Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

Assessing Hospital Surgical Functions in Korea: A Functional Analysis Using the Disease Control Priorities, 3rd Edition Essential Surgery List (2013-2022): Haibin Bai, Jin-Hwan Kim, Yukyung Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(6):635-646. Published online September 23, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.407

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
Korea has achieved near-universal health coverage through a predominantly privatized healthcare system. However, this structural fragmentation has created significant ambiguity regarding the roles of different healthcare organizations, particularly in ensuring equitable provision of essential surgical services across geographic and institutional boundaries.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective study using the full national health insurance claims database provided by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (2013-2022). Essential surgical procedures from the Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition Essential Surgery List were mapped to insurance claims codes, and their provision was analyzed across healthcare facilities and regions. Functional capacity was defined using minimum annual volume thresholds of 12, 24, 60, and 120 procedures.
Results
Essential surgery more than doubled between 2013 and 2022, increasing from 2.79 million to nearly 6 million cases. Superior general hospitals and general hospitals consistently delivered high volumes of essential surgeries, while hospital-level facilities experienced marked functional decline, particularly in obstetric services. We observed increasing centralization of surgical services in higher-tier and metropolitan facilities, alongside selective decentralization for lower-risk procedures such as cataract surgery. Regional disparities were especially pronounced for obstetric care.
Conclusions
Functional capacity for essential surgery remains highly uneven across hospitals and regions, undermining equitable access. Policy efforts should focus on strengthening lower-tier hospitals in underserved areas and implementing minimum functionality standards tailored to local needs. Clarifying institutional roles within Korea’s mixed healthcare system is essential to improving accountability and ensuring equitable distribution of essential surgical services.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 DCP3 Essential Surgery List를 한국의 건강보험 청구자료(2013–2022)에 적용하여 필수수술 제공기관의 기능적 변화를 평가하였다. 전체 필수수술 건수는 크게 증가했음에도 불구하고 이를 제공하는 의료기관 수는 지속적으로 감소하며 지역 간 격차도 확대되고 있었다. 필수수술 접근성을 강화하기 위해서는 우선 의료기관 수준별로 제공해야 할 필수 기능을 명확히 규정하는 정책적 가이드가 필요하며, 이를 기반으로 지역 단위의 종합병원·병원급 기능을 지속적으로 모니터링하고 관리하는 체계를 마련해야 한다.

Key Message
This study applies the DCP3 Essential Surgery List to South Korea’s national health insurance claims data (2013–2022) and shows that, despite a substantial rise in essential surgery volumes, the number of institutions providing these procedures has declined, widening regional disparities. Strengthening access to essential surgery requires first establishing clear guidance on the functions expected at each level of care, followed by systematic monitoring to ensure that general and hospital-level facilities maintain the capacity to deliver these core services. Such a combined approach is critical for securing equitable and regionally sustained surgical access.

Relationship Between Social Isolation, Seclusion, and Suicidal Ideation Among Young Adults: An Analysis of Data From the 2022 Survey on the Lives of Young People in Korea: Jiwon Shin, Hyun Yang, Mu Won Lee, Hae Yean Park, Suyeong Bae; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(5):496-504. Published online May 8, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.792

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the current status of social isolation and seclusion among young adults in Korea and to analyze their association with suicide risk.
Methods
We utilized data from 14 966 young adults aged 19-34 years from the 2022 Survey on the Lives of Young People. Social isolation and seclusion were defined as independent variables, and suicidal ideation within the past year was set as the dependent variable. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to reduce the risk of selection bias, and logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the associations between social isolation, seclusion, and suicidal ideation.
Results
Of the participants, 266 individuals (1.8%) were socially isolated, and 67 individuals (0.5%) were secluded. Associations were observed between social isolation and suicidal ideation (population-weighted adjusted model: odds ratio [OR], 2.43, p=0.003; population-weighted PSM model: OR, 2.03, p=0.037), as well as between seclusion and suicidal ideation (population-weighted adjusted model: OR, 4.15, p=0.004; population-weighted PSM model: OR, 3.87, p=0.010) across all models.
Conclusions
Being socially isolated or secluded is associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation among young adults aged 19-34 years. Preventive policies and tailored support systems are urgently needed to address these risks. This study contributes to the development of specific policies for mitigating social isolation and supporting the reintegration of young adults aged 19-34 years into society.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 2022년 청년 삶 실태조사 원자료를 이용하여 한국 청년의 사회적 고립·은둔과 자살 생각의 연관성을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 사회적으로 고립되거나 은둔하는 청년은 그렇지 않은 청년에 비해 자살 생각을 할 위험이 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 고립·은둔 청년들의 자살 위험성을 확인하고, 이들의 사회 재통합을 돕기 위한 예방적 정책과 맞춤형 지원 시스템 마련이 시급함을 시사한다.

Key Message
Using data from the 2022 Survey on the Lives of Young People, this study demonstrates that young adults (aged 19-34) in Korea experiencing social isolation or seclusion face a significantly increased risk of suicidal ideation. These findings identify socially isolated and secluded young people as a critical high-risk group for suicide. This underscores the urgent need for proactive public health policies and tailored support systems to prevent suicide by addressing social isolation and seclusion and promoting societal reintegration among this vulnerable population.

