Table 1.Variables used in this study
Domain |
Variable |
Demographic characteristics |
Sex, age, income, education, employment, existence of spouse |
Chronic disease prevalence |
Hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis |
Social network |
Lubben Social Network Scale-revised score |
Health related quality of life |
EQ-5D index |
Table 2.LSNS-R score and EQ-5D index according to demographic characteristics and prevalence of chronic disease
Variable |
n (%) |
LSNS-R score (SD) |
p-value |
EQ-5D index (SD) |
p-value |
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
Men |
138 (46.0) |
29.89 (12.93) |
0.13 |
0.86 (0.28) |
0.21 |
Women |
162 (54.0) |
27.62 (12.68) |
- |
0.82 (0.26) |
- |
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
65-69 |
109 (36.3) |
30.08 (12.75) |
<0.01 |
0.90 (0.15) |
<0.01 |
70-74 |
104 (34.7) |
30.67 (12.09) |
- |
0.84 (0.27) |
- |
≥75 |
87 (29.0) |
24.49 (12.93) |
- |
0.75 (0.34) |
- |
Household income (multiples of 10 000 Korean won, i.e., about 10 US dollar) |
≤30 |
75 (25.0) |
25.52 (13.58) |
0.16 |
0.81 (0.26) |
0.72 |
31-50 |
59 (19.7) |
29.69 (15.08) |
- |
0.84 (0.28) |
- |
51-100 |
67 (22.3) |
28.79 (10.44) |
- |
0.85 (0.29) |
- |
≥101 |
66 (22.0) |
29.73 (11.22) |
- |
0.85 (0.18) |
- |
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
No formal education |
134 (44.7) |
26.84 (13.02) |
0.08 |
0.81 (0.25) |
0.22 |
Finished elementary school |
107 (35.7) |
30.32 (12.09) |
- |
0.86 (0.29) |
- |
Finished middle school graduate or more |
59 (19.7) |
29.83 (13.32) |
- |
0.85 (0.26) |
- |
Employed |
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
93 (31.0) |
30.47 (11.05) |
0.08 |
0.93 (0.11) |
<0.01 |
No |
207 (69.0) |
27.86 (13.49) |
- |
0.79 (0.30) |
- |
Existence of spouse |
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
185 (61.7) |
30.39 (12.93) |
<0.01 |
0.87 (0.24) |
0.01 |
No |
115 (38.3) |
25.90 (12.20) |
- |
0.78 (0.30) |
- |
Hypertension |
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
139 (46.3) |
28.90 (11.81) |
0.77 |
0.83 (0.22) |
0.77 |
No |
161 (53.7) |
28.47 (13.67) |
- |
0.84 (0.30) |
- |
Diabetes |
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
44 (14.7) |
30.93 (14.81) |
0.27 |
0.72 (0.33) |
<0.01 |
No |
256 (85.3) |
28.28 (12.44) |
- |
0.85 (0.25) |
- |
Hyperlipidemia |
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
22 (7.3) |
26.86 (11.15) |
0.49 |
0.73 (0.35) |
0.07 |
No |
278 (92.7) |
28.81 (12.95) |
- |
0.84 (0.26) |
- |
Osteoarthritis |
|
|
|
|
|
Yes |
53 (17.7) |
27.28 (12.04) |
0.39 |
0.82 (0.20) |
0.62 |
No |
247 (82.3) |
28.96 (12.99) |
- |
0.84 (0.28) |
- |
Table 3.Multiple regression analysis on the Euro quality of life-5 dimensions index
Variable (reference) |
Model I
|
Model II
|
Model III
|
β |
p-value |
β |
p-value |
β |
p-value |
Sex (women) |
Men |
-0.01 |
0.76 |
-0.02 |
0.64 |
-0.03 |
0.45 |
Age |
-0.01 |
<0.01 |
-0.01 |
<0.01 |
-0.01 |
0.01 |
Income |
4×10-5
|
0.81 |
5×10-5
|
0.75 |
3×10-5
|
0.85 |
Education (no education) |
Finished elementary school |
0.04 |
0.27 |
0.04 |
0.24 |
0.03 |
0.32 |
Finished middle school or more |
-0.0004 |
0.93 |
0.01 |
0.90 |
0.0001 |
1.00 |
Employed (no) |
Yes |
0.10 |
<0.01 |
0.08 |
0.02 |
0.07 |
0.03 |
Existence of spouse (no) |
Yes |
0.03 |
0.46 |
0.03 |
0.36 |
0.03 |
0.45 |
Hypertension (no) |
Yes |
- |
- |
0.01 |
0.77 |
0.01 |
0.73 |
Diabetes (no) |
Yes |
- |
- |
-0.06 |
0.15 |
-0.08 |
0.05 |
Hyperlipidemia (no) |
Yes |
- |
- |
-0.07 |
0.23 |
-0.05 |
0.44 |
Osteoarthritis (no) |
Yes |
- |
- |
0.004 |
0.93 |
-0.003 |
0.95 |
LSNS-R |
|
|
|
|
0.01 |
<0.01 |
Constant |
1.37 |
<0.01 |
1.42 |
<0.01 |
1.08 |
<0.01 |
F-value |
5.45 |
<0.01 |
3.82 |
<0.01 |
