Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Article

Gender Inequalities in Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Population-based Study in Korea: Minku Kang, Sarah Yu, Seung-Ah Choe, Daseul Moon, Myung Ki, Byung Chul Chun; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(5):413-421. Published online August 19, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.170

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Objectives
This study explored the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on psychosocial stress in prime working-age individuals in Korea, focusing on gender inequalities. We hypothesized that the impact of COVID-19 on mental health would differ by age and gender, with younger women potentially demonstrating heightened vulnerability relative to men.
Methods
The study involved data from the Korea Community Health Survey and included 319 592 adults aged 30 years to 49 years. We employed log-binomial regression analysis, controlling for variables including age, education, employment status, marital status, and the presence of children. The study period included 3 phases: the period prior to the COVID-19 outbreak (pre–COVID-19), the early pandemic, and the period following the introduction of vaccinations (post-vaccination).
Results
The findings indicated that women were at a heightened risk of psychosocial stress during the early pandemic (relative risk [RR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 1.05) and post-vaccination period (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.10) compared to men. This pattern was prominent in urban women aged 30-34 years (pre–COVID-19: RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.10; early pandemic: RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.25; post-vaccination period, RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.31).
Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted unequal impacts on psychosocial stress among prime working-age individuals in Korea, with women, particularly those in urban areas, experiencing a heightened risk. The findings highlight the importance of addressing gender-specific needs and implementing appropriate interventions to mitigate the psychosocial consequences of the pandemic.

Summary

Korean summary
코로나19 대유행이 국내 경제활동인구의 정신건강에 미친 젠더화된 영향을 조사하였다. 연구대상자는 2017-2021년 지역사회건강조사 조사대상자 319,592명이다. 연구 결과, 대유행 이후 30-39세 연령대 여성의 스트레스 수준이 남성에 비하여 현저히 증가한 것으로 나타났으며, 사회적 거리두기를 엄격하게 시행하였던 도시 지역에서 이러한 경향이 두드러졌다. 이번 연구 결과는 대유행 대응 노력에서 취약 집단을 지원하기 위한 중재 정책의 필요성을 강조한다

Key Message
We investigate the gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the working-age population in Korea, focusing on ages 30-49, utilizing data from the Korea Community Health Survey (KCHS) from 2017 to 2021 including 319,592 participants. Findings reveal a notable increase in stress levels among women in the 30-39 age group after the pandemic compared to men, accentuating in urban areas with stringent social distancing measures. Our results underscore the necessity for intervention policies to support vulnerable groups in pandemic response efforts.

Citations

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Exploring the association between consultation themes and suicidal ideation: a gender-stratified analysis of Hangzhou Mental Health Hotline (2014-2023)
Deyuan Wu, Yating Wei, Qiuxia Chen, Xiaonv Fu, Haidong Song
BMC Psychiatry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Perspective

Gender in Climate Change: Safeguarding LGBTQ+ Mental Health in the Philippine Climate Change Response From a Minority Stress Perspective: Rowalt Alibudbud; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(2):196-199. Published online March 13, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.501

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Abstract PDF

Climate-related events unevenly affect society, worsening mental health disparities among vulnerable populations. This paper highlights that lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender, queers, and other individuals identifying as sexual and gender minorities (LGBTQ+) could be considered a climate-vulnerable population in the Philippines, one of the most climate-vulnerable countries. As such, this paper elucidated that LGBTQ+ Filipinos can be marginalized in climate response efforts due to their sexual orientation and gender minority identities. According to the minority stress theory, discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals may predispose them to mental health problems. Thus, there is a need to institute an LGBTQ+ inclusive mental health response for climate-related events to address discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals and uphold their mental health.

Summary

Citations

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Geopsychiatry and political determinants of mental health in the Philippines
Rowalt Alibudbud
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Sheri R. Levy, Meroona Gopang, Luisa Ramírez, Allan B. I. Bernardo, Martin D. Ruck, Anni Sternisko
Social Issues and Policy Review.2024; 18(1): 3. CrossRef
Improving LGBTQ+ mental health in Southeast Asia through social work: Insights from the Philippines
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International Review of Psychiatry.2024; : 1. CrossRef
A systematic review of mental health and climate change in the Philippines
Villarino Resti Tito, Hozhabri Kazem, Saint-Onge Kadia, Bernard Paquito
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Leveraging critical race theory to produce equitable climate change adaptation
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Original Articles

