Norris et al. (1999) [7] |
Sep 1, 1995-Dec 31, 1996 |
Seattle, USA |
<18y, 900 patients |
3 Fixed sites; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
ED visits |
TS |
GAM with Poisson distribution |
12.0 (9.5) |
Single-pollutant model |
1.15 (1.08, 1.23) for 1-d lag IQR increase |
Multi-pollutant model with SO2 and NO2
|
1.17 (1.08, 1.26) for 1-d lag IQR increase |
Lin et al. (2002) [8] |
Jan 1, 1981-Dec 31, 1993 |
Toronto, Canada |
6-12 y, 7319 (boys: 4629, girls: 2690) patients |
1 Fixed site; the authors obtained data on every 6-d period from 1984 to 1990 and instructed a daily predicted value via modeling |
HA |
TS and CCD |
GAM and conditional logistic regression |
18.0 (8.5) |
Single-pollutant model |
(a) Boys, |
1.00 (0.97, 1.04) for the same day IQR increase in TS |
1.01 (0.97, 1.06) for the same day IQR increase in CCD |
(b) Girls, |
1.06 (0.99, 1.13) for 5-d average IQR increase in TS |
1.04 (0.95, 1.15) for 5-d average IQR increase in CCD |
Multi-pollutant model with CO, SO2, NO2 and O3
|
(a) Boys, |
0.96 (0.90, 1.02) for 5-d average IQR increase in TS |
0.94 (0.85, 1.03) for 5-d average IQR increase in CCD |
(b) Girls, |
1.01 (0.93, 1.10) for 5-d average IQR increase in TS |
0.96 (0.85, 1.09) for 5-d average IQR increase in CCD |
Lee et al. (2006) [29] |
Jan 1, 1997-Dec 31, 2002 |
Hong Kong, China |
≤18 y, 26 663 patients |
13 Fixed sites (before 2000, 11 sites); a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
HA |
TS |
GAM with Poisson distribution |
45.3 (16.2) |
Single-pollutant model |
1.066 (1.045, 1.087) for 4-d lag IQR increase |
Multi-pollutant model with CO, SO2, NO2 and O3
|
1.032 (1.009, 1.056) for 1-d lag IQR increase |
Ko et al. (2007) [30] |
Jan 1, 2000-Dec 31, 2005 |
Hong Kong, China |
≤14 y, 23 596 patients |
3 Fixed sites; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
HA |
TS |
GAM with Poisson distribution |
65.4 (21.1) |
Single-pollutant model |
1.024 (1.013, 1.034) for 5-d average 10 μg/m3 increase |
Villneneuve et al. (2007) [9] |
Jan 1, 1998-Mar 31, 2002 |
Edmonton, Canada |
2-4 y, 7247 patients; |
3 Fixed sites; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
ED visits |
CCD |
Conditional logistic regression |
7.01 in Apr to Sep; 7.31 in Oct to Mar |
Single-pollutant model: |
5-14 y, 13 145 patients |
(a) 2-4 y, |
1.06 (0.97, 1.15) for 5-d average IQR increase |
- Oct to Mar: 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) |
- Apr to Sep: 1.16 (1.04, 1.28) |
(b) 5-14 y, |
1.06 (1.00, 1.12) for 5-d average IQR increase |
- Oct to Mar: 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) |
- Apr to Sep: 1.10 (1.02, 1.17) |
Andersen et al. (2008) [10] |
Oct 3, 2003-Dec 31, 2004 |
Copenhagen, Denmark |
5-18 y, 559 patients in single pollutant model; 318 patients in two-pollutant model |
1 Fixed site; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
HA |
TS |
GLM with Poisson regression |
10.0 (5.0) |
Single-pollutant model |
1.15 (1.00, 1.32) for 6-d average IQR increase |
Two-pollutant model with total number concentration of particles |
1.13 (0.98, 1.32) for 6-d average IQR increase |
Halonen et al. (2008) [11] |
Jan 1, 1998-Dec 31, 2004 |
Helsinki, Finland |
<15y, 4807 patients |
Fixed monitoring site, no specific information available |
ED visits |