6.62 |
<0.01 |
R2
|
0.13 |
0.14 |
0.24 |
Adjusted R2
|
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.20 |
Table 4.Tobit regression analysis on Euro quality of life-5 dimensions index
Variable (reference) |
Model I
|
Model II
|
Model III
|
BT
|
p-value |
BT
|
p-value |
BT
|
p-value |
Sex (women) |
Men |
0.01 |
0.99 |
-0.43 |
0.67 |
-0.67 |
0.50 |
Age |
-2.76 |
0.01 |
-3.22 |
<0.01 |
-2.10 |
0.04 |
Income |
-0.59 |
0.56 |
-0.47 |
0.64 |
-0.75 |
0.45 |
Education (no education) |
Finished elementary school |
1.48 |
0.14 |
1.60 |
0.11 |
1.52 |
0.13 |
Finished middle school or more |
0.37 |
0.71 |
0.67 |
0.50 |
0.72 |
0.47 |
Employed (no) |
Yes |
3.17 |
<0.01 |
2.33 |
0.02 |
2.01 |
0.04 |
Existence of spouse (no) |
Yes |
0.86 |
0.39 |
1.10 |
0.27 |
1.16 |
0.24 |
Hypertension (no) |
Yes |
- |
- |
-0.38 |
0.70 |
-0.28 |
0.78 |
Diabetes (no) |
Yes |
- |
- |
-1.97 |
0.05 |
-2.50 |
0.01 |
Hyperlipidemia (no) |
Yes |
- |
- |
-1.49 |
0.14 |
-1.13 |
0.26 |
Osteoarthritis (no) |
Yes |
- |
- |
-0.49 |
0.62 |
-0.68 |
0.50 |
LSNS-R |
- |
- |
- |
- |
5.37 |
<0.01 |
Table 5.Multiple regression analysis on Euro quality of life-5 dimensions index by social network factors
Variable (reference) |
Model III-1
|
Model III-2
|
Model III-3
|
β |
p-value |
β |
p-value |
β |
p-value |
Sex (women) |
Men |
-0.02 |
0.56 |
-0.02 |
0.49 |
-0.02 |
0.50 |
Age |
-0.01 |
<0.01 |
-0.01 |
0.00 |
-0.01 |
0.01 |
Income |
4×10-5
|
0.81 |
-1×10-5
|
0.97 |
1×10-5
|
0.68 |
Education (no education) |
Finished elementary school |
0.03 |
0.41 |
0.04 |
0.28 |
0.04 |
0.22 |
Finished middle school or more |
0.004 |
0.93 |
0.01 |
0.90 |
-0.001 |
0.97 |
Employment (no) |
Yes |
0.08 |
0.02 |
0.08 |
0.02 |
0.07 |
0.03 |
Existence of spouse (no) |
Yes |
0.03 |
0.36 |
0.04 |
0.29 |
0.02 |
0.57 |
Hypertension (no) |
Yes |
0.01 |
0.68 |
0.01 |
0.70 |
0.01 |
0.82 |
Diabetics (no) |
Yes |
-0.06 |
0.17 |
-0.09 |
0.04 |
-0.08 |
0.06 |
Hyperlipidemia (no) |
Yes |
-0.07 |
0.26 |
-0.06 |
0.29 |
-0.04 |
0.49 |
Osteoarthritis (no) |
Yes |
0.002 |
0.96 |
0.002 |
0.95 |
0.00 |
0.91 |
LSNS-R (family size) |
0.01 |
<0.01 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
LSNS-R (family frequency) |
- |
- |
0.02 |
<0.01 |
- |
- |
LSNS-R (friends) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0.01 |
<0.01 |
Constant |
1.28 |
<0.01 |
1.21 |
<0.01 |
1.14 |
<0.01 |
F-value |
4.53 |
<0.01 |
4.97 |
<0.01 |
6.47 |
<0.01 |
R2
|
0.17 |
0.19 |
0.23 |
Adjusted R2
|
0.14 |
0.15 |
0.20 |
Table 6.Tobit regression analysis on Euro quality of life-5 dimensions index by social network factors
Variable (reference) |
Model III-1
|
Model III-2
|
Model III-3
|
BT
|
p-value |
BT
|
p-value |
BT
|
p-value |
Sex (women) |
Men |
-0.47 |
0.64 |
-0.61 |
0.54 |
-0.66 |
0.51 |
Age |
-2.94 |
<0.01 |
-2.56 |
0.01 |
-2.13 |
0.03 |
Income |
-0.62 |
0.54 |
-0.88 |
0.38 |
-0.50 |
0.62 |
Education (no education) |
Finished elementary school |
1.29 |
0.20 |
1.57 |
0.12 |
1.78 |
0.07 |
Finished middle school or more |
0.65 |
0.51 |
0.67 |
0.50 |
0.76 |
0.45 |
Employment (no) |
Yes |
2.22 |
0.03 |
2.29 |
0.02 |
1.94 |
0.05 |
Existence of spouse (no) |
Yes |
1.18 |
0.24 |
1.32 |
0.19 |
0.97 |
0.33 |
Hypertension (no) |
Yes |
-0.26 |
0.80 |
-0.38 |
0.71 |
-0.33 |
0.74 |
Diabetics (no) |
Yes |
-1.86 |
0.06 |
-2.49 |
0.01 |
-2.53 |
0.01 |
Hyperlipidemia (no) |
Yes |
-1.43 |
0.15 |
-1.35 |
0.18 |
-1.06 |
0.29 |
Osteoarthritis (no) |
Yes |
-0.50 |
0.62 |
-0.56 |
0.57 |
-0.73 |
0.46 |
LSNS-R (family size) |
2.96 |
<0.01 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
LSNS-R (family frequency) |
- |
- |
3.60 |
<0.01 |
- |
- |
LSNS-R (friends) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
5.41 |
<0.01 |