The Moderating Effect of Gender on the Relationship Between Self-neglect and Suicidal Ideation in Older Adults of Korea: Kyuhyoung Jeong, Daeyeon Jang, Boyoung Nam, Soyoung Kwon, Eunsol Seo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(5):436-443. Published online August 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.083

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Objectives
Previous studies have reported that self-neglect, which may be a sign of elder abuse, can result in suicide among older adults. The signs of self-neglect and its impact on the risk of suicide may differ by gender. Thus, this study explored the association between self-neglect and suicide risk in older Korean adults and examined the potential moderating effect of gender on this relationship.
Methods
Data were collected from 356 Korean adults aged 65 or older through an online survey. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the research hypothesis. First, the associations between 4 sub-dimensions of self-neglect (i.e., daily life management issues, personal hygiene issues, financial management issues, and relational issues) and suicidal ideation were examined. Then, the moderating effect of gender on these relationships was investigated by including interaction terms.
Results
Self-neglect was significantly associated with suicidal ideation in older adults. Aspects of self-neglect related to daily life management and relational factors were key predictors of suicidal ideation. Gender significantly moderated the effect of the relational dimension of self-neglect on suicidal ideation. The relational dimension of self-neglect was more strongly associated with suicidal ideation in older women than in older men.
Conclusions
The findings suggest the importance of screening older adults with signs of self-neglect for suicide risk. Special attention should be paid to older women who experience relational issues as a high-risk group for suicidal ideation. Public programs and support systems should be established to improve daily life management and promote social relationships among older adults.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 노인의 자기방임과 자살생각의 관계에서 성별의 조절효과를 검증하는 데에 목적이 있다. 연구결과를 토대로 성별에 따른 노인의 자살위험 영향요인을 고려한 정책 개입의 필요성과 사회적 고립 완화를 위한 프로그램 도입 등을 제안하였다.

Citations

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Enhancing healthcare access for an older population: The age‐friendly emergency department
Sangil Lee, Rachel M. Skains, Phillip D. Magidson, Nadine Qadoura, Shan W. Liu, Lauren T. Southerland
Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians Open.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Subgroups of self-neglect and effects on suicidal ideation among the older adults
Hyun Lee, Eunjin Lee
Development and Psychopathology.2023; : 1. CrossRef

Is Job Insecurity Worse for Mental Health Than Having a Part-time Job in Canada?: Il-Ho Kim, Cyu-Chul Choi, Karen Urbanoski, Jungwee Park, Jiman Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(2):110-118. Published online January 11, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.179

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
A growing number of people depend on flexible employment, characterized by outsider employment status and perceived job insecurity. This study investigated whether there was a synergistic effect of employment status (full-time vs. part-time) and perceived job insecurity on major depressive disorder.
Methods
Data were derived from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health of 12 640 of Canada’s labor force population, aged 20 to 74. By combining employment status with perceived job insecurity, we formed four employment categories: fulltime secure, full-time insecure, part-time secure, and part-time insecure.
Results
Results showed no synergistic health effect between employment status and perceived job insecurity. Regardless of employment status (full-time vs. part-time), insecure employment was significantly associated with a high risk of major depressive disorder. Analysis of the interaction between gender and four flexible employment status showed a gender-contingent effect on this link in only full-time insecure category. Men workers with full-time insecure jobs were more likely to experience major depressive disorders than their women counterparts.
Conclusions
This study’s findings imply that perceived job insecurity may be a critical factor for developing major depressive disorder, in both men and women workers.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 CCHS-MH (2012) 자료를 이용하여 비정규직과 주관적 고용불안정성이 우울장애에 미치는 시너지 효과를 분석하였다. 연구결과 비정규직 여부와 무관하게, 주관적 고용불안정성은 우울장애와의 연관성이 유의하게 높았다. 특히 정규직 여성보다 정규직 남성에서 주관적 고용불안정성과 우울장애의 연관성이 유의하게 높았다. 이 연구결과는 비정규직 여부보다 주관적 고용불안정성이 주요우울장애에 더 큰 영향요인임을 제시하고 있다.