Longitudinal Effects of Life Satisfaction on Smoking Status of Korean Adult Men: Baksun Sung; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(4):388-395. Published online April 21, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.664

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
The prevalence of smoking among adult men remains high in Korea. Additionally, life satisfaction can influence health behaviors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the longitudinal effects of life satisfaction on smoking status among Korean adult men.
Methods
This study utilized panel data from wave 1 (2005) to wave 12 (2016) of the Korea Welfare Panel Study. Life satisfaction was measured using 8 variables, representing satisfaction with leisure, social relations, family relations, health, job, family income, residential environment, and overall life. A Cox proportional hazards model was employed to assess the causal relationship between life satisfaction and smoking status.
Results
Over the 11-year follow-up period, improved leisure satisfaction was associated with a decreased hazard of smoking (hazard ratio [HR], 0.83; p<0.01). In contrast, greater satisfaction with social relations was linked to an increased hazard (HR, 1.23; p<0.05). Improved satisfaction with family relations was associated with a decreased hazard of smoking (HR, 0.84; p<0.05).
Conclusions
Certain life satisfaction variables appear to influence the incidence of smoking among Korean adult men.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 한국복지패널(2005년-2016년)을 이용해서 20세 ~ 64세 한국 성인 남성들의 삶의 만족도가 흡연여부에 미치는 종단적 효과를 분석하였다. 11년 동안 추적조사 한 결과, 다양한 삶의 만족도 변수들에 따라 흡연위험이 다르다는 것이 확인되었다. 구체적으로, 여가생활 만족도 또는 가족관계 만족도가 개선되면 흡연위험이 감소하였다. 대조적으로, 사회관계 만족도가 개선되면 흡연위험이 증가하였다. 이러한 인과관계들은 한국의 사회문화적 요소들과 얽혀 있는 것으로 추정된다.

Key Message
This longitudinal study's results demonstrated that over the 11-year follow-up period (2005-2016), the risk of smoking varied between different types of life satisfaction among Korean adult men (aged 20-64 years). Specifically, the risk of smoking decreased as satisfaction with leisure or family relations improved. In contrast, the risk of smoking increased as social relations satisfaction improved. Socio-cultural factors appear intertwined with these causal relationships.

Assessing COVID-19 Vulnerability Among HIV-positive Men Who Have Sex With Men in Korea: The Role of Vaccination and Sexual Behaviors: Minsoo Jung; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(4):370-378. Published online June 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.196

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
Comorbidities increase susceptibility to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, but limited information has been published regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and COVID-19 co-infections. This study explored the relationships among socioeconomic characteristics, sexual behaviors, and COVID-19 infection rates among Korean men who have sex with men (MSM) who are also living with HIV.
Methods
Data were collected through a web survey aimed at members of the largest gay portal site in Korea, supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (n=1005). The primary independent variables included COVID-19-related vaccinations and sexual behaviors. The dependent variable was the incidence of COVID-19 infection among respondents during the pandemic. For statistical analysis, hierarchical multiple logistic regression was performed, controlling for potential confounding variables.
Results
Model I indicated that older MSM were less likely to contract COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96 to 0.99). Model II demonstrated that HIV-positive MSM were nearly twice as likely to be infected with COVID-19 compared to their HIV-negative counterparts (aOR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.14 to 3.41). Furthermore, even after accounting for COVID-19 vaccination status in model III, HIV-positive MSM continued to show a higher risk of infection (aOR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.12 to 3.35).
Conclusions
The findings of this study indicate that HIV-positive MSM are at an increased risk of contracting COVID-19, even when their vaccination status is considered. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize the prevention of COVID-19 infections in HIV-positive individuals by administering appropriate antiretroviral therapy and ensuring adherence to public health guidelines.; Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 한국의 HIV 양성인 남성 동성애자(MSM)가 코로나-19 백신접종을 했어도 HIV 음성인 MSM에 비하여 COVID-19에 감염될 위험이 더 높다는 것을 보여주었다. 이러한 결과는 항레트로바이러스 요법의 준수나 촉진과 더불어 이들 취약 계층을 위한 COVID-19 예방조치 강화와 맞춤형 공중보건 전략의 필요성을 강조한다.

Key Message
This study found that HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in Korea are at a heightened risk of contracting COVID-19 compared to HIV-negative individuals, even when vaccination status is accounted for. This finding underscore the necessity of targeted public health strategies, including the promotion of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and the reinforcement of COVID-19 prevention measures for this vulnerable population.

Mortality Burden Due to Short-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in Korea: Jongmin Oh, Youn-Hee Lim, Changwoo Han, Dong-Wook Lee, Jisun Myung, Yun-Chul Hong, Soontae Kim, Hyun-Joo Bae; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(2):185-196. Published online March 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.514