TS |
GLM with Poisson regression |
9.51
|
Single-pollutant model |
1.026 (0.083, 1.054) for 4-d lag IQR increase |
Jalaludin et al. (2008) [31] |
Jan 1, 1997-Dec 31, 2001 |
Sydney, Australia |
1-14y, 317 724 patients |
14 Fixed sites; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
ED visits |
CCD |
Conditional logistic regression |
9.4 (5.1) |
Single-pollutant model |
(a) 1-4 y, |
1.014 (1.007, 1.021) for the same-day IQR increase |
- Warm months: 1.009 (1.002, 1.017) |
- Cool months: 1.010 (0.999, 1.024) |
(b) 5-9 y, |
1.016 (1.005, 1.027) for the same-day IQR increase |
- Warm months: 1.013 (1.003, 1.024) |
- Cool months: 0.995 (0.976, 1.015) |
(c) 10-14 y, |
1.012 (.0998, 1.027) for the same-day IQR increase |
- Warm months: 1.001 (0.987, 1.024) |
- Cool months: 1.017 (0.991, 1.044) |
Two-pollutant model with NO2
|
(a) 1-4 y, |
1.008 (1.001, 1.015) for the same-day IQR increase |
(b) 5-9 y, |
1.016 (1.006, 1.026) for the same-day IQR increase |
(c) 10-14 y, |
1.011 (0.999, 1.024) for the same-day IQR increase |
Tecer et al. (2008) [12] |
Dec 31, 2004-Oct 31, 2005 |
ZiDnguldak, Turkey |
<15y, 187 patients |
1 Fixed site; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
HA |
CCD |
Conditional logistic regression |
29.1 (NA) |
Single-pollutant model |
1.25 (1.05, 1.50) for 4-d lag 10 μg/m3 increase |
1.37 (1.06, 1.76) for 4-d lag IQR increase |
Halonen et al. (2010) [13] |
Jan 1, 1998-Dec 31, 2004 |
Helsinki, Finland |
Restricted to the warm season (May to Sep) |
2 Fixed sites; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
ED visits |
TS |
GAM with Poisson distribution |
8.81
|
Two-pollutant model with O3
|
<15 y, 1972 patients |
1.148 (1.038, 1.270) for 5-d average IQR increase |
Silverman et al. (2010) [14] |
Jan 1, 1999-Dec 31, 2006 |
New York City, USA |
Restricted to the warm season (Apr to Aug) |
24 Fixed sites; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
HA |
TS |
GLM with Poisson regression |
131
|
Single-pollutant model |
<6 y |
(a) <6 y, |
- Non-ICU admission: 15 185, |
- Non-ICU: 1.14 (1.10, 1.19) for 2-d average IQR increase |
- ICU admission: 1141 patients |
- ICU: 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) for 2-d average IQR increase |
6-18y |
(b) 6-18 y, |
- Non-ICU admission: 10 332, |
- Non-ICU: 1.19 (1.11, 1.27) for 2-d average IQR increase |
- ICU admission: 994 patients |
- ICU: 1.26 (1.10, 1.44) for 2-d average IQR increase |
Two-pollutant model with O3
|
(a) <6 y, |
- Non-ICU: 1.13 (1.08, 1.18) for 2-d average IQR increase |
- ICU: 1.04 (0.91, 1.19) for 2-d average IQR increase |
(b) 6-18 y, |
- Non-ICU: 1.16 (1.08, 1.23) for 2-d average IQR increase |
- ICU: 1.23 (1.07-1.41) for 2-d average IQR increase |
Strickland et al. (2010) [15] |
Aug 1, 1998-Dec 31, 2004 |
Atlanta, USA |
5-17 y, 91 386 patients |
11 Fixed sites; a population-weighting average across monitors was calculated and used |
ED visits |
TS |
GLM with Poisson regression |
16.4 (7.4) |
Single-pollutant model |
- Whole period: 1.020 (1.002,1.039) for 3-d average IQR increase |
- Warm season: 1.043 (1.016, 1.070) for 3-d average IQR increase |
- Cold season: 1.005 (0.978, 1.031) for 3-d average IQR increase |
Li et al. (2011) [16] |
Jan 1, 2004-Dec 31, 2006 |
Detroit, USA |
2-18 y, 7063 patients |