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The effect of entrepreneurial intentions on depression: the mediating role of job insecurity and moderating roles of person vocation fit, and entrepreneurial leadership in the longitudinal study
Sobia Shabeer
Kybernetes.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological Assessment of Potential Exposure to Occupational Substances in Current Semiconductor Workers with at Least 5 Years of Employment
Kyungsik Kim, Ho Kyung Sung, Jieun Jang, Chang-Mo Kang, Kwan Lee, Sue K. Park
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(14): 8737. CrossRef

Breaking the Gender Gap: A Two-part Observational Study of the Gender Disparity Among Korean Academic Emergency Physicians: Mi Jin Lee, ChangHo Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(5):362-370. Published online August 7, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.286

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Despite greater access to training positions and the presence of more women in emergency medicine, it has remained a men-dominated field. This study aims to identify the key issues causing the gender gap in Korea and establish measures to overcome them.
Methods
Using the annual statistical reports of the National Emergency Medical Center and data published on the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine website, cases that listed the current status and positions of members in its organization and its committees were analyzed. Secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2015 Korean Society of Emergency Survey that included physicians’ demographics, academic ranking, years of experience, clinical work hours, training and board certification, core faculty status, position, and salaries.
Results
As of September 2019, women account for only 12.7% of the total number of emergency physicians (EP) in Korea; of 119 chair/ vice‐chair academic positions, women represented only 9.2%. Women EP were more often assistant professors and fellowship-trained, with fewer in core faculty. However, they worked the same numbers of clinical hours as their men counterparts. The median annual salary of women EP was less than that of men EP after adjusting for academic hospital rank, clinical hours, and core faculty status.
Conclusions
A gender gap still exists among Korean EP, and women earn less than men regardless of their rank, clinical hours, or training. Future studies should evaluate more data and develop system-wide practices to eliminate gender disparities.

Summary

Citations

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Gender distribution in emergency medicine journals: editorial board memberships in top-ranked academic journals
Svenja Ravioli, Adrienne Rupp, Aristomenis K. Exadaktylos, Gregor Lindner
European Journal of Emergency Medicine.2021; 28(5): 380. CrossRef

The Impact of Abuse on the Quality of Life of the Elderly: A Population-based Survey in Iran: Behnam Honarvar, Zahra Gheibi, Abdolrahim Asadollahi, Farzaneh Bahadori, Elahe Khaksar, Maryam Rabiey Faradonbeh, Mohammad Farjami; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(2):89-97. Published online December 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.210

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
The quality of life (QoL) of the elderly and elder abuse are growing public health concerns. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of abuse and the association between QoL and abuse in older adults.
Methods
Multistage random cluster sampling, along with valid QoL (LEIPAD: LEIden, the Netherlands; PADua, Italy; Helsinki, Finland) and abuse questionnaires, were used to assess QoL and elder abuse. Path analysis was performed using Mplus. SPSS and AMOS were used for the other analyses.
Results
A total of 386 elderly individuals with a mean age of 68.00±6.10 years were interviewed, of whom 200 (51.8%), 289 (74.9%), and 376 (97.4%) were women, educated, and married, respectively. Moreover, 167 (43.2%) had low-to-moderate QoL, and 108 (27.9%) had experienced a moderate level of abuse. QoL and abuse were inversely associated (r=-0.253), with men (β=-0.24) more affected than women (β=-0.21). Musculoskeletal disorders were also strong determinants of QoL in the elderly. QoL was strongly associated with emotional abuse, while abuse was highly related to the social component of QoL. Furthermore, emotional abuse was the type of abuse most significantly associated with the self-care, depression/anxiety, cognitive, and social components of QoL. Sexual abuse, violation of personal rights, and neglect were the main determinants of the physical functioning, life satisfaction, and sexual domains of QoL, respectively.
Conclusions
Nearly half of the elderly individuals lacked a high QoL, and at least one-fourth had experienced some form of abuse. Elder abuse was correlated inversely with QoL. Therefore, preventive interventions are recommended to decrease elder abuse in the family, community, and other settings.