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Excess mortality associated with long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) has been documented. However, research on the disease burden following short-term exposure is scarce. We investigated the cause-specific mortality burden of short-term exposure to PM_2.5 by considering the potential non-linear concentration–response relationship in Korea.
Methods
Daily cause-specific mortality rates and PM_2.5 exposure levels from 2010 to 2019 were collected for 8 Korean cities and 9 provinces. A generalized additive mixed model was employed to estimate the non-linear relationship between PM_2.5 exposure and cause-specific mortality levels. We assumed no detrimental health effects of PM_2.5 concentrations below 15 μg/m³. Overall deaths attributable to short-term PM_2.5 exposure were estimated by summing the daily numbers of excess deaths associated with ambient PM_2.5 exposure.
Results
Of the 2 749 704 recorded deaths, 2 453 686 (89.2%) were non-accidental, 591 267 (21.5%) were cardiovascular, and 141 066 (5.1%) were respiratory in nature. A non-linear relationship was observed between all-cause mortality and exposure to PM_2.5 at lag0, whereas linear associations were evident for cause-specific mortalities. Overall, 10 814 all-cause, 7855 non-accidental, 1642 cardiovascular, and 708 respiratory deaths were attributed to short-term exposure to PM_2.5. The estimated number of all-cause excess deaths due to short-term PM_2.5 exposure in 2019 was 1039 (95% confidence interval, 604 to 1472).
Conclusions
Our findings indicate an association between short-term PM_2.5 exposure and various mortality rates (all-cause, non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory) in Korea over the period from 2010 to 2019. Consequently, action plans should be developed to reduce deaths attributable to short-term exposure to PM_2.5.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 2010~2019년 한국의 초미세먼지 단기 노출로 인한 사망 부담을 추정하였으며 2010~2019년간, 초미세먼지 단기노출로 인한 전체원인 사망은 10,814명, 비사고 사망은 7,855명, 심혈관 사망은 1,642명, 호흡기 사망은 708명으로 추정하였다. 본 연구 결과는 대기오염 관리, 규제, 정책 수립에 있어 도움을 줄 것으로 예상한다.

Key Message
- We estimated mortality burden attributable to short-term exposure to PM 2.5 in Korea from 2010 to 2019 - Over the 10-years study period, the estimated excess deaths due to short-term exposure to PM 2.5 totaled 10,814 for all-causes, 7,855 for non-accidental, 1,642 for cardiovascular disease, and 708 for respiratory disease. - Our findings can assist in air pollution management, regulation, and policy-making.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Wintertime Trends of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in South Korea, 2012–2022: Response of Nitrate and Organic Components to Decreasing NOx Emissions
Drew C. Pendergrass, Daniel J. Jacob, Yujin J. Oak, Ruijun Dang, Laura Hyesung Yang, Ellie Beaudry, Nadia K. Colombi, Shixian Zhai, Hwajin Kim, Jin‐soo Choi, Jin‐soo Park, Soontae Kim, Ke Li, Hong Liao
Geophysical Research Letters.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of PM2.5 and particle constituents on overall, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality in Seoul
Oh Beom Kwon, Eun Ju Lee, Myoung Nam Lim, Young Ji Han, Jun Young Ahn, Hye Jung Shin, Jung Min Park, Jeeyoung Kim, Woo Jin Kim
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Trends in Research on Patients With COVID-19 in Korean Medical Journals: Heejeong Choi, Seunggwan Song, Heesang Ahn, Hyobean Yang, Hyeonseong Lim, Yohan Park, Juhyun Kim, Hongju Yong, Minseok Yoon, Mi Ah Han; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(1):47-54. Published online January 17, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.254

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study was conducted to systematically summarize trends in research concerning patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as reported in Korean medical journals.
Methods
We performed a literature search of KoreaMed from January 2020 to September 2022. We included only primary studies of patients with COVID-19. Two reviewers screened titles and abstracts, then performed full-text screening, both independently and in duplicate. We first identified the 5 journals with the greatest numbers of eligible publications, then extracted data pertaining to the general characteristics, study population attributes, and research features of papers published in these journals.
Results
Our analysis encompassed 142 primary studies. Of these, approximately 41.0% reported a funding source, while 3.5% disclosed a conflict of interest. In 2020, 42.9% of studies included fewer than 10 participants; however, by 2022, the proportion of studies with over 200 participants had increased to 40.6%. The most common design was the cohort study (48.6%), followed by case reports/series (35.2%). Only 3 randomized controlled trials were identified. Studies most frequently focused on prognosis (58.5%), followed by therapy/intervention (20.4%). Regarding the type of intervention/exposure, therapeutic clinical interventions comprised 26.1%, while studies of morbidity accounted for 13.4%. As for the outcomes measured, 50.7% of studies assessed symptoms/clinical status/improvement, and 14.1% evaluated mortality.
Conclusions
Employing a systematic approach, we examined the characteristics of research involving patients with COVID-19 that was published in Korean medical journals from 2020 onward. Subsequent research should assess not only publication trends over a longer timeframe but also the quality of evidence provided.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 2020년 이후 국내 의학저널에 보고된 코로나19 환자를 대상으로 진행된 연구의 특성을 체계적 방법론을 통해 살펴보았다. 142개 연구 중 5개는 국제 연구자들과 협력했으며 약 50%가 자금 지원에 관해 보고하였으며, 2022년에는 2020년에 비해 대규모 환자 코호트를 포함하는 연구 수가 증가하였다. 연구의 약 20%는 약물 치료와 같은 개입의 영향을 평가하였으며, 향후 연구에서는 장기간에 걸친 연구 경향 뿐만 아니라 연구의 질도 평가해야 할 것이다.

Key Message
This study employed a systematic approach to examine the characteristics of research conducted among patients with COVID-19, as reported in Korean medical journals from 2020 onward. Of 142 studies, 5 involved collaborations with international researchers, and approximately 50% made any declaration regarding funding, and By 2022, an increase was evident in the number of studies that included a large patient cohort relative to the year 2020. Roughly 20% of the studies assessed the impact of interventions, such as pharmaceutical treatments, and further research should assess not only publication trends over a longer timeframe but also the quality of evidence provided.

