of data from the Korean National Cancer Prevention Awareness and Practice Survey
Jeoung A Kwon, Naeun Kim, Jin-Kyoung Oh, Bohyun Park, Yoon-Jung Choi, Yoonjoo Choi, Byungmi Kim
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Area Specific Gap in Current Male Smoking and Factors Associated with a Secondary Data Analysis Based on a Socio-Ecological Model
Soo Kyung Jeong, Gye Ae Kim, Min Kyung Lim, Youn Hee Kim, Cho Hee Choi, Sang Mi Lee, Hun Jae Lee
Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2022; 13(1): 20. CrossRef - Current Use of Heated Tobacco Products and Its Association with Socioeconomic Factors in Korean Adults: A Study Using Community Health Survey 2019
Sung Yeol Son, Seo Young Kang, Hong-Jun Cho
Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2022; 13(4): 140. CrossRef - Trends in Alcohol Consumption for Korean Adults from 1998 to 2018: Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey
Sang Young Kim, Hyun Ja Kim
Nutrients.2021; 13(2): 609. CrossRef - Tobacco price increases in Korea and their impact on socioeconomic inequalities in smoking and subsequent socioeconomic inequalities in mortality: a modelling study
Hwa-Kyung Lim, Young-Ho Khang
Tobacco Control.2021; 30(2): 160. CrossRef - Age- and cause-specific contributions to the life expectancy gap between Medical Aid recipients and National Health Insurance beneficiaries in Korea, 2008–2017
Jinwook Bahk, Hee-Yeon Kang, Young-Ho Khang, Fernando A. Wilson
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(11): e0241755. CrossRef - A Multi-Disciplinary Study Into the Drivers of Smoking Cessation in South Korea
James E. Prieger, Anna Choi
SSRN Electronic Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Investigating the Drivers of Smoking Cessation: A Role of Alternative Nicotine Delivery Systems?
Sam Hampsher, James E. Prieger
SSRN Electronic Journal .2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Long-term trends in smoking prevalence and its socioeconomic inequalities in Korea, 1992–2016
Youngs Chang, Hee-Yeon Kang, Dohee Lim, Hong-Jun Cho, Young-Ho Khang
International Journal for Equity in Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Socioeconomic Inequalities in e-Cigarette Use in Korea: Comparison with Inequalities in Conventional Cigarette Use Using Two National Surveys
Youngs Chang, Sanghyun Cho, Ikhan Kim, Young-Ho Khang
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- Measuring and Decomposing Socioeconomic Inequalities in Adult Obesity in Western Iran
- Farid Najafi, Yahya Pasdar, Behrooz Hamzeh, Satar Rezaei, Mehdi Moradi Nazar, Moslem Soofi
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(6):289-297. Published online October 29, 2018
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.062
- 10,283 View
- 184 Download
- 19 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
Obesity is a considerable and growing public health concern worldwide. The present study aimed to quantify socioeconomic inequalities in adult obesity in western Iran.
Methods
A total of 10 086 participants, aged 35-65 years, from the Ravansar Non-communicable Disease Cohort Study (2014-2016) were included in the study to examine socioeconomic inequalities in obesity. We defined obesity as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 . The concentration index and concentration curve were used to illustrate and measure wealth-related inequality in obesity. Additionally, we decomposed the concentration index to identify factors that explained wealth-related inequality in obesity.
Results
Overall, the prevalence of obesity in the total sample was 26.7%. The concentration index of obesity was 0.04; indicating that obesity was more concentrated among the rich (p<0.001). Decomposition analysis indicated that wealth, place of residence, and marital status were the main contributors to the observed inequality in obesity.
Conclusions
Socioeconomic-related inequalities in obesity among adults warrant more attention. Policies should be designed to reduce both the prevalence of obesity and inequalities in obesity by focusing on those with higher socioeconomic status, urban residents, and married individuals. -
Summary
Citations
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Banu BEYAZ SİPAHİ
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- What Explains Socioeconomic Inequality in Health-related Quality of Life in Iran? A Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition
- Satar Rezaei, Mohammad Hajizadeh, Yahya Salimi, Ghobad Moradi, Bijan Nouri
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(5):219-226. Published online August 7, 2018
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.012
- 9,832 View
- 213 Download
- 6 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
This study aimed to explain the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) gap between the poorest and the wealthiest quintiles in the capitals of Kermanshah and Kurdistan Provinces (Kermanshah and Sanandaj), in western Iran.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 1772 adults. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status (SES), lifestyle factors, body mass index, and HRQoL of participants were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The slope and relative indices of inequality (SII and RII, respectively) were employed to examine socioeconomic inequality in poor HRQoL. Blinder-Oaxaca (BO) decomposition was used to quantify the contribution of explanatory variables to the gap in the prevalence of poor HRQoL between the wealthiest and the poorest groups.
Results
The overall crude and age-adjusted prevalence of poor HRQoL among adults was 32.0 and 41.8%, respectively. The SII and RII indicated that poor HRQoL was mainly concentrated among individuals with lower SES. The absolute difference (%) in the prevalence of poor HRQoL between the highest and lowest SES groups was 28.4. The BO results indicated that 49.9% of the difference was explained by different distributions of age, smoking behavior, physical inactivity, chronic health conditions, and obesity between the highest and lowest SES groups, while the remaining half of the gap was explained by the response effect.
Conclusions
We observed a pro-rich distribution of poor HRQoL among adults in the capitals of Kermanshah and Kurdistan Provinces. Policies and strategies aimed at preventing and reducing smoking, physical inactivity, chronic health conditions, and obesity among the poor may reduce the gap in poor HRQoL between the highest and lowest SES groups in Iran. -
Summary
Citations
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Satar Rezaei
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2025; 58(5): 538. CrossRef - Why is there a gap in self-rated health among people with hypertension in Zambia? A decomposition of determinants and rural‒urban differences
Chris Mweemba, Wilbroad Mutale, Felix Masiye, Peter Hangoma
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Socio-economic inequalities in health-related quality of life and the contribution of cognitive impairment in Australia: A decomposition analysis
Rezwanul Haque, Khorshed Alam, Jeff Gow, Christine Neville, Syed Afroz Keramat
Social Science & Medicine.2024; 361: 117399. CrossRef - Health-related quality of life variation by socioeconomic status: Evidence from an Iranian population-based study
Sulmaz Ghahramani, Maryam Hadipour, Payam Peymani, Sahar Ghahramani, Kamran B. Lankarani
Journal of Education and Health Promotion.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - What explains the large disparity in child stunting in the Philippines? A decomposition analysis
Valerie Gilbert T Ulep, Jhanna Uy, Lyle Daryll Casas
Public Health Nutrition.2022; 25(11): 2995. CrossRef - Health-related quality of life by household income in Chile: a concentration index decomposition analysis
Rodrigo Severino, Manuel Espinoza, Báltica Cabieses
International Journal for Equity in Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
- Factors Associated With Subjective Life Expectancy: Comparison With Actuarial Life Expectancy
- Jaekyoung Bae, Yeon-Yong Kim, Jin-Seok Lee
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(4):240-250. Published online June 27, 2017
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.036
- 12,279 View
- 180 Download
- 19 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
