Table 1.Dietary practices and daily activities of the adolescents surveyed
Variable |
Male |
Female |
Total |
95% confidence interval |
Dietary practices |
|
|
|
|
Diet |
|
|
|
|
Vegetarian |
345 (46.1) |
403 (53.9) |
748 (40.6) |
38.4, 42.8 |
Mixed diet |
550 (50.3) |
544 (49.7) |
1094 (59.4) |
57.2, 61.4 |
Fruit intake |
|
|
|
|
Never/occasional |
494 (55.2) |
600 (63.4) |
1094 (59.4) |
57.2, 61.4 |
1 or 2 times/d |
343 (38.3) |
323 (34.1) |
666 (36.2) |
34.0, 38.4 |
3 or more times/d |
58 (6.5) |
24 (2.5) |
82 (4.5) |
3.5, 5.4 |
Vegetable intake |
|
|
|
|
Never/occasional |
194 (21.7) |
276 (29.1) |
470 (25.5) |
23.5, 27.5 |
1 or 2 times/d |
540 (60.3) |
558 (58.9) |
1098 (59.6) |
57.4, 61.8 |
3 or more times/d |
161 (18.0) |
113 (11.9) |
274 (14.9) |
13.3, 16.5 |
Carbonated drink intake during the previous7 d |
|
|
|
|
Never |
748 (83.6) |
841 (88.8) |
1589 (86.3) |
84.7, 87.9 |
1 or 3 times |
132 (14.7) |
95 (10.0) |
277 (12.3) |
10.8, 13.8 |
4 or more times |
15 (1.7) |
11 (1.2) |
26 (1.4) |
0.9, 1.9 |
Fast food intake during last seven days |
|
|
|
|
Never |
119 (13.3) |
158 (16.7) |
277 (15) |
13.4, 16.6 |
1-3 d |
545 (60.9) |
609 (64.3) |
1154 (62.6) |
60.4, 64.8 |
4-7 d |
231 (25.8) |
180 (19.0) |
411 (22.3) |
20.4, 24.2 |
Daily activities |
|
|
|
|
Watching TV for more than two hours every day |
278 (31.1) |
282 (29.8) |
560 (30.4) |
28.3, 32.5 |
Computer use for more than two hours every day |
292 (32.6) |
218 (23.0) |
510 (27.7) |
25.7, 29.7 |
Academic activities for more than two hours every day |
489 (54.6) |
573 (60.5) |
1062 (57.7) |
55.4, 60.0 |
Outdoor sports activities for more than one hour every day |
320 (35.8) |
85 (9.0) |
405 (22.0) |
20.1, 23.9 |
Transport to school by walking/cycling |
637 (71.2) |
567 (59.9) |
1204 (65.4) |
63.2, 67.5 |
Table 2.Health enhancing physical activity (HEPA) among the adolescents surveyed
Characteristics |
Total |
HEPA active n (%) |
95% confidence interval |
p-value |
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
12-14 |
760 |
362 (47.6) |
44.0, 51.1 |
<0.001 |
15-18 |
1082 |
393 (36.3) |
32.4, 39.2 |
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
Male |
895 |
540 (60.3) |
57.1, 63.5 |
<0.001 |
Female |
947 |
215 (22.7) |
20.0, 25.4 |
|
Type of school |
|
|
|
|
Private |
1078 |
438 (40.6) |
37.7, 43.5 |
0.71 |
Government/government-aided/trust-managed |
764 |
317 (41.5) |
38.0, 44.9 |
|
Father’s education (n = 1282) |
|
|
|
|
Up to X standard |
768 |
338 (44.0) |
40.5, 47.5 |
0.24 |
More than X standard |
514 |
209 (40.7) |
36.4, 44.9 |
|
Mother’s education (n = 1249) |
|
|
|
|
Up to X standard |
855 |
372 (43.5) |
40.4, 46.6 |
0.53 |
More than X standard |
394 |
164 (41.6) |
36.7, 46.5 |
|
Academic activities per day |
|
|
|
|
Up to 2 h |
780 |
370 (47.4) |
43.9, 50.9 |
<0.001 |
More than 2 h |
1062 |
385 (36.3) |
33.4, 39.2 |
|
TV hours per day |
|
|
|
|
Up to 2 h |
1282 |
504 (39.3) |
36.6, 41.9 |
<0.05 |
More than 2 h |
560 |
251 (44.8) |
40.7, 48.9 |
|
Computer use per day |
|
|
|
|
Up to 2 h |
1332 |
534 (40.1) |
37.5, 42.7 |
0.21 |
More than 2 h |
510 |
221 (43.3) |