Behavioral Predictors Associated With COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Korea: Minsoo Jung; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(1):28-36. Published online November 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.381

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
This study investigated the impact of socioeconomic factors and sexual orientation-related attributes on the rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and infection among men who have sex with men (MSM).
Methods
A web-based survey, supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea, was conducted among paying members of the leading online portal for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer and questioning (LGBTQ+) community in Korea. The study participants were MSM living in Korea (n=942). COVID-19 vaccination and infection were considered dependent variables, while sexual orientation-related characteristics and adherence to non-pharmacological intervention (NPI) practices served as primary independent variables. To ensure analytical precision, nested logistic regression analyses were employed. These were further refined by dividing respondents into 4 categories based on sexual orientation and disclosure (or “coming-out”) status.
Results
Among MSM, no definitive association was found between COVID-19 vaccination status and factors such as socioeconomic or sexual orientation-related attributes (with the latter including human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] status, sexual orientation, and disclosure experience). However, key determinants influencing COVID-19 infection were identified. Notably, people living with HIV (PLWH) exhibited a statistically significant predisposition towards COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, greater adherence to NPI practices among MSM corresponded to a lower likelihood of COVID-19 infection.
Conclusions
This study underscores the high susceptibility to COVID-19 among PLWH within the LGBTQ+ community relative to their healthy MSM counterparts. Consequently, it is crucial to advocate for tailored preventive strategies, including robust NPIs, to protect these at-risk groups. Such measures are essential in reducing the disparities that may emerge in a post–COVID-19 environment.

Summary

Korean summary
한국에서 남성 동성애자의 코로나-19 예방접종과 그들의 사회경제적 지위 또는 성적 지향과 관련된 요인 사이에는 명확한 연관성이 없었지만, HIV에 감염된 남성 동성애자는 코로나-19의 감염 위험이 유의미하게 높았다. 또한, 남성 동성애자의 비약물적 중재 실천율이 높을수록 그들의 코로나-19 감염 가능성은 감소하는 경향이 있었다. 이 연구는 LGBTQ+ 커뮤니티 내의 HIV 양성 동성애자와 같은 취약한 집단을 보호하고 포스트 코로나-19 환경에서 성 소수자 간의 건강 격차를 줄이기 위한 강력한 맞춤형 예방 전략의 필요성을 강조한다.

Key Message
While there were no clear associations between COVID-19 vaccination and socioeconomic or sexual orientation-related factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Korea, individuals living with HIV (PLWH) had a significantly higher risk of COVID-19 infection. Additionally, greater adherence to non-pharmacological intervention (NPI) practices was linked to a reduced likelihood of COVID-19 infection among MSM. This study emphasizes the need for tailored preventive strategies, including robust NPIs, to protect at-risk groups like PLWH within the LGBTQ+ community and reduce health disparities in a post-COVID-19 environment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Health of Korean sexual and gender minorities: a narrative review of quantitative studies
Heesung So, Ssirai Kim, Sun Young Lee
The Ewha Medical Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessing COVID-19 Vulnerability Among HIV-positive Men Who Have Sex With Men in Korea: The Role of Vaccination and Sexual Behaviors
Minsoo Jung
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(4): 370. CrossRef

Special Article

Updating Korean Disability Weights for Causes of Disease: Adopting an Add-on Study Method: Dasom Im, Noor Afif Mahmudah, Seok-Jun Yoon, Young-Eun Kim, Don-Hyung Lee, Yeon-hee Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Minsu Ock; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(4):291-302. Published online June 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.192

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Disability weights require regular updates, as they are influenced by both diseases and societal perceptions. Consequently, it is necessary to develop an up-to-date list of the causes of diseases and establish a survey panel for estimating disability weights. Accordingly, this study was conducted to calculate, assess, modify, and validate disability weights suitable for Korea, accounting for its cultural and social characteristics.
Methods
The 380 causes of disease used in the survey were derived from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network and from 2019 and 2020 Korean studies on disability weights for causes of disease. Disability weights were reanalyzed by integrating the findings of an earlier survey on disability weights in Korea with those of the additional survey conducted in this study. The responses were transformed into paired comparisons and analyzed using probit regression analysis. Coefficients for the causes of disease were converted into predicted probabilities, and disability weights in 2 models (model 1 and 2) were rescaled using a normal distribution and the natural logarithm, respectively.
Results
The mean values for the 380 causes of disease in models 1 and 2 were 0.488 and 0.369, respectively. Both models exhibited the same order of disability weights. The disability weights for the 300 causes of disease present in both the current and 2019 studies demonstrated a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.994 (p=0.001 for both models). This study presents a detailed add-on approach for calculating disability weights.
Conclusions
This method can be employed in other countries to obtain timely disability weight estimations.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구에서는 장애보정생존연수의 산출 방법론 중 발생률 기반 접근법을 이용하여 질병부담 산출에 활용할 질병원인에 대한 장애가중치를 산출하고 한국의 문화사회적 특징을 고려하여 이에 대한 타당성을 검증하였다. 특히, 지난 연구에서 활용한 질병원인에 대한 장애가중치 결과값을 add-on study 방법으로 활용하여 장애가중치를 개정하였다. 이번 연구에서 수행한 add-on study 방법을 활용하여 장애가중치 값을 산출할 경우 다수의 전문가의 누적된 의견을 기반으로 장애가중치를 안정적으로 개정하여 특정 질병원인의 장애보정생존연수를 보다 정확하게 산출할 수 있게 될 것이다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Trends in Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) and Disparities by Income and Region in Korea (2008–2020): Analysis of a Nationwide Claims Database
Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Measuring the Burden of Disease in Korea Using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (2008–2020)
Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Korean National Burden of Disease: The Importance of Diabetes Management
Chung-Nyun Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(4): 518. CrossRef
Newly estimated disability weights for 196 health states in Hubei Province, China
Mengge Zhou, Lan Zhang, Tianjing He, Shuzhen Zhu, Yumeng Tang, Qian Li, Miaoyan Shen, Jingju Pan
Population Health Metrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Article