Summary

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The Quality of Life of Older Adults in Rural Eastern India and Its Influencing Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study
Annu Antony, Swayam Pragyan Parida, Priyamadhaba Behera, Susanta K Padhy, Vikas Bhatia
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Psychometric properties of instruments for measuring abuse of older people in community and institutional settings: A systematic review
Fadzilah Hanum Mohd Mydin, Christopher Mikton, Wan Yuen Choo, Ranita Hisham Shunmugam, Aja Murray, Yongjie Yon, Raudah M. Yunus, Noran N. Hairi, Farizah M. Hairi, Marie Beaulieu, Amanda Phelan
Campbell Systematic Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Elderly Abuse and Neglect on Population Health: Literature Review and Interventions from Selected Countries
Ahmad Nabeil Alias, Khalid Mokti, Mohd Yusof Ibrahim, Sahipudin Saupin, Mohd Faizal Madrim
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2023; 44(6): 311. CrossRef
Quality of Life in Elderlies: A Cross-sectional and Field-based Study in Iran
Behnam Honarvar, Elahe Khaksar, Pedram Keshavarz, Morteza Banakar, Abbas Balaghi Inalou, Yasman Movahednejad, Vahid Hajianpour
Shiraz E-Medical Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Examining the effect of elder abuse on welfare status: the case of selected districts in Southwestern Uganda
Dianah Aharimpisya, Frank Pio Kiyingi, Francis Kasekende
The Journal of Adult Protection.2023; 25(5): 303. CrossRef
The relationship of general, physical, and psychological violence with depressive symptoms and cognition in elders (cross-sectional study)
Rafael da Costa Santos, Gleicy Karine Nascimento De Araújo-Monteiro, Matheus Farias Raposo, Angela Maria Henao Castaño, Betânia Maria Pereira dos Santos, Rafaella Queiroga Souto
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Violência geral, física e psicológica: relação com sintomas depressivos e cognição em idosos (estudo transversal)
Rafael da Costa Santos, Gleicy Karine Nascimento De Araújo-Monteiro, Matheus Farias Raposo, Angela Maria Henao Castaño, Betânia Maria Pereira dos Santos, Rafaella Queiroga Souto
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Albert Terelak, Sebastian Kołodziejczak
Family Upbringing.2023; 30(1): 249. CrossRef
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Charles Kiiza Wamara
Journal of Gerontological Social Work.2022; 65(4): 361. CrossRef
Violence in the Elderly: a Review of the Literature
Astrid Botty van den Bruele, Marie Crandall
Current Trauma Reports.2022; 8(1): 12. CrossRef
Elderly abuse, affecting factors and evaluation of life satisfaction: a cross‐sectional study
Muammer Yılmaz, Adem Durmaz, İnci Arıkan
Psychogeriatrics.2022; 22(5): 612. CrossRef
A Study on Supply–Demand Satisfaction of Community-Based Senior Care Combined with the Psychological Perception of the Elderly
Jiangang Shi, Wenwen Hua, Daizhong Tang, Ke Xu, Quanwei Xu
Healthcare.2021; 9(6): 643. CrossRef
Factors Affecting the Elderly's Quality of Life in the Middle East: A Systematic Review
Nasibeh Zanjari, Giti Bahrami, Mahsa Nouri Koochi, Zahra Aliakbarzade Arani
Journal of Education and Community Health.2021; 8(2): 143. CrossRef
Development, validation, and pilot implementation of the minimum datasheet for a domestic violence registry system: The case of a developing country
Shabnam Iezadi, Kamal Gholipour, Ahmad Khanijahani, Mahasti Alizadeh, Bahram Samadirad, Hanie Azizi, Farzad Azizinia, Binh P. Nguyen
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(12): e0261460. CrossRef

Gender Differences in Hypertension Control Among Older Korean Adults: Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project: Sang Hui Chu, Ji Won Baek, Eun Sook Kim, Katherine M. Stefani, Won Joon Lee, Yeong-Ran Park, Yoosik Youm, Hyeon Chang Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48(1):38-47. Published online January 14, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.14.043

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Controlling blood pressure is a key step in reducing cardiovascular mortality in older adults. Gender differences in patients’ attitudes after disease diagnosis and their management of the disease have been identified. However, it is unclear whether gender differences exist in hypertension management among older adults. We hypothesized that gender differences would exist among factors associated with hypertension diagnosis and control among community-dwelling, older adults.
Methods
This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 653 Koreans aged ≥60 years who participated in the Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Multiple logistic regression was used to compare several variables between undiagnosed and diagnosed hypertension, and between uncontrolled and controlled hypertension.
Results
Diabetes was more prevalent in men and women who had uncontrolled hypertension than those with controlled hypertension or undiagnosed hypertension. High body mass index was significantly associated with uncontrolled hypertension only in men. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that in women, awareness of one’s blood pressure level (odds ratio [OR], 2.86; p=0.003) and the number of blood pressure checkups over the previous year (OR, 1.06; p=0.011) might influence the likelihood of being diagnosed with hypertension. More highly educated women were more likely to have controlled hypertension than non-educated women (OR, 5.23; p=0.013).
Conclusions
This study suggests that gender differences exist among factors associated with hypertension diagnosis and control in the study population of community-dwelling, older adults. Education-based health promotion strategies for hypertension control might be more effective in elderly women than in elderly men. Gender-specific approaches may be required to effectively control hypertension among older adults.

