Figure 1The means of body mass index (A), waist (B), and visceral fat thickness (C) according to smoking status. Body mass index was adjusted for age, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, duration of diabetes, medication of diabetes, and hemoglobin A1C. Waist and visceral fat thickness were adjusted for age, body mass index, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, duration of diabetes, medication of diabetes, and hemoglobin A1c.
Figure 2Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for high visceral fat thickness according to smoking status (A) and smoking amount per day (B). 1Adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, alcohol drinking, regular exercise and body mass index.
Table 1.General characteristics of study population
|
Never smoker (n = 374) |
Ex-smoker (n = 1087) |
Current smoker (n = 736) |
p-value |
Visceral fat thickness (mm) |
47.1±18.4 |
49.2±18.5 |
49.8±17.7 |
0.06 |
Age (y) |
56.8±11.4 |
57.7±9.6 |
51.5±9.7 |
<0.001 |
Duration of diabetes (y) |
7.9±7.5 |
8.1±7.4 |
6.3±6.5 |
<0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
24.8±3.0 |
24.7±2.7 |
24.7±3.1 |
0.91 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
86.4±7.7 |
86.7±7.8 |
86.6±8.0 |
0.85 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
135.5±17.8 |
135.0±17.3 |
130.3±17.0 |
<0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
87.8±11.6 |
87.5±11.0 |
87.0±12.0 |
0.47 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) |
156.2±57.2 |
153.8±54.7 |
168.5±60.7 |
<0.001 |
HbA1c (%) |
8.2±1.9 |
8.1±1.8 |
8.7±2.0 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
185.6±36.3 |
188.8±39.4 |
196.4±39.7 |
<0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
133.1±83.1 |
144.8±97.9 |
188.7±151.7 |
<0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) |
47.8±11.7 |
48.5±12.7 |
47.0±12.3 |
0.04 |
Insulin (pmol/L) |
8.1±4.9 |
8.2±4.7 |
8.2±4.7 |
0.88 |
Alcohol drinking |
|
|
|
|
No |
44.0 |
55.9 |
17.0 |
<0.001 |
Yes |
56.0 |
44.1 |
83.0 |
|
Regular exercise |
|
|
|
|
No |
31.8 |
30.0 |
51.0 |
<0.001 |
Yes |
68.2 |
70.0 |
49.0 |
|
Table 2.Correlation between ultrasonography measured visceral fat thickness and the clinical values
|
Crude
|
Age adjusted
|
|
Correlation coefficient |
p-value |
Correlation coefficient1
|
p-value |
Waist circumference |
0.668 |
<0.001 |
0.668 |
<0.001 |
Body mass index |
0.628 |
<0.001 |
0.631 |
<0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure |
0.181 |
<0.001 |
0.191 |
<0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure |
0.168 |
<0.001 |
0.168 |
<0.001 |
Triglyceride |
0.243 |
<0.001 |
0.246 |
<0.001 |
High density lipoprotein |
-0.218 |
<0.001 |
-0.218 |
<0.001 |
Insulin |
0.275 |
<0.001 |
0.275 |
<0.001 |
Table 3.The mean values of visceral fat thickness according to smoking status and smoking amount
|
Waist
|
Visceral fat thickness
|
|
Crude |
Adjusted |
Crude |
Adjusted |
Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
Never smoker (n = 736) |
86.4±7.7 |
85.9±0.2 |
47.1±18.4 |
46.4±0.9 |
Ex-smoker (n = 1087) |
86.7±7.8 86.6±0.2 |
49.2±18.5 |
49.0±0.5 |
|
Current smoker (n = 736) |
86.6±8.0 86.8±0.2 |
49.8±17.7 |
49.4±0.7 |
|
p-value |
0.85 |
0.033 |
0.06 |
0.018 |
Smoking amount (d)1
|
|
|
|
|
1-10 (n = 121) |
85.7±0.7 |
85.9±0.4 |
48.3±1.6 |
49.2±1.3 |
11-20 (n = 239) |
86.3±0.5 |
86.6±0.3 |
48.7±1.1 |
48.7±0.9 |
21+ (n = 93) |
87.6±0.8 |
87.1±0.4 |
51.9±1.8 |
51.4±1.5 |
p-value |
0.18 |
0.16 |
0.25 |
0.32 |