39.0, 47.6 |
|
Table 3.Prevalence of overweight/obesity by sociodemographic status
Characteristics |
Total |
Over- weight / obese (n) |
Percent |
95% confidence interval |
p-value |
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
12-14 |
760 |
105 |
13.8 |
11.3, 16.2 |
<0.01 |
15-18 |
1082 |
105 |
9.7 |
7.9, 11.5 |
|
Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
Male |
895 |
86 |
9.6 |
7.7, 11.5 |
<0.05 |
Female |
947 |
124 |
13.1 |
10.9, 15.2 |
|
Father’s education (n = 1282) |
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 10th standard |
768 |
64 |
8.3 |
6.3, 10.2 |
<0.001 |
More than 10th standard |
514 |
75 |
14.6 |
11.5, 17.6 |
|
Mother’s education (n = 1249) |
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 10th standard |
855 |
69 |
8.1 |
6.4, 9.8 |
<0.001 |
More than 10th standard |
394 |
61 |
15.5 |
11.9, 19.1 |
|
Type of school |
|
|
|
|
|
Private |
1078 |
154 |
14.3 |
12.2, 16.4 |
<0.001 |
Government/ government-aided/ trust-managed |
764 |
56 |
7.3 |
5.5, 9.1 |
|
Table 4.Correlates of overweight/obesity among the adolescents surveyed
Characteristics |
Total |
Overweight/obese (n) |
Percent |
95% confidence interval |
p-value |
Fast food intake |
|
|
|
|
|
≤3 d/wk |
1431 |
182 |
12.7 |
11.0, 11.4 |
<0.001 |
4-7 d/wk |
411 |
28 |
6.8 |
4.4, 9.2 |
|
Carbonated drink intake |
|
|
|
|
|
≤3 times/wk |
1816 |
203 |
11.3 |
9.8, 12.8 |
0.41 |
4-7 times/wk |
26 |
7 |
15.2 |
4.1, 34.3 |
|
Studying/academic activities per day |
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 2 h |
780 |
87 |
11.2 |
9.0, 13.4 |
0.78 |
More than 2 h |
1062 |
123 |
11.6 |
9.7, 13.5 |
|
Outdoor games per day |
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 1 h |
1437 |
167 |
11.6 |
9.9, 13.3 |
0.57 |
More than 1 h |
405 |
43 |
10.6 |
7.6, 13.6 |
|
TV hours per day |
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 2 h |
1282 |
156 |
12.2 |
10.4, 14.0 |
0.12 |
More than 2 h |
560 |
54 |
9.6 |
7.2, 12.0 |
|
Computer use |
|
|
|
|
|
Up to 2 h |
1332 |
151 |
11.3 |
9.6, 13.0 |
0.89 |
More than 2 h |
510 |
59 |
11.6 |
8.8, 14.4 |
|
Physical activity |
|
|
|
|
|
Inactive/minimally active |
1087 |
128 |
11.8 |
9.9, 13.7 |
0.54 |
Health enhancing physical activity |
755 |
82 |
10.9 |
8.7, 13.1 |
|
Transport to school |
|
|
|
|
|
Walking/cycling |
1204 |
120 |
10.0 |
8.3, 11.7 |
<0.01 |
Motorised vehicle |
638 |
90 |
14.1 |
11.4, 16.8 |
|
Table 5.Logistic regression correlates of overweight/obesity among adolescents
Explanatory variables |
OR*
|
95% CI*
|
p-value |
Age (12-14 y vs. 15-18 y) |
1.469 |
0.981-2.201 |
0.06 |
Sex (male vs. female) |
0.604 |
0.411-0.888 |
0.01 |
Type of school (private vs. Government/ government-aided/trust managed) |
2.118 |
1.364-3.288 |
0.001 |
Father’s education (upto 10th standard vs. more than 10th standard) |
0.809 |
0.517-1.267 |
0.35 |
Mother’s education(upto 10th standard vs. more than 10th standard) |
0.650 |
0.413-1.023 |
0.06 |
Fast food consumption (1-3 d/wk vs. 4-7 d/wk) |
0.525 |
0.306-0.900 |
0.02 |
Mode of transport (walking,cycling vs. motorised vehicle) |
1.426 |
0.973-2.089 |
0.07 |