Evaluation of the Public Health Emergency Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Daegu, Korea During the First Half of 2020: Hwajin Lee, Keon-Yeop Kim, Jong-Yeon Kim, Sin Kam, Kyeong Soo Lee, Jung Jeung Lee, Nam Soo Hong, Tae-Yoon Hwang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(4):360-370. Published online June 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.068

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study evaluated the response in Daegu, Korea to the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic according to a public health emergency response model.
Methods
After an examination of the official data reported by the city of Daegu and the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as a literature review and advisory meetings, we chose a response model. Daegu’s responses were organized into 4 phases and evaluated by applying the response model.
Results
In phase 1, efforts were made to block further transmission of the virus through preemptive testing of a religious group. In phase 2, efforts were concentrated on responding to mass infections in high-risk facilities. Phase 3 involved a transition from a high-intensity social distancing campaign to a citizen participation–based quarantine system. The evaluation using the response model revealed insufficient systematic preparation for a medical surge. In addition, an incorporated health-related management system and protection measures for responders were absent. Nevertheless, the city encouraged the participation of private hospitals and developed a severity classification system. Citizens also played active roles in the pandemic response by practicing social distancing.
Conclusions
This study employed the response model to evaluate the early response in Daegu to the COVID-19 pandemic and revealed areas in need of improvement or maintenance. Based on the study results, creation of a systematic model is necessary to prepare for and respond to future public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 공중보건 위기대응 모형을 적용하여 코로나19 1차 유행에 대한 대구시의 대응을 평가하였습니다. 모형의 세부적 요소인 15개 역량에 따른 평가 결과, 대구의 대응에서 개선 또는 유지해야 할 영역들이 확인되었습니다. 이 결과를 바탕으로, 한국형 공중보건 위기대응 모형을 체계적으로 구축해야 할 것입니다.

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Min Hyung Cho, Young Suk Shim, Hae Sang Lee
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2025; 30(1): 25. CrossRef
Factors influencing psychological concerns about COVID-19 in South Korea: direct and indirect damage during the early stages of pandemic
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BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimation of the Effectiveness of a Tighter, Reinforced Quarantine for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: Analysis of the Third Wave in South Korea
Marn Joon Park, Ji Ho Choi, Jae Hoon Cho
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2023; 13(3): 402. CrossRef

Special Articles

Perceptions of the General Public About Health-related Quality of Life and the EQ-5D Questionnaire: A Qualitative Study in Korea: Minsu Ock, Jeehee Pyo, Min-Woo Jo, Michael Herdman, Nan Luo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(3):213-225. Published online May 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.151

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate how members of the general public in Korea interpret the concept of health, and which dimensions of health are most important to them. We also explored their perceptions of the EuroQoL 5-Dimension (EQ-5D), including the EuroQoL visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS).
Methods
We conducted face-to-face, in-depth interviews with 20 individuals from the general population, using a semi-structured interview guide. Content analysis was performed with verbatim transcripts and field notes to identify codes and categorize them according to their similarities and associations.
Results
In total, 734 different codes were derived and classified into 4 categories. Participants cited the importance of both the mental and physical aspects of health, although they emphasized that the physical aspects appeared to play a larger role in their conceptualization of health. Participants noted that the EQ-5D has the advantage of being composed of 5 dimensions that are simple and contain both physical and mental areas necessary to describe health. However, some of them mentioned the need to add more dimensions of mental health and social health. Participants showed great satisfaction with the visually well-presented EQ-VAS. However, participants opined that the EQ-VAS scores might not be comparable across respondents because of different ways of responding to the scale.
Conclusions
While physical health is a fundamental aspect of health, mental and social aspects are also important to Koreans. The content of the EQ-5D broadly matched the attributes of health considered important by Koreans.

Summary

Korean summary
이번 연구에서는 질적 연구 방법론을 활용하여 한국인이 건강을 이해하고 개념화하는 방법과 건강의 어떤 차원을 중요하게 여기는지 살펴보면서 EQ-5D에 대한 인식을 살펴보았다. 이번 연구를 통하여 EQ-5D와 EQ VAS가 전반적으로 한국인의 건강 관련 삶의 질을 잘 측정할 수 있지만, 정신적 및 사회적 측면에 대한 항목을 추가하면 한국인의 건강 관련 삶의 질을 더 잘 반영할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

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Sedat Ozdemir, Aynur Ekren Cakici, İbrahim Bilir
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Measuring Trends in the Socioeconomic Burden of Disease in Korea, 2007-2015: Tae Eung Kim, Ru-Gyeom Lee, So-Youn Park, In-Hwan Oh; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(1):19-27. Published online January 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.594

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This study estimated the direct and indirect socioeconomic costs of 238 diseases and 22 injuries from a social perspective in Korea from 2007 to 2015. The socioeconomic cost of each disease group was calculated based on the Korean Standard Disease Classification System. Direct costs were estimated using health insurance claims data provided by the National Health Insurance Service. The numbers of outpatients and inpatients with the main diagnostic codes for each disease were selected as a proxy indicator for estimating patients’ medical use behavior by disease. The economic burden of disease from 2007 to 2015 showed an approximately 20% increase in total costs. From 2007 to 2015, communicable diseases (including infectious, maternal, pediatric, and nutritional diseases) accounted for 8.9-12.2% of the socioeconomic burden, while non-infectious diseases accounted for 65.7-70.7% and injuries accounted for 19.1-22.8%. The top 5 diseases in terms of the socioeconomic burden were self-harm (which took the top spot for 8 years), followed by cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, ischemic heart disease, and upper respiratory infections in 2007. Since 2010, the economic burden of conditions such as low back pain, falls, and acute bronchitis has been included in this ranking. This study expanded the scope of calculating the burden of disease at the national level by calculating the burden of disease in Koreans by gender and disease. These findings can be used as indicators of health equality and as useful data for establishing community-centered (or customized) health promotion policies, projects, and national health policy goals.