4 Fixed sites; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
ED visits + HA2
|
TS and CCD |
GAM and conditional logistic regression |
15.0 (7.9) |
Single-pollutant model |
1.030 (1.001, 1.061) for 5 d average IQR increase in TS |
1.039 (1.013, 1.066) for 5 d average IQR increase in CCD |
Glad et al. (2012) [17] |
Jan 1, 2002-Dec 31, 2005 |
Pittsburgh, USA |
0-17 y, 978 patients |
2 Fixed sites; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
ED visits |
CCD |
Conditional logistic regression |
NA |
Single-pollutant model |
1.012 (0.916, 1.118) for the same-day 10 μg/m3 increase |
Iskandar et al. (2012) [18] |
May 15, 2001-Dec 31, 2008 |
Copenhagen, Denmark |
0-18 y, 6329 patients |
1 Fixed site; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
HA |
CCD |
Conditional logistic regression |
10.3 (5.4) |
Single-pollutant model |
1.09 (1.04, 1.13) for 5-d average IQR increase |
Two-pollutant model with NO2: |
1.06 (1.02, 1.11) for 5-d average IQR increase |
Winquist et al. (2012) [19] |
Jan 1, 2001-Jun 27, 2007 |
St. Louis, USA |
0-1 y. |
1 Fixed site; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
ED visits & HA |
TS |
GLM with Poisson regression |
14.4 (7.5) |
Single-pollutant model |
- ED: 12 236 patients |
(a) 0-1 y, |
2-18 y. |
- ED: 1.047 (0.999, 1.097) for 5-d average IQR increase |
- ED: 49 978 patients |
(b) 2-18 y, |
- All HA: 7095 patients |
- ED: 1.050 (1.021,1.080) for 5-d average IQR increase |
- HA: 1.052 (0.985, 1.123) for 5-d average IQR increase |
Delfino et al. (2014) [20] |
Jan 1, 2000-Dec 31, 2008 |
California, USA |
0-18 y, 11 390 patients |
Subject addresses were geocoded; using a modified, California LINE Source Dispersion Model, version. 4 to estimate pollutants at each residence |
ED visits + HA2
|
CCD |
Conditional logistic regression |
- Warm season: 16.0 (9.5) |
Single-pollutant model |
- Cool season: 19.0 (13.8) |
- Warm season: 1.079 (1.008, 1.154) for 7-d average IQR increase |
- Cool season: 1.162 (1.076, 1.254) for 7-d average IQR increase |
Gleason et al. (2014) [21] |
Jan 1, 2004-Dec 31, 2007 |
New Jersey, USA |
3-17 y, 21 854 patients |
Subject addresses were geocoded; using 12×12-km grid from the Multi-Scale Air Quality Model to estimate pollutants at each residence |
ED visits |
CCD |
Conditional logistic regression |
NA |
Single-pollutant model |
1.03 (1.02, 1.04) for the same day IQR increase |
Multipollutant model with O3 and other pollens |
0.99 (0.98, 1.01) for the same day IQR increase |
Hua et al. (2014) [32] |
Jan 1, 2007-Jul 31, 2012 |
Shanghai, China |
0-14 y, 114 673 patients |
1 Fixed site; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
HA |
TS |
Polynomial distributed lag model |
40.9 (27.7) |
Single-pollutant model |
1.04 (1.02, 1.05) for IQR increase with a maximum lag of 3 d |
1.06 (1.05, 1.08) for IQR increase with a maximum lag of 5 d |
Multipollutant model with NO2 and SO2
|
1.03 (1.02, 1.05) for IQR increase with a maximum lag of 3 d |
1.06 (1.04, 1.08) for IQR increase with a maximum lag of 5 d |
Strickland et al. (2014) [22] |
Jan 1, 2002-Jun 30, 2010 |
Atlanta, USA |
2-16 y, 109 758 patients |
6 Fixed sites; a population-weighting average across monitors calculated and used |
ED visits |
TS |
GLM with Poisson regression |
13.3 (5.4) |
