1Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Big Data Steering Department, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Korea
3Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented in this paper.
EQ, extremal quotient; IDR, inter-decile ratio; CV, coefficient of variation; SCV, systematic component of variation; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; PTCA, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; HIP, surgery after hip fracture; KNEE, knee-replacement surgery; HYS, hysterectomy; CSEC, caesarean section; CT, computed tomography scan; MRI, magnetic resonance image scan.
Country |
Distribution of populations |
CV of utilization rates of the eight procedures1 |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geographic unit (total no. of units) | Average of the population sizes of the units | CV of population size | CABG | PTCA | HIP | KNEE | HYS | CSEC | CT | MRI | |
Australia2 | Medicare locals (61) | 365 966 | 0.56 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.10 | N/A | N/A |
Belgium3 | Provinces (11) | 1 447 994 | 1.07 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
Canada4 | Provinces/territories (13) | 2 641 738 | 1.44 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Health regions (80) | 418 413 | 1.06 | 0.25 | 0.22 | N/A | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.32 | |
Czech Republic5 | Regions (14) | 754 444 | 0.43 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Districts (77) | 137 172 | 1.04 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.16 | 0.39 | 0.11 | N/A | N/A | |
Finland6 | Hospital districts (20) | 268 646 | 1.18 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
France7 | Departments (96) | 660 166 | 0.76 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.12 | N/A | N/A |
Germany8,9 | Lands (16) | 5 074 846 | 0.92 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Spatial planning regions (96) | 838 789 | 0.74 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.13 | N/A | N/A | |
Israel10 | Districts (6) | 1 251 900 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.16 | N/A | N/A |
Italy11 | Regions (20) | 3 031 322 | 0.81 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Provinces (110) | 551 150 | 1.09 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.29 | N/A | N/A | |
Portugal12 | Groups of municipalities (28) | 360 077 | 1.12 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.39 | 0.27 | 0.13 | N/A | N/A |
Spain13 | Autonomous communities (17) | 2 741 286 | 0.89 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Provinces (50) | 884 746 | 1.20 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.26 | N/A | N/A | |
Switzerland14 | Cantons (26) | 315 235 | 1.05 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.17 | N/A | 0.15 | N/A | N/A |
UK/England15 | Primary care trusts (151) | 333 983 | 0.59 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.19 | N/A | 0.11 | N/A | N/A |
OECD average16 | 1 226 549 | 0.90 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.25 | |
Korea | Districts (163) | 313 751 | 2.87 | 0.50 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
New areal units (57) | 897 219 | 1.67 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.16 |
CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; PTCA, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; HIP, surgery after hip fracture; KNEE, knee-replacement surgery; HYS, hysterectomy; CSEC, caesarean section; CT, computed tomography scan; MRI, magnetic resonance image scan; CV, coefficient of variation; N/A, not available; OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
1 CVs of the OECD countries except Korea were extracted from Geographic variation in health care, OECD (2014).
Sources from 2Medicare local population estimates update 2012, Australian Government Department of Human Services;
3 Total regional population of Belgium 2012, Statistics Belgium;
4 Health indicators 2012, Canadian Institute for Health Information;
5 Czech Republic general information, Czech Statistical Office,
6 Geographic variation in health care, OECD (2014);
7 Population from 1968 to 2014, National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (France);
8 Spatial planning region by area and population, Federal Statistical Office (Germany);
9 Population on the basis of census, Federal Statistical Office (Germany);
10 Population, by District, Sub-District and Religion, Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel);
11 Demographic balance for the year 2011 and resident population on the 8th October, National Institute of Statistics (Italy);