Summary

Korean summary
2007년에서 2015년 기간의 건강보험 자료 등을 이용하여, 해당기간의 경제적 질병부담을 측정하였으며, 해당 기간동안 경제적 질병부담은 20%의 증가를 나타내었다. 동 기간동안 비감염성 질환의 경제적 질병부담의 비율은 약 70%로 나타났으며, 감염성 질환은 약 10%, 손상은 20%로 나타났다. 한편 개별 질병군 기준으로는 자살을 포함한 자해가 1위를 차지한 해가 가장 많았다.

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Time Trend Analysis of Comorbidities in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Population-Based Study from 53,142 Hospitalizations in Poland
Katarzyna Helon, Małgorzata Wisłowska, Krzysztof Kanecki, Paweł Goryński, Aneta Nitsch-Osuch, Krzysztof Bonek
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(2): 602. CrossRef
Association between accelerometer-derived physical activity and depression: a cross-sectional study using isotemporal substitution analysis
Jungmi Park, Hee-Kyoung Nam, Sung-Il Cho
BMJ Open.2024; 14(4): e078199. CrossRef
Socioeconomic disparities and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases: A nationwide cross-sectional study
Ji Woong Roh, SungA Bae, Moon-Hyun Kim, Je-Wook Park, Seok-Jae Heo, Minkwan Kim, Oh-Hyun Lee, Yongcheol Kim, Eui Im, Jae-Sun Uhm, In Hyun Jung, Deok-Kyu Cho, Donghoon Choi
Journal of Global Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment and nonsurgical management of low back pain: a narrative review
Sung Cheol Park, Min-Seok Kang, Jae Hyuk Yang, Tae-Hoon Kim
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2023; 38(1): 16. CrossRef
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Wonbin Choi, Hyunji Koo, Kyeong Hye Jeong, Eunyoung Kim, Seung-Hun You, Min-Taek Lee, Sun-Young Jung
Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy.2023; 33(3): 168. CrossRef
Effects of a Senior Musical Program on the Physical Function and Cognitive Abilities of Older Women in the Community
Byeong-Soo Kim, Ji-Youn Kim, Sam-Ho Park, Myung-Mo Lee
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Estimated trends in hospitalizations due to occupational injuries in Korea based on the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey (2006-2019)
Seong-Uk Baek, Won-Tae Lee, Min-Seok Kim, Myeong-Hun Lim, Jin-Ha Yoon
Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023042. CrossRef

COVID-19: Original Article

Associations Between Compliance With Non-pharmaceutical Interventions and Social-distancing Policies in Korea During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Yu Seong Hwang, Heui Sug Jo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(4):230-237. Published online June 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.139

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study explored changes in individuals’ behavior in response to social distancing (SD) levels and the “no gatherings of more than 5 people” (NGM5) rule in Korea during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
Methods
Using survey data from the COVID-19 Behavior Tracker, exploratory factor analysis extracted 3 preventive factors: maintenance of personal hygiene, avoiding going out, and avoiding meeting people. Each factor was used as a dependent variable. The chi-square test was used to compare differences in distributions between categorical variables, while binary logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with high compliance with measures to prevent transmission.
Results
In men, all 3 factors were significantly associated with lower compliance. Younger age groups were associated with lower compliance with maintenance of personal hygiene and avoiding meeting people. Employment status was significantly associated with avoiding going out and avoiding meeting people. Residence in the capital area was significantly associated with higher compliance with personal hygiene and avoiding venturing out. Increasing SD levels were associated with personal hygiene, avoiding going out, and avoiding meeting people. The NGM5 policy was not significantly associated with compliance.
Conclusions
SD levels, gender, age, employment status, and region had explanatory power for compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Strengthening social campaigns to inspire voluntary compliance with NPIs, especially focused on men, younger people, full-time workers, and residents of the capital area is recommended. Simultaneously, efforts need to be made to segment SD measures into substrategies with detailed guidance at each level.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구에서는 대한민국 정부가 COVID-19 방역 정책으로 시행한 ‘사회적 거리두기 단계 조절’과 ‘5인 이상 집합 금지 조치’에 대한 개인의 순응도를 파악하였다. 이를 위해 영국 임페리얼 대학이 2020년 4월부터 2021년 4월까지 24회에 걸쳐 한국인 총 13,300명에게 개인 행동을 조사한 공개 데이터를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 더 높은 수준의 사회적 거리두기 단계 – 특히 다중이용시설들이 폐쇄되는 2.5 단계 -에서 비약물적 중재 조치의 순응도와 더 강한 상관관계를 보였다. 그러나 5인 이상 집합금지는 순응도와 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않아 사람들이 모임 인원을 제한할 뿐 지속적으로 모임을 하는 것으로 해석된다. 연령, 성별, 직업 구분, 거주지와 같은 인구-사회학적 특성들이 순응도에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으므로, 낮은 순응도를 보이는 인구집단의 순응도를 고취시킬 수 있도록 세부적인 전략 (예: 재택근무, 온라인회의, 온라인 수업 권장 등)이 필요하다.