Single-pollutant model |
1.032 (1.019, 1.044) for 3-d average IQR increase |
Two-pollutant model with O3
|
1.022 (1.009, 1.035) for 3-d average IQR increase |
Wendt et al. (2014) [23] |
Jan 1, 2005-Dec 31, 2007 |
Boston, USA |
0-17 y |
3 Fixed sites; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
HA |
CCD |
Conditional logistic regression |
15.0 (6.0) |
Single-pollutant model |
- May to Oct: 6061 patients |
- May to Oct: 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) for 6-d average IQR increase |
- Nov to Apr: 7894 patients |
- Nov to April: 1.06 (1.00, 1.14) for 6-d average IQR increase |
Two-pollutant model with NO2
|
- May to Oct: 1.13 (1.04, 1.24) for 6-d average IQR increase |
- Nov to Apr: 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) for 6-d average IQR increase |
Byers et al. (2016) [24] |
Jan 1, 2007-Dec 31, 2011 |
Indianapolis, USA |
5-17 y, 33 981 patients |
3 Fixed sites; a population-weighting average across monitors calculated and used |
ED visits |
TS |
GLM with Poisson regression |
13.6 (7.1) |
Single-pollutant model |
- All seasons: 1.007 (0.986, 1.029) for 3-d average IQR increase |
- Apr to Sep: 0.985 (0.934, 1.040) for 3-d average IQR increase |
- Oct to Mar: 0.976 (0.930, 1.025) for 3-d average IQR increase |
Gleason et al. (2015) [25] |
Jan 1, 2004-Dec 31, 2007 |
Newark, USA |
3-17 y, 3675 patients |
Subject addresses were geocoded; using grid from the Multi-Scale Air Quality Model to estimate pollutants at each residence |
ED visits |
TS and CCD |
GLM and conditional logistic regression |
NA |
Single-pollutant model |
1.00 (0.96, 1.05) for 3-d average IQR increase in TS |
1.00 (0.96, 1.04) for 3-d average IQR increase in CCD |
Multipollutant model with O3 and other pollens |
0.93 (0.89, 0.98) for 3-d average IQR increase in TS |
0.95 (0.91, 1.00) for 3-d average IQR increase in CCD |
Strickland et al. (2015) [26] |
Jan 1, 2002-Jun 30, 2010 |
Georgia, USA |
2-18 y, 189 816 patients |
Subject addresses were geocoded; using a two-stage model that includes land use parameters and satellite aerosol optical depth measurements at 1-km resolution to estimate pollutants |
ED visits |
CCD |
Conditional logistic regression |
12.91
|
Single-pollutant model |
1.013 (1.003, 1.023) for the same day 10 μg/m3 increase |
Alhanti et al. (2016) [27] |
Jan 1, 2006-Dec 31, 2009 |
Dallas, USA |
0-4 y, mean daily counts: 16.91 patients |
All available monitors; the monitoring data were first spatially interpolated across the study’s geographic domain and then a population-weighted average across monitors calculated and used |
ED visits |
TS |
GLM with Poisson regression |
11.1 (4.7) |
Single-pollutant model |
5-18 y, mean daily counts: 25.75 patients |
0-4 y, 0.98 (0.94, 1.02) for 3-d average IQR increase |
5-18 y, 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) for 3-d average IQR increase |
Weichenthal et al. (2016) [28] |
Jan 1, 2004-Dec 31, 2011 |
Ontario, Canada |
Total; 127 836 patients, |
Fixed site in Ontario which is part of Canada’s National Air Pollution Surveillance network; a daily arithmetic mean was calculated and used |
ED visits |
CCD |
Conditional logistic regression |
7.1 (6.3) |
Single-pollutant model |
<9y, NA |
1.072 (1.042, 1.100) for 3-d average IQR increase |