Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

JPMPH : Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search

Articles

Page Path
HOME > J Prev Med Public Health > Volume 48(2); 2015 > Article
Original Article
The Combined Effect of Subjective Body Image and Body Mass Index (Distorted Body Weight Perception) on Suicidal Ideation
Jaeyong Shin1,2,3, Young Choi1,2, Kyu-Tae Han1,2, Sung-Youn Cheon1,2, Jae-Hyun Kim1,2, Sang Gyu Lee4, Eun-Cheol Park1,2,3
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 2015;48(2):94-104.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.14.055
Published online: March 14, 2015
  • 11,059 Views
  • 142 Download
  • 16 Crossref
  • 15 Scopus

1Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea

2Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

3Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

4Department of Hospital Management, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding Author: Eun-Cheol Park, MD, PhD  50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea  Tel: +82-2-2228-1862, Fax: +82-2-392-7734 E-mail: ecpark@yuhs.ac
• Received: December 22, 2014   • Accepted: January 30, 2015

Copyright © 2015 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

prev next
  • Objectives:
    Mental health disorders and suicide are an important and growing public health concern in Korea. Evidence has shown that both globally and in Korea, obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing some psychiatric disorders. Therefore, we examined the association between distorted body weight perception (BWP) and suicidal ideation.
  • Methods:
    Data were obtained from the 2007-2012 Korea National Health and Nutritional Evaluation Survey (KNHANES), an annual cross-sectional nationwide survey that included 14 276 men and 19 428 women. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the associations between nine BWP categories, which combined body image (BI) and body mass index (BMI) categories, and suicidal ideation. Moreover, the fitness of our models was verified using the Akaike information criterion.
  • Results:
    Consistent with previous studies, suicidal ideation was associated with marital status, household income, education level, and perceived health status in both genders. Only women were significantly more likely to have distorted BWP; there was no relationship among men. In category B1 (low BMI and normal BI), women (odds ratio [OR], 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48 to 3.42) were more likely to express suicidal ideation than women in category B2 (normal BMI and normal BI) were. Women in overweight BWP category C2 (normal BMI and fat BI) also had an increased OR for suicidal ideation (OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.48 to 3.42). Those in normal BWP categories were not likely to have suicidal ideation. Among women in the underweight BWP categories, only the OR for those in category A2 (normal BMI and thin BI) was significant (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.59).
  • Conclusions:
    Distorted BWP should be considered an important factor in the prevention of suicide and for the improvement of mental health among Korean adults, especially Korean women with distorted BWPs.
Mental health disorders have been an important and growing public health concern in South Korea (hereafter Korea). Approximately 27.6% of the population had a lifetime history of mental disorders that met the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition for having at least one disorder [1]. Among women, 23.5% experienced at least one mental disorder in their lifetime, which included 12.0% who had an anxiety disorder and 9.1% who had major depressive disorder (MDD). Additionally, the annual suicide rate has steeply increased in Korea since 1997 [1]. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) health statistics data, the age-standardized suicide mortality rate in 2011 was 33.3 per 100 000 individuals, the highest among all OECD countries. Although the rate of increase suicidal morality has remained constant since 2009 [2].
Evidence has shown that the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide and in Korea [3-5] is associated with an increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders [6-9]. However, most prior research has failed to simultaneously evaluate the effects of obesity-related comorbidities, lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity), and/or other psychosocial factors (general health status, emotional support, and life satisfaction) on mental health, even though these factors are known to affect mental health status [10,11] and contribute to the development of mental disorders [12-14]. However, some studies have found no relationship [15] or an inverse relationship between overweight/obesity and mental disorders among men [16]. Thus, the relationship between mental disorders and body mass index (BMI) remains controversial.
In this study, we aimed to examine the association of BMI and body image (BI) with suicidal ideation. In doing so, we examined the effect of objective BMI measurements, reflecting true obesity, and subjective BI to yield what we refer to here as a distorted body weight perception (BWP). BWP was used since it is challenging to investigate the association between BMI and mental disorders. Several studies have previously investigated the association between the perception of being overweight and suicidal ideation among adolescents [17]. However, few studies have investigated this relationship in adults; therefore, we attempted to examine the impact of distorted BWP on suicidal ideation in a representative population of adult Koreans.
Subjects
Data were obtained from the 2007-2012 Korea National Health and Nutritional Evaluation Survey (KNHANES), which is managed by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare. The KNHANES is a cross-sectional nationwide survey that employs a stratified, multistage, clustered probability sampling method.
The survey is comprised of a health interview, nutritional survey, and health examination. For data collection purposes, household interviews and physical examinations were conducted. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Since the KNHANES datasets are publicly available for research purposes, additional ethical approval by our institutional review board was not required for this study.
The total sample size from 2007 to 2012 was 50 405 participants. Of these, 12 801 participants were excluded because they were younger than 19 years of age. In addition, those with relevant missing data were also excluded, resulting in a final study sample that included 14 276 men and 19 428 women all 19 years and older.
Dependent Variable
Suicidal ideation was assessed by asking if participants had any suicidal ideation in the previous one year. Those who answered yes were considered to have suicidal ideation.
Primary Independent Variables
Nine BWP categories were made to classify participants according to their objective BMI subjective BI (Table 1). Subjective BI was assessed by asking, “In your opinion, how do you perceive your body?” Possible responses included thin, normal, or fat. BMI was classified into three categories as low (<18.5 kg/m2) normal (18.5-25 kg/m2), and high (≥25 kg/m2). The category combining normal weight perception and normal BMI was selected as the reference group.
Covariates