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Gill Hubbard, Chantal den Daas, Marie Johnston, Jennifer Dunsmore, Mona Maier, Rob Polson, Diane Dixon
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Chieh Cheng, Wei-Ming Jiang, Byron Fan, Yu-Chieh Cheng, Ya-Ting Hsu, Hsiao-Yu Wu, Hsiao-Han Chang, Hsiao-Hui Tsou
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Unequal Effects of Social Distancing Policy on Subway Ridership during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Seoul, South Korea
Jaeyoung Ha, Suyoung Jo, Hee-kyoung Nam, Sung-il Cho
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Hae-ryoung Chun, Kyuhyun Yoon, Hana Kim, Eunsil Cheon, Jaeyoung Ha, Sangwoo Tak, Sung-il Cho
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Climate Change: Review

Research Trends in Agenda-setting for Climate Change Adaptation Policy in the Public Health Sector in Korea: Su-Mi Chae, Daeeun Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(1):3-14. Published online January 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.326

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Many studies have been conducted to assess the health effects of climate change in Korea. However, there has been a lack of consideration regarding how the results of these studies can be applied to relevant policies. The current study aims to examine research trends at the agenda-setting stage and to review future ways in which health-related adaptation to climate change can be addressed within national public health policy. A systematic review of previous studies of the health effects of climate change in Korea was conducted. Many studies have evaluated the effect of ambient temperature on health. A large number of studies have examined the effects on deaths and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, but a limitation of these studies is that it is difficult to apply their findings to climate change adaptation policy in the health sector. Many infectious disease studies were also identified, but these mainly focused on malaria. Regarding climate change-related factors other than ambient temperature, studies of the health effects of these factors (with the exception of air pollution) are limited. In Korea, it can be concluded that studies conducted as part of the agenda-setting stage are insufficient, both because studies on the health effects of climate change have not ventured beyond defining the problem and because health adaptation to climate change has not been set as an important agenda item. In the future, the sharing and development of relevant databases is necessary. In addition, the priority of agenda items should be determined as part of a government initiative.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 한국에서 수행된 기후변화에 따른 건강영향 연구의 동향을 살펴봄으써, 기후변화 건강 적응이 보건 정책의 어젠다로 자리 잡기 위한 연구 방향을 검토했다. 향후 국가는 기후변화 적응을 위한 우선순위 건강 문제를 검토해야 하며, 관련된 연구의 양과 질을 확보해 국가 전략의 기초가 될 수 있도록 해야 한다.

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Agenda setting for contraceptive access: applying Kingdon’s framework to policy change
Collins Boateng Danquah, Munawar Harun Koray
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Y.T.Eunice Lo, Emily Vosper, Julian P.T. Higgins, Guy Howard
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Ho-Jang Kwon
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2020; 53(1): 1. CrossRef

Climate Change: Original Article

Association Between Air Conditioning Use and Self-reported Symptoms During the 2018 Heat Wave in Korea: Yong-Han Lee, Sanghyuk Bae, Seung-sik Hwang, Jong-Hun Kim, Kyoung-Nam Kim, Youn-Hee Lim, Miji Kim, Sohwa Jung, Ho-Jang Kwon; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(1):15-25. Published online November 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.171

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the health effects of air conditioning use during the 2018 heat wave in Korea, included the highest temperature ever recorded in the nation.
Methods
The participants in this study were 1000 adults aged 19 years and older recruited from across Korea. The participants were asked about their experience of symptoms of various diseases, disruptions of their daily lives, and use of air conditioning during the heat wave. The associations between air conditioning use during the heat wave and health outcomes were analyzed using the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression models.
Results
Among participants who lacked air conditioning in the main space where they spent time outside the home, 33.9%, 8.1%, 43.5%, and 19.4% experienced symptoms of heat-related, cardiovascular, nervous system diseases, and air-conditioningitis, respectively. In comparison, participants who did have air conditioning outside the home experienced the same symptoms at proportions of 21.0%, 1.9%, 26.8%, and 34.2%, respectively (p=0.027, 0.007, 0.007, and 0.023, respectively). Among participants who had no air conditioner at home, 10.0% were absent from school or work due to the heat wave. In contrast, among participants who had an air conditioner at home, only 3.7% were absent as a result of the heat wave (p=0.007).
Conclusions
When air conditioning was not used at home or in the main space where participants spent time outside the home during the 2018 heat wave, adverse health effects were more prevalent, but the risk of air-conditioningitis was reduced.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 한국 기상관측사상 가장 더웠던 2018년 한국의 폭염 기간 동안, 에어컨 사용이 건강에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 가정 외 주 생활공간에 에어컨이 가동되지 않거나 가정에 에어컨이 없으면 폭염 기간 동안의 건강 및 일상생활에 좋지 않은 영향을 줄 수 있으나, 냉방병 위험은 낮아질 수 있다.