Subjective life expectancy (SLE) has been found to show a significant association with mortality. In this study, we aimed to investigate the major factors affecting SLE. We also examined whether any differences existed between SLE and actuarial life expectancy (LE) in Korea. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1000 individuals in Korea aged 20-59 was conducted. Participants were asked about SLE via a self-reported questionnaire. LE from the National Health Insurance database in Korea was used to evaluate differences between SLE and actuarial LE. Age-adjusted least-squares means, correlations, and regression analyses were used to test the relationship of SLE with four categories of predictors: demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and psychosocial factors. Results: Among the 1000 participants, women (mean SLE, 83.43 years; 95% confidence interval, 82.41 to 84.46 years; 48% of the total sample) had an expected LE 1.59 years longer than that of men. The socioeconomic factors of household income and housing arrangements were related to SLE. Among the health behaviors, smoking status, alcohol status, and physical activity were associated with SLE. Among the psychosocial factors, stress, self-rated health, and social connectedness were related to SLE. SLE had a positive correlation with actuarial estimates (r=0.61, p<0.001). Gender, household income, history of smoking, and distress were related to the presence of a gap between SLE and actuarial LE. Conclusions: Demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and psychosocial factors showed significant associations with SLE, in the expected directions. Further studies are needed to determine the reasons for these results. -
Summary
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Jinlong Zhao, Justina Yat Wa Liu, Daniel Fernández, Stefanos Tyrovolas
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Jian Yang, Zhihui Li, Ming Wu, Yuan Zhang, Bianjiang Zhang, Huiyu Shi
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Juhyeong Lee, Yeonsoo Shin, Giyeon Kim
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Wendemi Sawadogo, Tilahun Adera, James B. Burch, Maha Alattar, Robert Perera, Virginia J. Howard
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Zhihui Li, Yuan Zhang, Ming Wu, Jian Yang
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Anushiya Vanajan, Catalin Gherdan
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Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy.2022; 17(3): 803. CrossRef - Accelerated senescence as a cost of reproduction: Testing associations between oxidative stress and reproductive effort in rural and urban women
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Jeong-Hwa Ho
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Michael T. McKay, James R. Andretta, Noah R. Padgett, Jon C. Cole
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Kirthi S. Bellamkonda, Tanner Kim, Ronnie Rosenthal, Alan Dardik, Naiem Nassiri
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Richard K. Moussa, Vakaramoko Diaby
BMC Public Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Aging and immunotherapies: New horizons for the golden ages
Jamie A.G. Hamilton, Curtis J. Henry
Aging and Cancer.2020; 1(1-4): 30. CrossRef - Establishment of Normative Self-Rated Health Status Data and Association between Ideal Life Expectancy and Social Wellness of General Population in Korea
Jihye Lee, Jin-Ah Sim, Ji-Won Kim, Young Ho Yun
Asian Nursing Research.2019; 13(2): 99. CrossRef - Levels of Health and Subjective Life Expectancy among Community-dwelling Elders in Korea
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- Socioeconomic Inequality in Malnutrition in Under-5 Children in Iran: Evidence From the Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey, 2010
- Abdollah Almasian Kia, Aziz Rezapour, Ardeshir Khosravi, Vajiheh Afzali Abarghouei
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(3):201-209. Published online May 10, 2017
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.028
- 11,936 View
- 292 Download
- 19 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess the socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in under-5 children in Iran in order to help policymakers reduce such inequality.
Methods
Data on 8443 under-5 children were extracted from the Iran Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey. The wealth index was used as proxy for socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic inequality in stunting, underweight, and wasting was calculated using the concentration index. The concentration index was calculated for the whole sample, as well as for subcategories defined in terms of categories such as area of residence (urban and rural) and the sex of children.
Results
Stunting was observed to be more prevalent than underweight or wasting. The results of the concentration index at the national level, as well as in rural and urban areas and in terms of children’s sex, showed that inequality in stunting and underweight was statistically significant and that children in the lower quintiles were more malnourished. The wasting index was not sensitive to socioeconomic status, and its concentration index value was not statistically significant.
Conclusions
This study showed that it can be misleading to assess the mean levels of malnutrition at the national level without knowledge of the distribution of malnutrition among socioeconomic groups. Significant socioeconomic inequalities in stunting and underweight were observed at the national level and in both urban and rural areas. Regarding the influence of nutrition on the health and economic well-being of preschool-aged children, it is necessary for the government to focus on taking targeted measures to reduce malnutrition and to focus on poorer groups within society who bear a greater burden of malnutrition. -
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Exploring the Prevalence and Determinants of Stunting among Under-Five Children in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey
Amanuel Mengistu Merera, Tolesa Yadeta Huluka, Eshetu Alemayehu Wordofa
Nutrition.2026; : 113192. CrossRef - Socioeconomic Patterning of Stunting and Overweight Among Iranian Children Aged 2–5 Years: A National Cross-Sectional Analysis
Maryam Sadat Kasaii, Sara Rodrigues, Morteza Abdollahi, Anahita Houshiar-Rad, Julian Perelman
Nutrients.2025; 17(10): 1631. CrossRef - The level of wasting and associated factors among children aged 6–59 months in sub-Saharan African countries: multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis
Hiwot Altaye Asebe, Zufan Alamrie Asmare, Kusse Urmale Mare, Bizunesh Fantahun Kase, Tsion Mulat Tebeje, Yordanose Sisay Asgedom, Abdu Hailu Shibeshi, Afewerk Alemu Lombebo, Kebede Gemeda Sabo, Bezawit Melak Fente, Meklit Melaku Bezie, Beminate Lemma Seif
Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Exploring the determinants of malnutrition in 2–5 year Iranian children using structural equation modeling: national food and nutrition surveillance
Samira Rabiei, Samira Ebrahimof, Hamid Rasekhi, Maryam Amini, Delaram Ghodsi, Zahra Yari, Zahra Abdollahi, Mina Minaie, Bahareh Nikooyeh, Tirang R. Neyestani
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Prediction and analysis of trends in the nutritional status of children under 5 years in Iran: reanalysis of the results of national surveys conducted between 1998 and 2020
Delaram Ghodsi, Hamid Rasekhi, Zahra Yari, Roshanak Roustaee, Bahereh Nikooyeh, Ayoub Faramarzi, Hassan Eini-Zinab, Tirang R. Neyestani
Frontiers in Nutrition.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Improvement in Anthropometric Measurements of Malnourished Children by Means of Complementary Food and Nutritional Education in Fars Province, Iran: A Community-Based Intervention
Razieh Shenavar, Seyedeh Forough Sajjadi, Azam Farmani, Mina Zarmehrparirouy, Leila Azadbakht
Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Factor associated with anthropometric failure among under-five Bengali children: A comparative study between Bangladesh and India
Ramendra Nath Kundu, Md. Golam Hossain, Md. Ahshanul Haque, Subir Biswas, Md. Monimul Huq, Md. Kamal Pasa, Md. Sabiruzzaman, Premananda Bharati, Lai Kuan Lee
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(8): e0272634. CrossRef - Breastfeeding Practices, Infant Formula Use, Complementary Feeding and Childhood Malnutrition: An Updated Overview of the Eastern Mediterranean Landscape
Carla Ibrahim, Khlood Bookari, Yonna Sacre, Lara Hanna-Wakim, Maha Hoteit
Nutrients.2022; 14(19): 4201. CrossRef - Trends in inequalities in childhood stunting in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2016: a cross sectional study
Betregiorgis Zegeye, Gebretsadik Shibre, Dina Idriss-Wheeler, Sanni Yaya
Journal of Public Health.2021; 43(3): 655. CrossRef - Relationship of Malnutrition in Children with Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Fars Province, Iran
Razieh Shenavar, Mohsen Moghaddami, Soheila Shaghaghian, Mohsen Ali Akbarpoor, Mansore Nowrospour, Mahdieh Farid
Shiraz E-Medical Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Economic inequality in malnutrition: a global systematic review and meta-analysis
Rotimi Alao, Hayaan Nur, Emily Fivian, Bhavani Shankar, Suneetha Kadiyala, Helen Harris-Fry
BMJ Global Health.2021; 6(12): e006906. CrossRef - The prevalence of stunting among children and adolescents living in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA): A systematic review and meta-analysis
Hassan Joulaei, Parisa Keshani, Mahkameh Ashourpour, Peyman Bemani, Sanaz Amiri, Jamileh Rahimi, Mohsen Aliakbarpour, Amin Salehi-Abargouei
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Xiaohua Liang, Lun Xiao, Yetao Luo, Jiapei Xu
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Navisa Seyyedi, Bahlol Rahimi, Hamid Reza Farrokh Eslamlou, Hadi Lotfnezhad Afshar, Armin Spreco, Toomas Timpka