12 Population provisional estimates of resident, National Institute of Statistics (Portugal);
13 Population and housing census 2011, National Statistics Institute (Spain);
14 Permanent resident population per canton, Swiss Federal Statistical Office;
15 NHS (England) summarised accounts 2010-2011, UK for the Stationery Office;
16 Calculated based on the information presented in this table.
EQ |
IDR |
CV |
SCV |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Districts | New areal units | Districts | New areal units | Districts | New areal units | Districts | New areal units | |
CABG | 21.75 | 5.53 | 3.12 | 1.97 | 0.52 | 0.30 | 4.2 | 4.7 |
PTCA | 3.63 | 2.50 | 1.69 | 1.55 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 3.8 | 4.0 |
HIP | 3.45 | 1.92 | 1.58 | 1.43 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 2.6 | 1.6 |
KNEE | 3.92 | 2.56 | 2.04 | 1.73 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 11.9 | 5.5 |
HYS | 3.54 | 2.53 | 1.63 | 1.48 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 2.1 | 2.8 |
CSEC | 2.97 | 1.70 | 1.49 | 1.39 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 2.5 | 1.9 |
CT | 2.06 | 1.48 | 1.31 | 1.25 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 1.9 | 1.1 |
MRI | 2.81 | 2.31 | 1.37 | 1.34 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 2.3 | 2.5 |
Country | Distribution of populations |
CV of utilization rates of the eight procedures |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geographic unit (total no. of units) | Average of the population sizes of the units | CV of population size | CABG | PTCA | HIP | KNEE | HYS | CSEC | CT | MRI | |
Australia |
Medicare locals (61) | 365 966 | 0.56 | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.10 | N/A | N/A |
Belgium |
Provinces (11) | 1 447 994 | 1.07 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
Canada |
Provinces/territories (13) | 2 641 738 | 1.44 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Health regions (80) | 418 413 | 1.06 | 0.25 | 0.22 | N/A | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.32 | |
Czech Republic |
Regions (14) | 754 444 | 0.43 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Districts (77) | 137 172 | 1.04 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.16 | 0.39 | 0.11 | N/A | N/A | |
Finland |
Hospital districts (20) | 268 646 | 1.18 | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
France |
Departments (96) | 660 166 | 0.76 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.12 | N/A | N/A |
Germany |
Lands (16) | 5 074 846 | 0.92 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Spatial planning regions (96) | 838 789 | 0.74 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.13 | N/A | N/A | |
Israel |
Districts (6) | 1 251 900 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.16 | N/A | N/A |
Italy |
Regions (20) | 3 031 322 | 0.81 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Provinces (110) | 551 150 | 1.09 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.29 | N/A | N/A | |
Portugal |
Groups of municipalities (28) | 360 077 | 1.12 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.39 | 0.27 | 0.13 | N/A | N/A |
Spain |
Autonomous communities (17) | 2 741 286 | 0.89 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Provinces (50) | 884 746 | 1.20 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.26 | N/A | N/A | |
Switzerland |
Cantons (26) | 315 235 | 1.05 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.17 | N/A | 0.15 | N/A | N/A |
UK/England |
Primary care trusts (151) | 333 983 | 0.59 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.19 | N/A | 0.11 | N/A | N/A |
OECD average |
1 226 549 | 0.90 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.25 | |
Korea | Districts (163) | 313 751 | 2.87 | 0.50 | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
New areal units (57) | 897 219 | 1.67 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.16 |
EQ, extremal quotient; IDR, inter-decile ratio; CV, coefficient of variation; SCV, systematic component of variation; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; PTCA, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; HIP, surgery after hip fracture; KNEE, knee-replacement surgery; HYS, hysterectomy; CSEC, caesarean section; CT, computed tomography scan; MRI, magnetic resonance image scan.
CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; PTCA, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; HIP, surgery after hip fracture; KNEE, knee-replacement surgery; HYS, hysterectomy; CSEC, caesarean section; CT, computed tomography scan; MRI, magnetic resonance image scan; CV, coefficient of variation; N/A, not available; OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. CVs of the OECD countries except Korea were extracted from Geographic variation in health care, OECD (2014). Sources from 2Medicare local population estimates update 2012, Australian Government Department of Human Services; Total regional population of Belgium 2012, Statistics Belgium; Health indicators 2012, Canadian Institute for Health Information; Czech Republic general information, Czech Statistical Office, Geographic variation in health care, OECD (2014); Population from 1968 to 2014, National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (France); Spatial planning region by area and population, Federal Statistical Office (Germany); Population on the basis of census, Federal Statistical Office (Germany); Population, by District, Sub-District and Religion, Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel); Demographic balance for the year 2011 and resident population on the 8th October, National Institute of Statistics (Italy); Population provisional estimates of resident, National Institute of Statistics (Portugal); Population and housing census 2011, National Statistics Institute (Spain); Permanent resident population per canton, Swiss Federal Statistical Office; NHS (England) summarised accounts 2010-2011, UK for the Stationery Office; Calculated based on the information presented in this table.