Figure 1
Conceptual model of vaccination.
Factors in bold are detailed with key references [14-17] in the main text and Table 1.
Table 1.Summary of potential determinants of seasonal influenza vaccination
Factor in (Figure 1) |
Potential determinants: key finding |
Study population |
Policy implication |
Epidemic factor |
Ongoing short-tem (weekly) epidemic level, positively associated with vaccine receipt [14] |
U.S. nationally-representative Medicare elderly enrolled in Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) (5 seasons: 2000- 2005) [14] |
To help predict short-term, late-season vaccine demand, enabling better seasonal influenza vaccine distribution and redistribution, thus improving the overall vaccine coverage rate [14]. |
Patient factor |
Mass media report on influenza and vaccine supply problem, positively associated with vaccine receipt. |
U.S. nationally-representative Medicare elderly enrolled in MCBS (3 seasons: 1999-2001) [16] |
To conduct vaccination campaigns using mass media (newspapers or television) effectively: (i) using a headline, as well as text, which include specific key words like shortage/delay in addition to influenza alone, (ii) performing repeated media campaign use rather than one-time use, because of the suggested short-term media effect and the cumulative effects during a period, and (iii) securing adequate vaccine supply prior to a media campaign release on supply delay/shortage due to individuals’quick response to such release [16]. |
|
Mass media report measured by the number of television program transcripts (in 4 major networks of ABC, CBS, FOX and NBC) and national newspaper/wire service articles (USA Today and Associated Press) [16] |
Provider factor |
Medicaid reimbursement rate for administering vaccination, positively associated with vaccine receipt [15] |
U.S. nationally-representative children aged 6-23 months enrolled in National Immunization Survey (NIS) (3 seasons: 2005- 2008) [15] |
To increase Medicaid reimbursement rates that could improve vaccine coverage among Medicaid eligible poor children [15]. |
System factor |
Improved vaccine supply was generally associated with narrowed or improved racial/ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination rates. Reduced supply was associated with widened or worsened disparities [17] |
U.S. nationally-representative Medicare elderly enrolled in MCBS (4 seasons: 2000-2005) [17] |
To stabilize the vaccine supply and preferential delivery of vaccines to safety-net providers serving vulnerable population such as racial/ethnic minority populations during a vaccine supply shortage [17]. |