Nutrients.2020; 12(2): 587. CrossRef - Effect of a newly developed ready-to-use supplementary food on growth indicators in children with mild to moderate malnutrition
F. Azimi, A. Esmaillzadeh, E. Alipoor, M. Moslemi, M. Yaseri, M.J. Hosseinzadeh-Attar
Public Health.2020; 185: 290. CrossRef - Comparison of the Prevalence and Trend of Malnutrition between 0–6 Years and 7–11 Years Old Iranian Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Fatemeh Azizi-Soleiman, Hamid Sharifi, Maryam Zamanian
International Journal of Preventive Medicine.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Measurement components of socioeconomic status in health-related studies in Iran
Sediqe Shafiei, Shahram Yazdani, Mohammad-Pooyan Jadidfard, A. Hamid Zafarmand
BMC Research Notes.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Determinants of stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed-effects analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data
K. Fantay Gebru, W. Mekonnen Haileselassie, A. Haftom Temesgen, A. Oumer Seid, B. Afework Mulugeta
BMC Pediatrics.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Prevalence of underweight and wasting in Iranian children aged below 5 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yousef Moradi, Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani, Kamyar Mansori, Shiva Mansouri Hanis, Rozhin Khateri, Hossein Mirzaei
Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2018; 61(8): 231. CrossRef
- Associations Between Preschool Education Experiences and Adulthood Self-rated Health
- Jeehye Lee, Jinwook Bahk, Young-Ho Khang
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(4):228-239. Published online May 10, 2017
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.110
- 10,220 View
- 211 Download
- 1 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDFSupplementary Material
- Objectives
This study aimed to examine the association between preschool education experiences and adulthood self-rated health using representative data from a national population-based survey. Methods: Data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study in 2006 and 2012 were used. A total of 2391 men and women 21-41 years of age were analyzed. Log-binomial regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between preschool education experience and self-rated health in adulthood. Parental socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators were considered as confounders of the association between preschool education experience and adulthood subjective health, while current SEP indicators were analyzed as mediators. Age-adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) and the associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Results: Compared with men without any experience of preschool education, those with both kindergarten and other preschool education experiences showed a lower prevalence of self-rated poor health (PR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.89). In women, however, such an association was not evident. The relationship of preschool education experiences with self-rated poor health in adulthood among men was confounded by parental SEP indicators and was also mediated by current SEP indicators. After adjustment for parental and current SEP indicators, the magnitude of the associations between preschool education experiences and adulthood subjective health was attenuated in men. Conclusions: Preschool education experience was associated with adulthood self-rated health in men. However, this association was explained by parental and current SEP indicators. Further investigations employing a larger sample size and objective health outcomes are warranted in the future. -
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Self-rated health and its determinants in patients with hypertension in Isfahan in 2019
Asieh Mansouri, Alireza Khosravi Farsani, Noushin Mohammadifard, Fatemeh Nouri, Mahnaz Jozan, Ghazaal Alavi Tabatabaei, Rezvan Salehidoost, Hamed Rafiee
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
- Income Differences in Smoking Prevalences in 245 Districts of South Korea: Patterns by Area Deprivation and Urbanity, 2008-2014
- Ikhan Kim, Jinwook Bahk, Tae-Ho Yoon, Sung-Cheol Yun, Young-Ho Khang
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(2):100-126. Published online February 9, 2017
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.069
- 18,092 View
- 327 Download
- 23 Crossref
-
Abstract
PDFSupplementary Material
- Objectives
The aim of this study was to measure income differences in smoking prevalence at the district level and to investigate correlations among area deprivation, smoking prevalence, and income differences in smoking prevalence, stratified by urbanity.
Methods
Data were pooled from the Community Health Survey data of South Korea between 2008 and 2014. The age-standardized prevalence of smoking and its interquintile income differences were calculated. We conducted correlation analyses to investigate the association of the deprivation index with smoking prevalence and interquintile differences in smoking prevalence.
Results
Across 245 districts, the median prevalence of smoking in men was 45.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43.4 to 48.5%), with an interquartile range (IQR) of 4.6% points. In women, the median prevalence was 3.0% (95% CI, 2.4 to 3.6%) and IQR was 1.6% points. The median interquintile difference in smoking prevalence was 7.4% points (95% CI, 1.6 to 13.2% points) in men and 2.7% points (95% CI, 0.5 to 4.9% points) in women. The correlation coefficients for the association between the deprivation index and smoking prevalence was 0.58, 0.15, -0.22 in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas, respectively, among men, and 0.54, -0.33, -0.43 among women. No meaningful correlation was found between area deprivation and interquintile difference in smoking prevalence. The correlation between smoking prevalence and interquintile difference in smoking prevalence was more evident in women than in men.
Conclusions
This study provides evidence of geographical variations in smoking prevalence and interquintile difference in smoking prevalence. Neither smoking prevalence nor the deprivation index was closely correlated with interquintile income difference in smoking prevalence. Measuring inequalities in smoking prevalence is crucial to developing policies aimed at reducing inequalities in smoking. -
Summary
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Heewon Kang, Eunsil Cheon, Jaeyoung Ha, Sung-il Cho
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Epidemiology and Health.2024; 46: e2024014. CrossRef - Socioeconomic inequality in health-related quality of life among Korean adults with chronic disease: an analysis of the Korean Community Health Survey
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Young-Eun Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Minsu Ock, Hyesook Park, Ki-Beom Kim, Dun-Sol Go, Seok-Jun Yoon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(7): 3473. CrossRef - Differential changes in quitting smoking by daily cigarette consumption and intention to quit after the introduction of a tobacco tax increase and pictorial cigarette pack warnings in Korea, 2013–2017
Ikhan Kim, Young-Ho Khang
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Ikhan Kim, Hee-Yeon Kang, Young-Ho Khang
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World Neurosurgery.2018; 115: e585. CrossRef - Sensitivity analysis on the ecological bias for Seoul tuberculosis data
Eunjung Song, Soeun Kim, Seungsik Hwang, Woojoo Lee
Environmental and Ecological Statistics.2018; 25(3): 341. CrossRef - The Disease Burden of Lung Cancer Attributable to Residential Radon Exposure in Korean Homes
Jong-Hun Kim, Mina Ha
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Ji-eun Hwang, Yu-mi Oh, Yu-seon Yang, Seon-young Lee, Joung-eun Lee, Sung-il Cho
Tobacco Induced Diseases.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Income gaps in self-rated poor health and its association with life expectancy in 245 districts of Korea
Ikhan Kim, Jinwook Bahk, Sung-Cheol Yun, Young-Ho Khang
Epidemiology and Health.2017; 39: e2017011. CrossRef
- The Relationship of Socioeconomic and Behavioral Risk Factors With Trends of Overweight in Korea
- Jin Hee Shin, Matthew E. Dupre, Truls Østbye, Gwen Murphy, Mina Silberberg
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48(6):310-318. Published online November 17, 2015
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.001
- 11,431 View
- 117 Download
- 3 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
Previous studies have shown that overweight (including obesity) has increased significantly in Korea in recent decades. However, it remains unclear whether this change has been uniform among all Koreans and to what extent socioeconomic and behavioral factors have contributed to this increase.
Methods
Changes in overweight were estimated using data from the 1998, 2001, 2005, 2007-2009, and 2010-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=55 761).
