Figure 1
The number of metabolic abnormalities according to the serum uric acid quartile.
1Adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, total cholesterol, HbA1c, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, γ-glutamyltransferase, and log CRP.
2Number of following metabolic abnormalities: 1) waist circumstance ≥90 cm in male and ≥80 cm in female, 2) triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or under treatment for elevated triglycerides, 3) high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol <40 mg/dL in male and <50 mg/dL in female or under treatment for reduced HDL, 4) SBP ≥130 mmHg or DBP ≥85 mmHg or under treatment for hypertension, 5) fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL or under.
Figure 2
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to the serum uric acid quartile
1Adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, total cholesterol, HbA1c, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, γ-glutamyltransferase, and log CRP.
Table 1.Characteristics of the participants according to serum uric acid level
Variables |
Serum uric acid quartile (mg/dL)
|
p - value |
< 4.8 (n = 197) |
4.8 - < 5.6 (n = 225) |
5.6 - < 6.5 (n = 230) |
≥ 6.5 (n = 237) |
Male (n=889) |
|
|
|
|
|
Age (y) |
61.1±7.9 |
59.3±8.3 |
58.8±7.5 |
58.4 ±8.5 |
0.003 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
23.8±3.0 |
24.0±2.7 |
24.7±2.7 |
25.3±2.9 |
<0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
85.6±7.8 |
86.2±7.4 |
87.5±6.8 |
89.1±7.2 |
<0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) |
120.7±16.6 |
122.6±15.3 |
121.3±16.1 |
123.3±17.0 |
0.32 |
DBP (mmHg) |
75.1±9.3 |
77.0±9.4 |
77.8±9.7 |
78.6±9.1 |
0.001 |
Total protein (g/dL) |
7.4±0.4 |
7.4±0.4 |
7.5±0.4 |
7.6±0.4 |
<0.001 |
Albumin (g/dL) |
4.4±0.3 |
4.5±0.2 |
4.5±0.2 |
4.5±0.3 |
0.008 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) |
25.9±11.1 |
27.0±15.4 |
26.5±8.6 |
29.5±14.4 |
0.02 |
Alanine transaminase (IU/L) |
25.3±14.6 |
27.0±23.6 |
27.3±13.2 |
30.1±17.3 |
0.04 |
γ-glutamyltransferase (IU/L) |
44.0±65.6 |
42.1±85.2 |
41.5±42.7 |
60.3±86.9 |
0.01 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) |
0.94±0.33 |
0.97±0.35 |
0.96±0.38 |
0.97±0.39 |
0.89 |
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) |
16.3±4.0 |
16.4±4.7 |
16.6±4.3 |
17.2±5.0 |
0.13 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) |
0.99±0.12 |
1.02±0.12 |
1.05±0.13 |
1.11±0.24 |
<0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
43.1±10.8 |
42.9±9.8 |
42.4±9.8 |
40.4±9.2 |
0.003 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
189.0±32.8 |
190.1±31.9 |
194.6±34.2 |
189.5±33.8 |
0.25 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
140.2±110.9 |
157.0±119.5 |
159.0±90.1 |
198.7±139.5 |
<0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) |
101.8±27.1 |
98.2±20.5 |
96.7±18.4 |
99.1±19.1 |
0.12 |
HbA1c (%) |
5.8±1.1 |
5.7±0.8 |
5.6±0.8 |
5.7±0.8 |
0.10 |
Insulin (uIU/mL) |
7.6±3.1 |
8.0±3.5 |
8.1±3.3 |
8.6±3.2 |
0.02 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) |
1.9±5.1 |
1.6±5.0 |
1.6±3.6 |
1.6±2.9 |
0.91 |
Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
Non-smoker |
144 (73.10) |
163 (72.44) |
166 (72.17) |
180 (75.95) |
0.781
|
Current smoker |
53 (26.90) |
62 (27.56) |
64 (27.83) |
57 (24.05) |
|
Drinking status |
|
|
|
|
|
Non-drinker |
105 (53.30) |
87 (38.67) |
89 (38.70) |
72 (30.38) |
0.0011
|
Current drinker |
92 (46.70) |
138 (61.33) |
141 (61.30) |
165 (69.62) |
|
|
Variables |
Serum uric acid quartile (mg/dL)
|
p - value |
< 3.8 (n = 368) |
3.8 - < 4.3 (n = 327) |
4.3 - < 5.1 (n = 414) |
≥ 5.1 (n = 382) |
|
Female (n=1491) |
|
|
|
|
|
Age (y) |
56.3±8.1 |
56.1±8.1 |
57.2±8.0 |
59.0±8.0 |
<0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
23.9±3.0 |
24.5±2.9 |
24.9±3.3 |
25.9±3.5 |
<0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
85.4±8.9 |
87.0±8.0 |
87.9±7.9 |
90.1±8.7 |
<0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) |
118.4±17.7 |
118.1±16.7 |
119.8±16.7 |
123.1±18.6 |
<0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) |