Summary

Citations

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Predictive Performance of Pender’s Health Promotion Model for Hypertension Control in Iranian Patients

Fatemeh Gorbani, Hassan Mahmoodi, Parvin Sarbakhsh, Abdolreza Shaghaghi
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CHANGES OF LIFE QUALITY SCORE DEPENDING ON THE ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION DEGREE IN THE GENDER ASPECT
O.A. Alifer
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Perceived Relevance of Educative Information on Public (Skin) Health: A Cross-sectional Questionnaire Survey: Daniela Haluza, Renate Cervinka; J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(2):82-88. Published online March 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.2.82

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

Unprotected leisure time exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun or artificial tanning beds is the most important environmental risk factor for melanoma, a malignant skin cancer with increasing incidences over the past decades. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of skin health information provided by several sources and different publishing issues on knowledge, risk perception, and sun protective behavior of sunbathers.

Methods

A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among Austrian residents (n=563) spending leisure time outdoors in August 2010.

Results

Print media, television, and family were perceived as the most relevant sources of information on skin health, whereas the source physician was only ranked as fourth important source. Compared to other sources, information provided by doctors positively influenced participants' knowledge on skin risk and sun protective behavior resulting in higher scores in the knowledge test (p=0.009), higher risk perception (p<0.001), and more sun protection (p<0.001).

Regarding gender differences, internet was more often used by males as health information source, whereas females were more familiar with printed information material in general.

Conclusions

The results of this survey put emphasis on the demand for information provided by medical professionals in order to attain effective, long-lasting promotion of photoprotective habits.

Summary

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James M. Roush, Elizabeth A. Richards, Katrina Masterson, Janelle Potetz
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Kristiaan Proesmans, Frauke Van Vaerenbergh, Lies Lahousse
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Guillermo De Castro-Maqueda, Carolina Lagares Franco, José V. Gutiérrez-Manzanedo, Fabriziomaria Gobba, Nuria Blázquez Sánchez, Magdalena De Troya-Martin
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Hongjing Cao, Mary Brehm, Linda Hynan, Heather W. Goff
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Daniela Haluza, Stana Simic, Jan Höltge, Renate Cervinka, Hanns Moshammer
Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine.2016; 32(1): 11. CrossRef
Sun Exposure Prevalence and Associated Skin Health Habits: Results from the Austrian Population-Based UVSkinRisk Survey
Daniela Haluza, Stana Simic, Hanns Moshammer
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Sunbed Use Prevalence and Associated Skin Health Habits: Results of a Representative, Population-Based Survey among Austrian Residents
Daniela Haluza, Stana Simic, Hanns Moshammer
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L. Ungureanu, S. Senilă, D. Vornicescu, S.C. Vesa, R. Ionut, R. Cosgarea
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Trends in Gender-based Health Inequality in a Transitional Society: A Historical Analysis of South Korea: Heeran Chun, Sung-Il Cho, Young-Ho Khang, Minah Kang, Il-Ho Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(2):113-121. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.2.113

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

This study examined the trends in gender disparity in the self-rated health of people aged 25 to 64 in South Korea, a rapidly changing society, with specific attention to socio-structural inequality.

Methods

Representative sample data were obtained from six successive, nationwide Social Statistics Surveys of the Korean National Statistical Office performed during 1992 to 2010.

Results

The results showed a convergent trend in poor self-rated health between genders since 1992, with a sharper decline in gender disparity observed in younger adults (aged 25 to 44) than in older adults (aged 45 to 64). The diminishing gender gap seemed to be attributable to an increase in women's educational attainment levels and to their higher status in the labor market.

Conclusions

The study indicated the importance of equitable social opportunities for both genders for understanding the historical trends in the gender gap in the self-reported health data from South Korea.