Results
Overweight increased significantly among men but not among women between 1998 and 2012. Changes in socioeconomic and behavioral factors over the time period were not associated with overall trends for both men and women. However, we found significant differences in the prevalence of overweight relative to key risk factors. For men, overweight increased at a significantly greater rate among the non-exercising (predicted probability [PP] from 0.23 to 0.32] and high-calorie (PP from 0.18 to 0.37) groups compared to their active and lower-calorie counterparts, respectively. For women, overweight increased only among the non-exercising (PP from 0.27 to 0.28) and low-income (PP from 0.31 to 0.36) groups during this period.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that programs aimed at reducing overweight should target Korean men and women in specific socioeconomic and behavioral risk groups differentially. -
Summary
Citations
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Elsyie Yuniarti, Masrul ., Delmi Sulastri, Ikhwana Elfitri, Nur Indrawati Lipoeto, Rizanda Machmud, Afrizal ., Denas Symond
The Open Public Health Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Recent Trends in Blood Pressure According to Economic Status: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey From 2005 to 2015
Hyun-Young Shin, Hee-Taik Kang
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2018; 30(3): 266. CrossRef - Recent trends in the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in Korean adults: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1998 to 2014
Hyun-Young Shin, Hee-Taik Kang
Journal of Epidemiology.2017; 27(9): 413. CrossRef
- Association of Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors With Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease
- Tae Hyun Kim, Min-Jee Lee, Ki-Bong Yoo, Euna Han, Jae-Woo Choi
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48(3):170-177. Published online May 15, 2015
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.002
- 12,105 View
- 124 Download
- 8 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
The goal of this study was to examine the association of various demographic and socioeconomic factors with risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Methods
We used nationally representative pooled data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2007–2013. We estimated the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. We defined CKD as a GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and 1304 of the 45 208 individuals included in the KNHANES were found to have CKD by this definition. The outcome variable was whether individual subjects adhered to the CKD prevention and management guidelines recommended by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The guidelines suggest that individuals maintain a normal weight, abstain from alcohol consumption and smoking, manage diabetes and hypertension, and engage in regular exercise in order to prevent and manage CKD.
Results
This study found that individuals with CKD were more likely to be obese and have hypertension or diabetes than individuals without CKD. In particular, male and less-educated CKD patients were less likely to adhere to the guidelines.
Conclusions
Although the prevalence of CKD, as indicated by the KNHANES data, decreased from 2007 to 2013, the prevalence of most risk factors associated with CKD fluctuated over the same time period. Since a variety of demographic and socioeconomic factors are related to the successful implementation of guidelines for preventing and managing CKD, individually tailored prevention activities should be developed. -
Summary
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Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2025; 14(7): 2958. CrossRef - Global health inequalities of chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis
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- Socio-demographic Characteristics and Leading Causes of Death Among the Casualties of Meteorological Events Compared With All-cause Deaths in Korea, 2000-2011
- Kyung Eun Lee, Hyung-Nam Myung, Wonwoong Na, Jae-Yeon Jang
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(5):261-270. Published online September 30, 2013
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.5.261
- 12,879 View
- 70 Download
- 7 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
Objectives This study investigated the socio-demographic characteristics and medical causes of death among meteorological disaster casualties and compared them with deaths from all causes.
Methods Based on the death data provided by the National Statistical Office from 2000 to 2011, the authors analyzed the gender, age, and region of 709 casualties whose external causes were recorded as natural events (X330-X389). Exact matching was applied to compare between deaths from meteorological disasters and all deaths.
Results The total number of deaths for last 12 years was 2 728 505. After exact matching, 642 casualties of meteorological disasters were matched to 6815 all-cause deaths, which were defined as general deaths. The mean age of the meteorological disaster casualties was 51.56, which was lower than that of the general deaths by 17.02 (
p <0.001). As for the gender ratio, 62.34% of the meteorological event casualties were male. While 54.09% of the matched all-cause deaths occurred at a medical institution, only 7.6% of casualties from meteorological events did. As for occupation, the rate of those working in agriculture, forestry, and fishery jobs was twice as high in the casualties from meteorological disasters as that in the general deaths (p <0.001). Meteorological disaster-related injuries like drowning were more prevalent in the casualties of meteorological events (57.48%). The rate of amputation and crushing injury in deaths from meteorological disasters was three times as high as in the general deaths.Conclusions The new information gained on the particular characteristics contributing to casualties from meteorological events will be useful for developing prevention policies.
-
Summary
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Dong Ha Kim, Dongjin Kim, Heewon Kang
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Hannah D Shi, Alex J Dong, Seungil Lee, LaYow C Yu, Carol Mita, Colby Hyland, Justin Broyles
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Research Trends in Agenda-setting for Climate Change Adaptation Policy in the Public Health Sector in Korea
Su-Mi Chae, Daeeun Kim
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2020; 53(1): 3. CrossRef - Effect of typhoons on the Korean national emergency medical service system
Soo Hyun Park, Won Chul Cha, Giwoon Kim, Tae Rim Lee, Sung Yeon Hwang, Tae Gun Shin, Min Seob Sim, Ik Joon Jo
Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine.2018; 5(4): 272. CrossRef - The Vulnerability of People to Damaging Hydrogeological Events in the Calabria Region (Southern Italy)
Olga Petrucci, Paola Salvati, Luigi Aceto, Cinzia Bianchi, Angela Pasqua, Mauro Rossi, Fausto Guzzetti
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Luigi Aceto, Tommaso Caloiero, A.A. Pasqua, Olga Petrucci
Journal of Hydrology.2016; 541: 510. CrossRef - Disaster epidemiology in Korea
Ju Ok Park
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2014; 57(12): 993. CrossRef
- Changes in Contribution of Causes of Death to Socioeconomic Mortality Inequalities in Korean Adults
- Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Young-Ho Khang, Hong-Jun Cho
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2011;44(6):249-259. Published online November 14, 2011
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2011.44.6.249
- 17,340 View
- 87 Download
- 22 Crossref
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Abstract
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Objectives This study aimed to analyze long-term trends in the contribution of each cause of death to socioeconomic inequalities in all-cause mortality among Korean adults.
Methods Data were collected from death certificates between 1990 and 2004 and from censuses in 1990, 1995, and 2000. Age-standardized death rates by gender were produced according to education as the socioeconomic position indicator, and the slope index of inequality was calculated to evaluate the contribution of each cause of death to socioeconomic inequalities in all-cause mortality.
Results Among adults aged 25-44, accidental injuries with transport accidents, suicide, liver disease and cerebrovascular disease made relatively large contributions to socioeconomic inequalities in all-cause mortality, while, among adults aged 45-64, liver disease, cerebrovascular disease, transport accidents, liver cancer, and lung cancer did so. Ischemic heart disease, a very important contributor to socioeconomic mortality inequality in North America and Western Europe, showed a very low contribution (less than 3%) in both genders of Koreans.
Conclusions Considering the contributions of different causes of death to absolute mortality inequalities, establishing effective strategies to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in mortality is warranted.
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Summary
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Minsoo Jung
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- Analysis for the Impact of Adulthood and Childhood Socioeconomic Positions and Intergenerational Social Mobility on Adulthood Health.
- Jae Hee Seo, Ho Kim, Young Jeon Shin
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(2):138-150.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.2.138
- 6,842 View
- 83 Download
- 6 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
There are at least three conceptual models for the effects of the childhood social environment on adult health: the critical period model, the social mobility model, and the cumulative risk model. However, few studies have investigated all three different models within the same setting. This study aims to examine the impact of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic positions and intergenerational social mobility over the life course on the health in adulthood based both on the critical period model and the social mobility model. METHODS: This study was conducted on 9583 adults aged between 25 and 64 years old and they were the respondents to the Korea Welfare Panel Study (2006). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out, using the critical period model and the social mobility model out of the life course approaches, to look into the impact of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic positions and intergenerational social mobility on the health status in adulthood. RESULTS: Household income and occupation out of the adulthood socioeconomic position indicators had an independent influence on the adulthood health status. The childhood socioeconomic position indicators, except for the place of childhood residence, affected the adulthood health status even after adjustment for the adulthood socioeconomic position. The effect of intergenerational social mobility was also statistically significant even after adjusting for the adulthood socioeconomic position, but it became insignificant when the childhood socioeconomic position was additionally adjusted for. CONCLUSIONS: Adulthood health is indeed affected by both the childhood and adulthood socioeconomic positions as well as intergenerational social mobility. This result shows that a life course approach needs to be adopted when dealing with health issues. -
Summary
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English Abstracts- Socioeconomic Inequity in Self-Rated Health Status and Contribution of Health Behavioral Factors in Korea.