70.2±10.1 |
71.3±9.2 |
72.1±9.8 |
73.0±9.6 |
0.001 |
Total protein (g/dL) |
7.4±0.4 |
7.4±0.4 |
7.5±0.4 |
7.5±0.4 |
<0.001 |
Albumin (g/dL) |
4.5±0.2 |
4.5±0.2 |
4.5±0.2 |
4.5±0.2 |
0.01 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) |
22.8±7.7 |
22.3±5.9 |
23.5±6.4 |
24.4±8.2 |
0.001 |
Alanine transaminase (IU/L) |
20.3±11.9 |
19.5±8.2 |
21.2±9.5 |
23.2±12.2 |
<0.001 |
γ-glutamyltransferase (IU/L) |
18.6±22.2 |
17.5±13.5 |
20.7±36.6 |
27.2±58.6 |
0.002 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) |
0.84±0.30 |
0.83±0.30 |
0.83±0.43 |
0.80±0.28 |
0.30 |
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) |
14.5±3.9 |
15.2±3.9 |
15.2±4.2 |
16.3±4.4 |
<0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) |
0.82±0.10 |
0.83±0.09 |
0.85±0.09 |
0.92±0.16 |
<0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
47.2±10.7 |
46.0±10.4 |
44.1±9.9 |
43.1±9.9 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
199.6±37.2 |
197.8±32.7 |
202.0±34.2 |
206.8±39.1 |
0.006 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
121.8±72.0 |
121.1±59.3 |
145.2±82.8 |
166.0±89.7 |
<0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) |
94.0±24.3 |
94.7±18.2 |
95.9±16.8 |
97.7±27.9 |
0.11 |
HbA1c (%) |
5.6±0.8 |
5.6±0.9 |
5.7±0.7 |
5.9±1.0 |
<0.001 |
Insulin (uIU/mL) |
8.2±3.0 |
8.4±3.4 |
8.8±3.5 |
9.6±3.9 |
<0.001 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) |
1.3±3.8 |
1.2±4.2 |
1.4±2.4 |
1.8±2.4 |
0.10 |
Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
Non-smoker |
363 (98.64) |
324 (99.08) |
408 (98.55) |
368 (96.34) |
0.031
|
Current smoker |
5 (1.36) |
3 (0.92) |
6 (1.45) |
14 (3.66) |
|
Drinking status |
|
|
|
|
|
Non-drinker |
274 (74.46) |
253 (77.37) |
310 (74.88) |
281 (73.56) |
0.691
|
Current drinker |
94 (25.54) |
74 (22.63) |
104 (25.12) |
101 (26.44) |
|
Table 2.Correlation between serum uric acid and investigated variables
Variables |
Male
|
Female
|
Pearson’s coefficients |
p - value |
Pearson’s coefficients |
p - value |
Age (y) |
-0.096 |
0.004 |
0.138 |
<0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
0.189 |
<0.001 |
0.226 |
<0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
0.163 |
<0.001 |
0.207 |
<0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) |
0.086 |
0.01 |
0.053 |
0.04 |
DBP (mmHg) |
0.005 |
0.95 |
0.083 |
0.14 |
Total protein (g/dL) |
0.192 |
<0.001 |
0.155 |
<0.001 |
Albumin (g/dL) |
0.086 |
0.01 |
0.069 |
0.008 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) |
0.116 |
0.001 |
0.102 |
<0.001 |
Alanine transaminase (IU/L) |
0.104 |
0.002 |
0.113 |
<0.001 |
γ-glutamyltransferase (IU/L) |
0.095 |
0.005 |
0.134 |
<0.001 |
Total bilirubin (mg/dL) |
0.050 |
0.14 |
-0.046 |
0.07 |
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) |
0.103 |
0.002 |
0.181 |
<0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) |
0.323 |
<0.001 |
0.349 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.001 |
0.98 |
0.102 |
<0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) |
-0.119 |
<0.001 |
-0.154 |
<0.001 |
Log (triglycerides in mg/dL) |
0.217 |
<0.001 |
0.252 |
<0.001 |
Log (fasting glucose in mg/dL) |
-0.039 |
0.25 |
0.070 |
0.007 |
HbA1c (%) |
-0.052 |
0.12 |
0.101 |
<0.001 |
Insulin (uIU/mL) |
0.107 |
0.001 |
0.164 |
<0.001 |
Log (C-reactive protein in mg/L) |
0.102 |
0.002 |
0.239 |
<0.001 |
Table 3.The association between serum uric acid level quartiles and metabolic syndrome
Serum uric acid quartile (mg/dL) |
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for metabolic syndrome
|
|
Unadjusted |
Adjusted1
|
Male |
|
|
1st (<4.8) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
2nd (4.8-<5.6) |
1.38 (0.91, 2.09) |
1.72 (1.03, 2.88) |
3rd (5.6-<6.5) |
1.70 (1.13, 2.56) |
1.94 (1.17, 3.22) |
4th (≥6.5) |
2.67 (1.78, 4.00) |
2.67 (1.60, 4.46) |
Female |
|
|
1st (<3.8) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
2nd (3.8-<4.3) |
0.99 (0.73, 1.34) |
0.86 (0.61, 1.23) |
3rd (4.3-<5.1) |
2.00 (1.50, 2.66) |
1.62 (1.16, 2.25) |
4th (≥5.1) |
3.32 (2.46, 4.48) |
2.14 (1.50, 3.05) |