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Department of Environmental Health, Seoul National University School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea.
Copyright © 2012 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Region1 | Africa | Asia (excluding Russia) | Europe (excluding Russia) | North America | Oceania | Russia | South America | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stationary combustion | 37.3 | 622 | 76.6 | 71.2 | 19.0 | 46.0 | 8.0 | 880 |
Non-ferrous metal production | 2.1 | 90.0 | 18.7 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 5.2 | 13.6 | 141 |
Pig iron and steel production | 1.6 | 24.1 | 18.7 | 14.4 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 45.4 |
Cement production | 10.9 | 138 | 18.8 | 10.9 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 6.4 | 189 |
Gold production | 8.9 | 58.9 | 0.0 | 12.9 | 10.1 | 4.3 | 16.2 | 111 |
Mercury production (primary sources) | 0.0 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.8 |
Waste incineration2 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 10.1 | 15.1 | 0.0 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 35.0 |
Caustic soda production | 0.1 | 28.7 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 46.8 |
Other sources | 0.0 | 0.6 | 14.7 | 7.2 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 25.5 |
Total | 61.6 | 977 | 145 | 144 | 36.6 | 69.8 | 49.6 | 1480 |
From United Nations Environment Programme. The global atmospheric mercury assessment: sources, emissions and transport. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme; 2008 [1].
1 Africa: Burkina Faso and South Africa; Asia: Cambodia, Japan, Philippines, and Republic of Korea; Europe: All countries; North America: USA and Canada; Oceania: Australia; Russia: Russia; South America: Chile and Peru.
2 Waste incineration estimates are derived from national statistics and official reporting which are judged to be incomplete for regions other than Europe and the United States. Estimates of mercury emissions from waste incineration and handling were also made based on regional consumption of mercury in products and combined data were used in the overall assessment of total emissions and geographical distribution.
Site (country) | Sampling period | Precipitation depth (mm) | Concentration (ng L-1) | Annual flux (μgm-2 yr-1) | Site characteristics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kentucky (USA)1 | Jan-Dec 2006 | 1286 | 8.8 | 10.2 | Rural |
Virginia (USA)1 | Jan-Dec 2006 | 1446 | 7.7 | 7.6 | Rural |
Eagle Harbor, Michigan (USA)1 | Jan-Dec 2003 | 645 | 8.3 | 5.2 | Rural |
Pellston, Michigan (USA)1 | Jan-Dec 2003 | 787 | 9.4 | 7.4 | Rural |
Dexter, Michigan (USA)1 | Jan-Dec 2003 | 896 | 11.9 | 10.7 | Rural |
Potsdam, New York (USA)1 | Jan-Dec 2004 | 1100 | 5.5 | 5.9 | Rural |
Steubenville, Ohio (USA)1 | Jan-Dec 2003 | 948 | 14.0 | 13.5 | Urban |
Hokkaido (Japan)1 | Dec 2002-Nov 2003 | 882 | 8.0 | 7.1 | Rural |
Aichi (Japan)1 | Dec 2002-Nov 2003 | 1679 | 7.8 | 13.1 | Urban |
Hyogo (Japan)1 | Dec 2002-Nov 2003 | 1481 | 9.5 | 14.0 | Urban |
Tokyo (Japan)1 | Dec 2002-Nov 2003 | 1912 | 8.7 | 16.7 | Urban |
Wujiang River, Guizhou (China)1 | Jan-Dec 2006 | 963 | 36.0 | 34.7 | Rural |
Seoul (Korea)1 | Jan-Dec 2007 | 1235 | 16.3 | 20.2 | Urban |
Chuncheon (Korea)2 | Aug 2006-Jul 2008 | 1062 | 8.8 | 9.4 | Rural |
From Park JS, et al. Environ Pollut 2008;154(1):12-20 [9] and references cited therein.
DGM, dissolved gaseous mercury.
From World Health Organization. Mercury: children’s health and the environment; 2008 (Internet) [62].