- Minkyung Kim, Woojin Chung, Seungji Lim, Soojin Yoon, Jakyoung Lee, Eunkyung Kim, Lanju Ko
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(1):50-61.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.1.50
- 7,884 View
- 133 Download
- 31 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
The study is investigated socioeconomic variations in self-rated health status and contribution of health behavioral factors in Korea. METHODS: A nationally representative sample (2,800 men and 3,230 women aged 20-64 years) from the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Surveys was analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Self-rated health was lower among lower socioeconomic groups compared with higher socioeconomic groups, with gender being irrelevant. This association was attenuated when health behavioral and socio-demographic factors were adjusted. When each health behavioral factor was considered separately, mediators such as smoking in men, and stress or exercise in women explained a large part of the decreased socioeconomic health inequalities. CONCLUSIONS: In Korea, subjective health inequalities arise from different socioeconomic status, but this difference is decreased by health behavioral factors. Therefore, socioeconomic inequity in self-rated health status can be corrected more effectively by promotional health behaviors. -
Summary
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- Development of Composite Deprivation Index for Korea: The Correlation with Standardized Mortality Ratio.
- Hosung Shin, Suehyung Lee, Jang Min Chu
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(6):392-402.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.6.392
- 7,599 View
- 151 Download
- 35 Crossref
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
The aims of this paper were to develop the composite deprivation index (CDI) for the sub-district (Eup-Myen-Dong) levels based on the theory of social exclusion and to explore the relationship between the CDI and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). METHODS: The paper calculated the age adjusted SMR and we included five dimensions of social exclusion for CDI; unemployment, poverty, housing, labor and social network. The proxy variables of the five dimensions were the proportion of unemployed males, the percent of recipients receiving National Basic Livelihood Security Act benefits, the proportion of households under the minimum housing standard, the proportion of people with a low social class and the proportion of single-parent household. All the variables were standardized using geometric transformation and then we summed up them for a single index. The paper utilized the 2004-2006 National Death Registry data, the 2003-2006 national residents' registration data, the 2005 Population Census data and the 2005-2006 means-tested benefit recipients' data. RESULTS: The figures were 115.6, 105.8 and 105.1 for the CDI of metropolitan areas (big cities), middle size cities and rural areas, respectively. The distributional variation of the CDI was the highest in metropolitan areas (8.9 - 353.7) and the lowest was in the rural areas (26.8 - 209.7). The extent and relative differences of deprivation increased with urbanization. Compared to the Townsend and Carstairs index, the CDI better represented the characteristics of rural deprivation. The correlation with the SMR was statistically significant and the direction of the CDI effects on the SMR was in accordance with that of the previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings indicated mortality inequalities due to the difference in the CDI. Despite the attempt to improve deprivation measures, further research is warranted for the consensus development of a deprivation index. -
Summary
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Suehyung Lee, Hosung Shin
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Hyung-Kook Yang, Dong-Wook Shin, Seung-Sik Hwang, Juwhan Oh, Be-Long Cho
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Chul Sohn
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Eunok Park
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Min-Hyeok Choi, Kyu-Seok Cheong, Byung-Mann Cho, In-Kyung Hwang, Chang-Hun Kim, Myoung-Hee Kim, Seung-Sik Hwang, Jeong-Hun Lim, Tae-Ho Yoon
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- Association between the Physical Activity of Korean Adolescents and Socioeconomic Status.
- In Hwan Oh, Goeun Lee, Chang Mo Oh, Kyung Sik Choi, Bong Keun Choe, Joong Myung Choi, Tai Young Yoon
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(5):305-314.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.5.305
- 7,727 View
- 71 Download
- 16 Crossref
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
The physical activity of Korean adolescents and its distribution based on social characteristics have not yet been fully assessed. This study intends to reveal the distribution of physical activity by its subgroups and offer possible explanatory variables. METHODS: The 3rd Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey was analyzed for this study. The appropriateness of physical activity was defined by Korea's Health Plan 2010 and physical inactivity was assessed independently. Family affluence scale, parents' education levels, subjective economic status, grade, and school location were considered explanatory variables. All statistical analysis was conducted using SAS ver. 9.1. RESULTS: The proportion of participants engaging in vigorous physical activity was high in males (41.6%), at a low grade (38.5%), within the high family affluence scale group (35.5%). The distribution of participants engaging in moderate physical activity showed similar patterns, but the overall proportion was lower (9.8%). Low family affluence and students with lower subjective economic status reported a higher prevalence of physical inactivity. In multiple logistic regression analysis for physical activity, significant factors included family affluence scale (p<0.05). For physical inactivity, family affluence scale, parents education levels, and subjective economic status were included as significant factors (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the physical activity and inactivity of adolescents may be affected by socioeconomic variables, such as family affluence scale. This implies the need to take proper measures to address these socio-economic inequalities. -
Summary
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Yaru Hao, Rizal Razman
Journal of Intellectual Disabilities.2025; 29(1): 194. CrossRef - Self-reported physical activity behaviors of childhood cancer survivors: comparison to a general adolescent population in Korea
Yohwan Yeo, Ji Won Lee, Dong Wook Shin, Hee Jo Baek, Nack-Gyun Chung, Ki Woong Sung, Yun-Mi Song
Supportive Care in Cancer.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Relationships between objective and subjective socioeconomic status and physical health among adolescents in South Korea
Sue‐Lynn Kim, Joan P. Yoo
Asian Social Work and Policy Review.2022; 16(2): 197. CrossRef - Age moderates the effect of socioeconomic status on physical activity level among south Korean adults: cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative sample
Harold H. Lee, Ashley E. Pérez, Don Operario
BMC Public Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Risk factors for disordered weight control behaviors among Korean adolescents: Multilevel analysis of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Yongjoo Kim, S. Bryn Austin, S.V. Subramanian, Jennifer J. Thomas, Kamryn T. Eddy, Debra L. Franko, Rachel F. Rodgers, Ichiro Kawachi
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Dong‐Hun Han, Young‐Ho Khang
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Min H. Park, Eun H. Hwang
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Soo Young Jun, Yeong-Suk Song
Journal of the Korean Society of School Health.2017; 30(1): 81. CrossRef - Prevalence of Physical Activity and Sitting Time Among South Korean Adolescents
Eun-Young Lee, Valerie Carson, Justin Y. Jeon, John C. Spence
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Ying Li, Youngmi Lee, Nari Park, Haeryun Park
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Hee Soon Kim
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Goeun Lee, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2013;[Epub] CrossRef - Socioeconomic status and dyslipidemia in Korean adults: The 2008–2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ga Eun Nam, Kyung Hwan Cho, Yong Gyu Park, Kyung Do Han, Youn Seon Choi, Seon Mee Kim, Kyung Shik Lee, Byung Joon Ko, Yang Hyun Kim, Byoung Duck Han, Do Hoon Kim
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Gyeong-Suk Jeon, Yeongmi Ha, Eunsook Choi
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Mi-Hyun Kim
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2012; 25(3): 579. CrossRef - Psychosocial Correlates of Korean Adolescents' Physical Activity Behavior
Young-Ho Kim, Bradley J. Cardinal
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- The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on the Gender Differences of Disability and Subjective Health Among Elderly Koreans.