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Original Articles

Comparison of Trends in Blood Pressure and the Prevalence of Obesity Among Korean and American Adolescents: A 12-Years Cross-sectional Study: Somi Heo, Seyoung Kwon, Yu-Mi Lee, Ji-Yeon Shin, Duk-Hee Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(1):45-55. Published online November 20, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.198

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study was conducted to explore recent trends in the prevalence of pediatric elevated blood pressure and hypertension (HTN) in Korea and the United States, applying the new HTN reference values for adolescents.
Methods
This study analyzed 17 339 (8755 Korean and 8584 American) adolescents aged 10 to 17 who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, respectively, between 2005 and 2016. HTN was defined using percentile-based reference values for non-overweight adolescents from 7 nations, and obesity was defined by body mass index (BMI) based on country-specific growth charts. All analyses were stratified by sex and year-over-year changes were evaluated by calculating the p for trend.
Results
Systolic blood pressure showed a statistically meaningful upward trend in Korean boys and girls, while diastolic blood pressure did not show any significant changes. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels declined among United States boys and girls. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure and HTN remained similar in Korean adolescents, but declined in both sexes among United States adolescents. BMI increased in both sexes among Korean adolescents, although the overweight and obesity rates stayed the same. No significant trends were found in any obesity indices among United States adolescents. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure and HTN by obesity level was higher among Korean adolescents than among their United States peers in both sexes, and the gap became higher at more severe levels of obesity.
Conclusions
Despite the strong correlation between obesity and HTN, recent trends in the prevalence of HTN and obesity among Korean and United States adolescents were strikingly different. Follow-up studies are necessary to determine why the prevalence of HTN was more than twice as high among Korean adolescents than among their United States counterparts.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구에서는 새로운 소아청소년 고혈압 기준을 이용하여, 최근 한국과 미국 소아청소년들의 혈압 및 고혈압 유병률의 변화 추이를 비교하였다. 비만과 고혈압간의 높은 관련성에도 불구하고 한국과 미국 소아청소년의 고혈압 유병률과 비만율은 서로 다른 변화 추이를 나타내었으며, 고혈압 발생에 있어서 한국 소아청소년들이 미국 소아청소년들보다 비만에 더 취약할 가능성을 나타내고 있어 이에 관한 후속연구가 필요하다.

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The Effect of Prenatal Cadmium Exposure on Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in 6-Year-old Children in Korea: Woosung Kim, Yoonyoung Jang, Youn-Hee Lim, Bung-Nyun Kim, Choong Ho Shin, Young Ah Lee, Johanna Inhyang Kim, Yun-Chul Hong; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(1):29-36. Published online November 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.175

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Prenatal cadmium (Cd) exposure may be associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the relationship between Cd exposure during gestation and ADHD at 6 years of age.
Methods
As part of an ongoing cohort study (the Environment and Development of Children study), 479 mother-child pairs from Seoul, Korea were included for analysis between 2008 and 2011. The whole blood concentration of Cd was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The parents were surveyed about ADHD behaviors in their children at age 6. Multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the relationship between prenatal exposure to Cd and ADHD at 6 years of age.
Results
Increased prenatal Cd concentrations were associated with increased scores for ADHD for girls, but not for boys, at age 6. A 2-fold increase in the prenatal Cd level was significantly associated with a 22.3% (95% confidence interval, 11.6 to 34.1) increase in ADHD in girls at 6 years of age, as indicated by the linear regression model.
Conclusions
Our results identified significant associations between prenatal Cd exposure and ADHD scores in 6-year-old girls.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구의 목적은 산모와 아이의 코호트 추적조사 상 임신 중 혈중의 중금속 카드뮴 농도가 6세 아이의 주의력결핍 과잉행동 장애(ADHD)와 연관이 있는지를 확인하는 것이다. 자료원으로는 환경부와 식약처 지원 어린이 코호트인 환경노출과 어린이 성장 코호트 (EDC)를 이용하였다. 총 479쌍의 산모-아이 쌍을 대상으로 다변수 선형 회귀분석을 통해 연관성을 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 임신 중 산모의 혈중 카드뮴 농도가 2배 증가함에 따라 6세 여아의 한국어판 주의력결핍장애(ADHD) 평점척도 (K-ARS) 점수가 22.3% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

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Identifying Adverse Events Using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision Y Codes in Korea: A Cross-sectional Study: Minsu Ock, Hwa Jung Kim, Bomin Jeon, Ye-Jee Kim, Hyun Mi Ryu, Moo-Song Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(1):15-22. Published online January 4, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.118

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
The use of administrative data is an affordable alternative to conducting a difficult large-scale medical-record review to estimate the scale of adverse events. We identified adverse events from 2002 to 2013 on the national level in Korea, using International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD-10) Y codes.
Methods
We used data from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC). We relied on medical treatment databases to extract information on ICD-10 Y codes from each participant in the NHIS-NSC. We classified adverse events in the ICD-10 Y codes into 6 types: those related to drugs, transfusions, and fluids; those related to vaccines and immunoglobulin; those related to surgery and procedures; those related to infections; those related to devices; and others.
Results
Over 12 years, a total of 20 817 adverse events were identified using ICD-10 Y codes, and the estimated total adverse event rate was 0.20%. Between 2002 and 2013, the total number of such events increased by 131.3%, from 1366 in 2002 to 3159 in 2013. The total rate increased by 103.9%, from 0.17% in 2002 to 0.35% in 2013. Events related to drugs, transfusions, and fluids were the most common (19 446, 93.4%), followed by those related to surgery and procedures (1209, 5.8%) and those related to vaccines and immunoglobulin (72, 0.3%).
Conclusions
Based on a comparison with the results of other studies, the total adverse event rate in this study was significantly underestimated. Improving coding practices for ICD-10 Y codes is necessary to precisely monitor the scale of adverse events in Korea.

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High Level Physical Activity and Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2007-2013: Kyounghoon Park, Byung-Joo Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(5):320-327. Published online September 5, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.073

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