Summary

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Age and Gender Differences in the Relation of Chronic Diseases to Activity of Daily Living (ADL) Disability for Elderly South Koreans: Based on Representative Data.: Il Ho Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2011;44(1):32-40.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2011.44.1.32

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the gender and age differential effect of major chronic diseases on activity of daily living (ADL) disability. METHODS: Surveyfreq and Surveylogistic regression analyses were employed on the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) with a sample of 3,609 persons aged 65 - 89. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential covariates, stroke, among elderly men more so than women, had a 2-3 times greater odds of engendering ADL disability in the 65-69 (p < 0.05) and 70-79 age groups (p < 0.01). In comparison to elderly women, cancer, diabetes, and incontinence in elderly men was associated with a higher risk of ADL disability in the 70 - 79 age group (p < 0.05), and this association was also observed for pulmonary disease in the 80-89 age group. Among elderly women, however, a significant association between incontinence and ADL disability was identified in all three age groups. In addition, this association was found in pulmonary disease and diabetes in elderly women aged 70 - 79 years. Significant gender differences were observed in the association between stroke in the 60 - 79 age group and cancer in the 70 - 79 age group. CONCLUSIONS: Age and gender differences were observed in the effect of chronic diseases on ADL disability.

Summary

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Gender, Professional and Non-Professional Work, and the Changing Pattern of Employment-Related Inequality in Poor Self-Rated Health, 1995-2006 in South Korea.: Il Ho Kim, Young Ho Khang, Sung Il Cho, Heeran Chun, Carles Muntaner; J Prev Med Public Health. 2011;44(1):22-31.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2011.44.1.22

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
We examined gender differential changes in employment-related health inequalities according to occupational position (professional/nonprofessional) in South Korea during the last decade. METHODS: Data were taken from four rounds of Social Statistical Surveys of South Korea (1995, 1999, 2003, and 2006) from the Korean National Statistics Office. The total study population was 55435 male and 33 913 female employees aged 25-64. Employment arrangements were divided into permanent, fixed-term, and daily employment. RESULTS: After stratification according to occupational position (professional/nonprofessional) and gender, different patterns in employment - related health inequalities were observed. In the professional group, the gaps in absolute and relative employment inequalities for poor self-rated health were more likely to widen following Korea's 1997 economic downturn. In the nonprofessional group, during the study period, graded patterns of employment-related health inequalities were continuously observed in both genders. Absolute health inequalities by employment status, however, decreased among men but increased among women. In addition, a remarkable increase in relative health inequalities was found among female temporary and daily employees (p = 0.009, < 0.001, respectively), but only among male daily employees (p = 0.001). Relative employment-related health inequalities had clearly widened for female daily workers between 2003 and 2006 (p = 0.047). The 1997 Korean economic downturn, in particular, seemingly stimulated a widening gap in employment health inequalities. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that whereas absolute health inequalities in relation to employment status increased in the professional group, relative employment-related health inequalities increased in the nonprofessional group, especially among women. In view of the high concentration of female nonstandard employees, further monitoring of inequality should consider gender specific patterns according to employee's occupational and employment status.

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English Abstract

The Association of Central Obesity with Type 2 Diabetes among Koreans according to the Serum Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Level: Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.: Ji Yeon Shin, Jun Hyun Hwang, Jin Young Jeong, Sung Hi Kim, Jai Dong Moon, Sang Chul Roh, Young Wook Kim, Yangho Kim, Jong Han Leem, Young Su Ju, Young Seoub Hong, Eun Hee Ha, Yong Hwan Lee, Duk Hee Lee, Dong Hyun Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(6):386-391.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.6.386

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OBJECTIVES
This cross-sectional study was performed to examine if the serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level that is within its normal range is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes and if the association between the waist hip ratio (WHR) and type 2 diabetes is different depending on the serum GGT levels. METHODS: The study subjects were 23,436 persons aged 40 years or older and who participated in regular health check-ups at 11 hospitals (males: 5,821, females: 17,615). The gender-specific quintiles of the serum GGT and WHR were used to examine the associations with type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: The serum GGT levels within their normal range were positively associated with type 2 diabetes only in women. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 1.0, 1.0, 1.4, 2.1, and 2.5 according to the quintiles of the serum GGT (p(trend)<0.01). The WHR was more strongly associated with the prevalence of diabetes among the women with a high-normal serum GGT level as compared with those with a low-normal serum GGT level (p for interaction=0.02). For example, the adjusted ORs for women with a low normal serum GGT level were 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 2.2, and 2.4 according to the quintiles of the WHR, while those figures were 1.0, 2.4, 3.6, 5.0, and 8.3 among the women with a high normal serum GGT level. However, in men, the serum GGT was very weakly associated with type 2 diabetes and the association between the WHR and type 2 diabetes was not different depending on the serum GGT level. CONCLUSIONS: Serum GGT within its normal range was positively associated with type 2 diabetes, and central obesity was more strongly associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes when the serum GGT level was high-normal. However, these associations were observed only in women, which is different from the previous findings. The stronger relation between central obesity and type 2 diabetes among women with a high-normal serum GGT level can be useful for selecting a group that is at high risk for type 2 diabetes irregardless of whatever the underlying mechanism is.