- Gyeong Suk Jeon, Soong Nang Jang, Seon Ja Rhee
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(3):199-207.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.3.199
- 6,449 View
- 57 Download
- 10 Crossref
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
Research on the gender differences of health among older Korean people has been limited compared with the research for other stages of life. This study first examined the patterns and magnitude of the gender differences of health in later life. Second, we examined the gender differences in the health of older men and women that were attributable to differing socioeconomic conditions. METHODS: Using the nationally representative 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the gender differences in disability and subjective poor health were assessed by calculating the age adjusted and gender-specific prevalence. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess if the differences between the men and women for health could be explained by differential exposure to socioeconomic factors and/or the differential vulnerability of men and women to these socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: Our results indicated that older women were more likely than the men to report disability and poor subjective health. The health disadvantage of older women was diminished by differential experiences with socioeconomic factors, and especially education. The differences shrink as much as 43.7% in the case of disability and 35.4% in the case of poor subjective health by the differential exposure to educational attainment. Any differential vulnerability to socioeconomic factors was not found between the men and women, which means that socioeconomic factors may have similar effect on health in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Differential socioeconomic experience and exposure between the men and women might cause gender difference in health in old age Koreans. -
Summary
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Hwajun Kim, Young Ko
Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Socioeconomic Inequalities in Depressive Symptoms among Korean Older Men and Women: Contribution of Social Support Resources
Jeong Lee, Kyungwon Choi, Gyeong-Suk Jeon
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Su Jin Kim, Gyeong-Suk Jeon
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Soong-nang Jang, Ichiro Kawachi
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Su-Jin Kim, Gyeong-Suk Jeon
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Seieun Oh, Young Ko
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Mo-Kyung Sin, Young-Ran Chae, Myoung-Ae Choe, Patrick Murphy, Jeungim Kim, Mi-Yang Jeon
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Jae-Hee Seo, Ho Kim, Young-Jeon Shin
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Soong‐Nang Jang, Dong‐Hyun Kim
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- The Determinants of the Use of Opportunistic Screening Programs in Korea.
- Sungwook Kang, Chang Hoon You, Young Dae Kwon
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(3):177-182.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.3.177
- 7,279 View
- 60 Download
- 19 Crossref
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
Both organized and opportunistic screening programs have been widely used in Korea. This paper examined the determinants of the use of opportunistic screening programs in Korea. METHODS: The subjects were a national stratified random sample of 10,254 people aged 45 or older from the first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing in 2006. A logit model was used to examine the determinants of the use of opportunistic screening programs in terms of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, the type of health insurance and the health status. RESULTS: Thirteen point seven percent of the individuals received opportunistic screening programs within 2 years from the time the survey was conducted in 2006. The individuals who graduated from college or who had even more education were 3.0 times more likely to use opportunistic screening programs compared with the individuals who were illiterate. The individuals who resided in urban areas and who had religious beliefs were more likely to receive opportunistic screening programs compared with their counterparts. Those who were in the first quartile for the total household assets were 2.6 times more likely to use opportunistic screening programs than those who were in the fourth quartile for the total household assets. Privately insured people were 1.6 times more likely to use opportunistic screening programs than those who were not insured. Finally, the individuals who self-assessed their health status as worst were 2.1 times more likely to use opportunistic screening programs compared individuals who self-assessed their health status as best. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that opportunistic screening programs can be an indicator for whether or not an individual is among the advantaged group in terms of their socioeconomic characteristics and type of health insurance. -
Summary
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Soon-Suk Kwon
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Beomseok Suh, Dong Wook Shin, So Young Kim, Jae-Hyun Park, Weon Young Chang, Seung Pyung Lim, Chang-Yeol Yim, Be-Long Cho, Eun-Cheol Park, Jong-Hyock Park
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- J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(2):143-150.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.2.143
- 7,662 View
- 57 Download
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- OBJECTIVES
South Korea has experienced unprecedented ups and downs in the sex ratio at birth (SRB), which has been a unique phenomenon in the last two decades. However, little is known about socioeconomic factors that influence the SRB. Employing the diffusion theory by Rogers, this study was undertaken to examine the trends in social variations in the SRB from 1981 to 2004 in Korea. METHODS: The data was taken from Vital Birth Statistics for the period from 1981-2004. We computed the annual male proportion of live births according to the parental education (university, middle/high school, primary) and occupation (non-manual, manual, others). Logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate the odds ratios of male birth according to social position for the equidistant three time periods (1981-1984, 1991-1994, and 2001-2004). RESULTS: An increased SRB was detected among parents with higher social position before the mid 1980s. Since then, however, a greater SRB was found for the less educated and manual jobholders. The inverse social gradient for the SRB was most prominent in early 1990s, but the gap has narrowed since the late 1990s. The mother's socioeconomic position could be a sensitive indicator of the social variations in the sex ratio at birth. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the relationship of parental social position with the SRB were detected during the 1980-2004 in Korea. This Korean experience may well be explained by diffusion theory, suggesting there have been socioeconomic differences in the adoption and spread of sex-detection technology. -
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Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - ‘Not a bowl of rice, but tender loving care’: from aborting girls to preferring daughters in South Korea
Heeran Chun, Monica Das Gupta
Asian Population Studies.2022; 18(2): 169. CrossRef - Investigating the Structure of Son Bias in Armenia With Novel Measures of Individual Preferences
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Seik Kim, Sam-Ho Lee
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Jisuk Bae
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Tae Beom Kim, Jin Kyu Oh, Kwang Taek Kim, Sang Jin Yoon, Soo Woong Kim, Martin Voracek
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Christophe Z. Guilmoto
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Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Yu-Mi Kim
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Christophe Z. Guilmoto, Qiang Ren
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Review- A Review on Socioeconomic Position Indicators in Health Inequality Research.
- Yong Jun Choi, Baek Geun Jeong, Sung Il Cho, Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Soong Nang Jang, Minah Kang, Young Ho Khang
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(6):475-486.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.6.475
- 7,554 View
- 173 Download
- 16 Crossref
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- OBJECTIVES
Socioeconomic position (SEP) refers to the socioeconomic factors that influence which position an individual or group of people will hold within the structure of a society. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of various indicators of SEP, including education level, occupation-based SEP, income and wealth, area SEP, lifecourse SEP, and SEP indicators for women, elderly and youth. METHODS AND RESULTS: This report provides a brief theoretical background and discusses the measurement, interpretation issues, advantages and limitations associated with the use of each SEP indicator. We also describe some problems that arise when selecting SEP indicators and highlight the indicators that appear to be appropriate for health inequality research. Some practical information for use in health inequality research in South Korea is also presented. CONCLUSIONS: Investigation into the associations between various SEP indicators and health outcomes can provide a more complete understanding of mechanisms between SEP and health. The relationship between specific SEP indicators and specific health outcomes can vary by country due to the differences in the historical, socioeconomic, and cultural contexts of the SEP indicators. -
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Yun Ho Roh, Eun Joo Kim
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2013; 30(2): 71. CrossRef - Socioeconomic Indicators Associated with Initiation and Cessation of Smoking among Women in Seoul
Yu-Na Kim, Young-Gyu Cho, Cheol-Hwan Kim, Jae-Heon Kang, Hyun-Ah Park, Kyoung-Woo Kim, Yang-Im Hur, Su-Hyun Lee, Yun-Min Na, No-Yai Park
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K. Lee, H.T. Lim, S.-S. Hwang, D.W. Chae, S.M. Park
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English Abstract- The Proposal of Policies Aimed at Tackling Health Inequalities in Korea.
- Tae Ho Yoon
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(6):447-453.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.6.447
- 6,693 View
- 62 Download
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- Although the New National Health Promotion Plan 2010 target to reduce health inequalities, whether the program will be effective for reducing the health inequalities in Korea remains quite unclear. More and more developed countries have been started to concentrate on comprehensive policies for reducing health inequalities. The health policies of the UK, Netherlands, and Sweden are the most wellknown. I propose that a comprehensive blueprint for tackling health inequalities in Korea should be made and that it must contain five domains: a target, structure and process, life-course approach, area-based approach, and reorganization of health care resources. The target should be based on determinants of health and more attention should be paid to socioeconmic factors. The structure and process require changes from the national health care policy based on medical services to the national health policy that involves the establishment of a Social Deputy Prime Minister and the strengthening multidisciplinary action. A life-course approach especially focused on the early childhood years. Area-based approach such as the establishment of healthy communities, healthy schools, or healthy work-places which are focused on deprived areas or places is also required. Finally, health care resources should be a greater investment on public resources and strengthening primary care to reduce health inequalities. The policy or intervention studies for tackling health inequalities should be implemented much more in Korea. In addition, it is essential to have political will to encoruage policy action.
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Historical Article- Historical Advances in Health Inequality Research.
- Young Ho Khang
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(6):422-430.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.6.422
- 6,557 View
- 116 Download
- 6 Crossref
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- The socioeconomic inequalities in health have recently become an important public health concern in South Korea, and the issue has gained increasing attention from many South Korean researchers due to the increasing income inequality and widening social polarization following its economic crisis in the late 1990s. However, despite the mounting literature on health inequalities published in recent years, the history of research on health inequality in South Korea is premature in comparison to the long histories in several Western countries. Understanding the historical background underlying the issue of health inequality research may aid in establishing and accumulating scientifically solid evidence in South Korea. It may also direct the South Korean research community to develop research agendas that are more politically and academically appropriate for South Korean society. This paper describes the historical development of health inequality research in the West and introduces several important issues contributing to the advancement of health inequality research. Specifically, the major studies conducted before and after the UK Black Report are presented. In addition, the history and current status of health inequality research in South Korea are documented and evaluated. Finally, several research agendas for the quantitative and qualitative improvement of health inequality research in South Korea are proposed.
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Minuk Kang, Youngjik Lee
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Hyeon Jin Kang, Soonman Kwon
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Jong Park, So-Yeon Ryu, Mi-ah Han, Seong-Woo Choi
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Su-Kyung Song, Hye-Sook Kim, Kyoung-Min Lim
The Korean Journal of Health Service Management.2014; 8(4): 81. CrossRef - Socioeconomic inequalities in health status in Korea
Kyunghee Jung-Choi, Yu-Mi Kim
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Young-Ho Khang, Sang-il Lee
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English Abstracts- Socioeconomic Inequalities in Preventive Services among the Elderly: Results from Medical Checkup, Cancer Check, and BP Check.
- Heeran Chun, Il Ho Kim
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(5):404-410.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.5.404
- 6,121 View
- 53 Download
- 11 Crossref
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- OBJECTIVES
Due to the assumptions of homogeneity as well as challenges in the socioeconomic position of the elderly, they have been relatively neglected in studies of health inequalities. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the social inequalities in preventive services among elderly men and women. METHODS: Data were obtained from a nationally representative sample of 342 men and 525 women aged 65 and over collected during the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Age adjusted proportions and logistic regression were used to identify the social patterning of preventive services among elderly Koreans using various social position indicators. RESULTS: The findings of this study generally supported the presence of social gradients in preventive services among the Korean elderly. The likelihood of using the service becomes progressively higher with social position. Educational level, income, and self-rated living status were significantly associated with increased medical checkups and cancer checks. In addition, logistic regression detected educational inequalities only among older women receiving BP checks. After being stratified based on health status and chronic disease status, social disparities still existed when educational level and self-rated living status were considered. Among unhealthy individuals, place of residence was observed as a barrier to medical checkups. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated strong and consistent associations between socioeconomic position and preventive services among the elderly in Korea. The results indicate that public health strategies should be developed to reduce the barriers to preventive services encountered by the elderly. -
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International Journal of Health Promotion and Education.2020; 58(6): 320. CrossRef - Factors Affecting Cancer Screening Behavior in the Elderly : Based on Andersen's Model and Health Belief Model
Hee-Jung Kim, Mi-jin Yu
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2020; 23(1): 58. CrossRef - Effectiveness of workers’ general health examination in Korea by health examination period and compliance: retrospective cohort study using nationwide data
Huisu Eom, Jun-Pyo Myong, Eun-A Kim, Bohwa Choi, Soon Woo Park, Young Joong Kang
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - Differences in mortality rates between frequent and occasional participants of periodic health check-ups: An observational study and propensity analysis
T.-Y. Wu, Y.-A. Chen, W.-L. Liu, A. Majeed
European Geriatric Medicine.2015; 6(4): 297. CrossRef - The use of annual physical examinations among the elderly in rural China: a cross-sectional study
Xi Sun, Yingchun Chen, Xuetao Tong, Zhanchun Feng, Li Wei, Donghua Zhou, Miaomiao Tian, Benyan Lv, Da Feng
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J.H. Park, K.S. Lee
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Kyung-Hyun Choi, Jeongyun Heo, Soyeun Kim, Young-Jee Jeon, Myungju Oh
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Liang En Wee, Gerald Choon-Huat Koh
Preventive Medicine.2011; 53(1-2): 64. CrossRef - Use Characteristics of Health Examinations Services from Health Insurance Subscribers
Ryoung Choi, Byung-Deog Hwang
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Ciência & Saúde Coletiva.2011; 16(6): 2935. CrossRef - The Determinants of the Use of Opportunistic Screening Programs in Korea
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- Differential Effects of Family Income on Self-rated Health by Age: Analysis of Seoul Citizens Health Indicators Survey 2001, 2005.
- Youn Jung, Youngtae Cho, Juhwan Oh
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(5):381-387.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.5.381
- 6,038 View
- 38 Download
- 8 Crossref
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted in order to determine how the association between socioeconomic position(SEP) and health status changes with age among Seoul residents aged 25 and over. METHODS: We utilized the 2001 and 2005 Seoul Citizens Health Indicators Surveys. We used self-rated 'poor' health status as an outcome variable, and family income as an indicator of SEP. In order to characterize the differential effects of socioeconomic position on health by age, we conducted separate multivariate analyses by 10-year age groups, controlling for sociodemographic covariates. In order to assess the relative health inequality across socioeconomic groups, we estimated the Relative Index of Inequality (RII). RESULTS: The risk of 'poor health' is significantly high in low family income groups, and this increased risk is seen at all ages. However, the magnitude of relative socioeconomic inequality in health, as measured by the odds ratio and RII, is not identical across age groups. The difference in health across income groups is small in early adulthood (ages 25-34), but increases with age until relatively late in life (ages 35-64). It then decreases among the elderly population (ages more than 65). When the RII reported in 2005 is compared to that reported in 2001, RII can be seen to have increased across all ages, with the exception of individuals aged 25-34. CONCLUSIONS: The magnitude of health inequality is the greatest during mid- to late adulthood (ages 45-64). In addition, health inequalities have worsened between 2001 and 2005 across all age groups after economic crisis. -
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Bo-Hyun Park, Minsoo Jung, Tae-Jin Lee
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- Disparities in Participation in Health Examination by Socio-economic Position among Adult Seoul Residents.
- Eun Jeong Chun, Soong Nang Jang, Sung Il Cho, Youngtae Cho, Ok Ryun Moon
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(5):345-350.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.5.345
- 6,758 View
- 43 Download
- 17 Crossref
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
To determine the disparity in the rate people undergo health examinations according to socioeconomic position (SEP) and the changes in this disparity with time. METHODS: Seoul citizens}health profile data from 1997 to 2005 were analyzed. The study subjects were 40 years old and over, and the total number of subjects was 6,601 in 1997, 8,994 in 2001, and 8,819 in 2005. Those aged 60 years and over were eliminated from the analysis of subjects}occupation. We used education, family income and occupation as indicators of SEP. The age-standardized health examination attendance rate for each year was calculated according to the education, family income and occupation. The odds ratios (ORs) from multiple logistic regressions were adjusted for age. RESULTS: The disparity in the rate of attendance according to the SEP decreased from 1997 to 2005 but still existed. Even though the disparities among the subgroups according to education, family income and occupation were not that high, the disparity between the group with the highest SEP and the other groups was considerable. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that unequal access to health examination services according to socioeconomic position still exists. This disparity has decreased recently but the disparity according to level of education was the greatest. -
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Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025005. CrossRef - Socioeconomic differences in the perception of inequalities in healthcare utilization and health in South Korea
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Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2018; 35(2): 113. CrossRef - Participation inequality in the National General Health Examination based on enterprise size
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Sujeong Shin, Yun-Mi Song, Hyeonyoung Ko, Yoon-Ho Choi, Woo Yong Lee, Son Mi Chung, Sunyoung Park, Insub Kim, Jinyoung Shin
Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2017; 17(3): 161. CrossRef - Determinants of the Use and Type of Comprehensive Medical Examination Services
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Baek-Geun Jeong, In-Kyoung Hwang, Hae-Sook Sohn, Kwang-Wook Koh, Tae-Ho Yoon, Jeong-Hun Lim
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2010; 35(4): 395. CrossRef - The Determinants of the Use of Opportunistic Screening Programs in Korea
Sungwook Kang, Chang Hoon You, Young Dae Kwon
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Chung Gun Lee, Youngtae Cho
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- Study on the Relationship between Childhood Obesity and Various Determinants, including Socioeconomic Factors, in an Urban Area.