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Original Article

Relationship between Perceived Neighborhood Characteristics and Vigorous Physical Activity among Adult Seoul Residents.: Chung Gun Lee, Youngtae Cho; J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(4):215-222.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.4.215

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Vigorous physical activity is a well-known method to promote people s health. This research aims to investigate whether perceived neighborhood characteristics affect vigorous physical activity among adult Seoul residents (aged 19 to 64). METHODS: Utilizing the 2005 Seoul Citizens Health Indicators Survey data, this study estimates the probability of vigorous physical activity. Particular attention is given to the effects of three perceived neighborhood characteristics (satisfaction with relationship to the neighborhood, satisfaction with park and recreational facilities, and satisfaction with public security). Logistic regression models are analyzed separately by gender for the parameter estimation. RESULTS: Vigorous physical activity is positively associated with three perceived neighborhood characteristics for women, while neither significant nor substantive association is found for men. CONCLUSIONS: As vigorous physical activity among Seoul citizens is differentially affected by perceived neighborhood characteristics and by gender, a different approach will be needed to increase vigorous physical activity of men and women in Seoul.

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English Abstracts

The Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on the Gender Differences of Disability and Subjective Health Among Elderly Koreans.: Gyeong Suk Jeon, Soong Nang Jang, Seon Ja Rhee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(3):199-207.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.3.199

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Research on the gender differences of health among older Korean people has been limited compared with the research for other stages of life. This study first examined the patterns and magnitude of the gender differences of health in later life. Second, we examined the gender differences in the health of older men and women that were attributable to differing socioeconomic conditions. METHODS: Using the nationally representative 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the gender differences in disability and subjective poor health were assessed by calculating the age adjusted and gender-specific prevalence. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess if the differences between the men and women for health could be explained by differential exposure to socioeconomic factors and/or the differential vulnerability of men and women to these socioeconomic factors. RESULTS: Our results indicated that older women were more likely than the men to report disability and poor subjective health. The health disadvantage of older women was diminished by differential experiences with socioeconomic factors, and especially education. The differences shrink as much as 43.7% in the case of disability and 35.4% in the case of poor subjective health by the differential exposure to educational attainment. Any differential vulnerability to socioeconomic factors was not found between the men and women, which means that socioeconomic factors may have similar effect on health in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Differential socioeconomic experience and exposure between the men and women might cause gender difference in health in old age Koreans.

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Multiple Roles and Health among Korean Women.: Su Jin Cho, Soong Nang Jang, Sung Il Cho; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(5):355-363.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.5.355

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OBJECTIVES
Most studies about multiple roles and women's health suggested that combining with paid job, being married and having children was more likely to improve health status than in case of single or traditional roles. We investigated whether there was better health outcome in multiple roles among Korean women coinciding with previous studies of other nations. METHODS: Data were from the 2005 Korea National Health & Nutritional Examination Survey, a subsample of women aged 25-59 years (N=2,943). Health status was assessed for self-rated poor health, perceived stress and depression, respectively based on one questionnaire item. The age-standardized prevalence of all health outcomes were calculated by role categories and socioeconomic status. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association of self rated health, perceived stress, and depression with multiple roles adjusted for age, education, household income, number of children and age of children. RESULTS: Having multiple roles with working role was not associated with better health and psychological wellbeing. Compared to those with traditional roles, employed women more frequently experienced perceived stress, with marital and/or parental roles. Non-working single mothers suffered depression more often than women with traditional roles or other role occupancy. Socioeconomic status indicators were potent independent correlates of self-rated health and perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS: Employment of women with other roles did not confer additional health benefit to traditional family responsibility. Juggling of work and family responsibility appeared more stressful than traditional unemployed parental and marital role in Korean women.

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