- Hee Tae Kang, Young Su Ju, Kyung Hee Park, Young Jun Kwon, Hyoung June Im, Do Myung Paek, Hyun Joo Lee
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(5):371-378.
- 3,267 View
- 125 Download
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of childhood obesity, the association between the undesirable lifestyles and socioeconomic factors, the association between childhood obesity and various risk factors, including socioeconomic factors, and the agreement between the body mass index (BMI) classification and the body fat percentage. METHODS: The study subjects were all the 5th grade students from all the elementary schools in Gunpo City, Kyunggi Province, South Korea (4043 children at 22 schools). The subjects were measured for their height, weight and percent body fat etc. and they were also surveyed by questionnaire from March 18th to April 25th, 2005. To determine whether the children were within normal limits or not, standardized BMIs for each age group were used. The data was analyzed by logistic regression analysis using SAS 9.0 version. RESULTS: The prevalence of childhood obesity prevalence was 25.1%. Boys had a higher prevalence of obesity (27.5%) than did the girls (22.5%). Children had tendencies of having undesirable lifestyles and getting obese if they had a lower socioeconomic status. The risk factors for childhood obesity were low paternal education (OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.97-1.42) and non-parental caregivers (OR : 1.34, 95% CI: 0.98-1.82). Other risk factors for childhood obesity were a high birth-weight, longer TV/computer-using time, a lower fruit-eating frequency, short sleeping hours and parental obesity. The agreement rate between the BMI classification and the body fat percentage was 93.1%. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the children had a higher prevalence of obesity: further, not only individual lifestyles, but also socioeconomic factors could influence childhood obesity. Childhood obesity was especially more problematic for children with a low socioeconomic status. -
Summary
- The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Position and the Predicted Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease with Using Health Risk Appraisal.
- Dong Hee Koh, Hyoung Ryoul Kim, Sun Shil Han, Sun Ha Jee
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(4):359-364.
- 3,039 View
- 56 Download
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
The object of this study is to assess the relationship between socioeconomic factors and the predicted 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease by using health risk appraisal of ischemic heart disease. METHODS: The study population was taken from The 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey, and it consisted of 1,566 men and 1,984 women aged 30-59. We calculated 10-year risk using the risk function of ischemic heart disease as developed by Jee. The educational level and equivalized household income were dichotomized by a 12 years education period and the median income level. Occupation was dichotomized into manual/non-manual work. We stratified the population by age(10 years) and sex, and then we rated the risk differences according to socioeconomic factors by performing t-tests for each strata. RESULTS: There were gradients of the predicted 10-year risk of ischemic heart disease with the educational level and the equivalized household income, and thet was an increasing tendency of risk differences with age. Manual workers didn't show significant risk difference from nonmanual workers. CONCLUSIONS: There was definite relationship between low socioeconomic position and the predicted risk of ischemic heart disease in the future. -
Summary
- Health Behavior Factors Affecting Waist Circumference as an Indicator of Abdominal Obesity.
- Kyung Won Paek, Yoon Mi Hong
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(1):59-66.
- 2,765 View
- 84 Download
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to identify the socioeconomic factors, the psychosocial factors and the heath behavior factors that have an influence on abdominal obesity, as measured by using the waist circumference. METHODS: Data was obtained from individuals aged above 20 years who had their waist circumference measured on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001, which was a cross-sectional health survey. RESULTS: Regression analysis of the factors that affect abdominal obesity showed that the education level, income, smoking, duration of smoking, drinking consumption, frequency of exercises and sleeping were the associated factors for abdominal obesity. For men, the duration of smoking, education level, income and drinking consumption were the associated factors for abdominal obesity. For woman, the education level, income, duration of smoking, drinking consumption and frequency of exercise were the associated factors for abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Abdominal obesity is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality, and it is associated with chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Based on the findings, it is essential to modify heath behaviors for preventing abdominal obesity, which is a condition associated with the incidence of chronic disease. -
SummaryTOP
- Lifecourse Approaches to Socioeconomic Health Inequalities.
- Young Ho Khang
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2005;38(3):267-275.
- 3,115 View
- 66 Download
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Abstract
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- Evidence on the relation of socioeconomic position (SEP) with health and illness is mounting in South Korea. Several unlinked studies and individually linked studies (longitudinal study) showed a graded inverse relationship between SEP and mortality among South Korean males and females. Based on the mortality relative ratios by occupational class reported in the published papers of South Korea and western countries, the magnitude of the socioeconomic inequality in mortality in South Korea seems to be similar to or even greater than that in western industrialized countries. A potential contribution of health related selection, health behaviors and psychosocial factors to explain this socioeconomic inequality in mortality was discussed. It was suggested that early life exposure measures would demonstrate a greater ability to explain socioeconomic inequalities in all-cause mortality than the above pathway variables in South Korea. This is based on the cause-specific structure of mortality among the South Korean population who have a relatively greater proportion of stomach cancer, hemorrhagic stroke, liver cancer and liver disease, and tuberculosis, which share early life exposures as important elements of their etiology, than western countries. However, the relative contribution of early and later life socioeconomic conditions in producing socioeconomic inequality in health may differ according to the outcome, thus remains to be investigated.
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Summary
- What is the Origin of Inequalities in Work and Health?.
- Mi A Son
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2005;38(3):241-251.
- 2,641 View
- 35 Download
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- There has been an enormous increasing trend of widening gap of social inequalities since economic crisis at the end of 1997 in Korea. Since then, Korean society has deteriorated in economic and social conditions; the unemployment rate, temporary or casual workers and absolute poverty have increased. This paper presents the origin of inequalities in work and health in Korea. The origin of inequalities in work begins with the relationship between the capitalist and labourers in the capitalist mode of production. The conception and execution are dissolved in the work process in the capitalist mode of production. Thus, captitalists become control over ther labour process from workers. An alienation of the work process from the workers. The distribution of work is the majour source if inequalities in many countries as well as Korea. This paper presents the increasing tendency of unhealthy states such as mortality, early death, morbidity, physical work load, workplace injury amongst the under-privileged: ordinary workers, unemployed people, casual workers and socially deprived people in Korea.
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Summary
- Epidemiology and Social Epidemiology.
- Yun Mi Song
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2005;38(3):237-240.
- 3,154 View
- 79 Download
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Abstract
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- Social epidemiology is a sub-discipline of epidemiology explicitly investigating social determinants of population distributions of health, disease, and well-being. Persistent pattern of social inequalities in health in spite of the broad improvement in the physical environment over the last centuries necessitated the development of this field as an approach to understand disease etiology that incorporates social experiences as more direct determinant of health. Social epidemiology incorporates theories, measurement tools, and techniques from a wide variety of other social sciences. A population perspective, the social context of behavior, contextual multilevel analysis, a developmental and life-course perspective, and general susceptibility to disease are the most important guiding concepts in social epidemiology.
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