Socioeconomic and demographic factors included age, residential area, marital status, employment status, educational level, and household income. Participants were classified into six age categories: 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and ≥ 70 years. Residential area was categorized as urban or rural, and marital status was categorized as married or unmarried. The highest educational level attained was categorized as elementary school, middle school, high school, and college or higher. Household income was included as quartiles based on monthly earnings. Employment status categories were unemployed and employed.
Health-related factors included sleep duration, perceived health status, BMI, and the presence of chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes, which were reported only if they had been diagnosed by a physician. Perceived health status was collected as extremely good, good, moderate, bad, and extremely bad. Stress was considered either mild or severe. In addition, mental health-related factors included perceived levels of stress relating to daily life and the presence of depressive symptoms that had been diagnosed by a physician within the previous one year. The influence of the study year for each of the six collection years (2007-2012) was also considered.
Statistical Analysis
Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the associations between the nine BWP categories and suicidal ideation. Our models were adjusted for age, the data collection year, residential area, marital status, employment status, household income, educational level, perceived health status, sleep duration, stress level, BMI, and the presence of hypertension, diabetes, and MDD.
Moreover, we used the Akaike information criterion to verify the adequacy of these models with BMI only, BI only, and the combined BWP as the independent variables. Odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
Demographic Characteristics
Table 2 shows the demographic characteristics of the sample. A total of 1573 men (11.0%) and women (20.3%) reported having suicidal ideation during the twelve months prior to the survey, while 12 703 men and 15 481 women did not. Five men and four women matched the BWP category C1, which included those who were in the overweight BWP category but had a low BMI; none of these subjects expressed suicidal ideation.
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis
The results of the multiple logistic regression analysis are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Table 3 depicts the ORs for suicidal ideation across age, the data collection year, residential area, marital status, employment status, household income, educational level, perceived health status, sleep duration, hypertension, diabetes, MDD, stress levels, and BMI. In Table 4, the nine BWP categories were rearranged as underweight BWP (A2, A3, and B3), normal BWP (A1, B2, and C3), and overweight BWP (B1, C1, and C2). Because none of the participants in C1 expressed suicidal ideation, it was not possible to calculate the OR for this group.
Married participants were more likely to express suicidal ideation than were unmarried participants for both men (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.37 to 2.46) and women (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.76). In addition, employed men were less likely to express suicidal ideation (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.86) than were unemployed men.
In terms of household income, the ORs for suicidal ideation for both men and women were very similar. Relative to the lowest quartile group, the ORs for suicidal ideation were 0.88 (95% CI, 0.72 to 1.08) for men and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.73 to 0.96) for women in the second lowest quartile, 0.72 (95% CI, 0.58 to 0.90) for men and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.73 to 0.98) for women in the third lowest quartile, and 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.87) for men and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.53 to 0.74) for women in the highest quartile.
Suicidal ideation was also influenced by education level in both genders. The likelihood of suicidal ideation decreased as the level of education increased; thus, men (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.94) and women with a middle school education (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.90) were less likely to express suicidal ideation than men and women with only an elementary school education were. Men (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.78) and women with a high school education showed an even lower likelihood (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.71) of suicidal ideation, followed by men (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.65) and women with a college education or higher (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.53).
Participants who reported being in excellent health (for men: OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.29, and women: OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.37) or very good health according to the self-rated survey questions (for men: OR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.31, and women: OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.35) were less likely to express suicidal ideation. Furthermore, men (OR, 4.56; 95% CI, 3.91 to 5.32) and women (OR, 4.47; 95% CI, 4.06 to 4.93) with very high levels of stress were more likely to express suicidal ideation than those with mild stress were.
Among the prevalent diseases investigated, only MDD showed a strong positive association with suicidal ideation (men: OR, 5.11; 95% CI, 3.42 to 7.62, women: OR, 2.75; 95% CI, 2.30 to 3.29).
In the fully adjusted models, all women with an overweight BWP were significantly more likely to have suicidal ideation (Table 4 and Supplemental Table 1). In addition, women in category B1 (low BMI and normal BI) had a higher OR for suicidal ideation (OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.48 to 3.42) than the control category B2 (normal BMI and BI) did. However, no relationship was found in men (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 0.49 to 2.95) (p<0.001) in category BI. Women in category C2 (normal BMI and fat BI) were also more likely to express suicidal ideation (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.48) than women in C1 were.
No significant differences were found for men or women with normal BWP. For women with underweight BWP, the OR in category A2 (normal BMI and thin BI) showed an increased likelihood of having suicidal ideation (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.59). Thus, only three BWP categories were significantly related to suicidal ideation in women, and none were significantly related in men.
Model Fitness
The results of the Akaike information criterion analysis suggested that the model using both BMI and BI was superior to the one using only BMI and the one using only BI (Table 5). Although the fitness of these models was not significantly different, the difference between the model using both BMI and BI and only BMI was larger than that between both BMI and BI and only BWP.
Suicidal ideation was found to be associated with not only socioeconomic variables such as marital status, household income level, and educational level but also health-related variables such as the presence of MDD, routine stress, and perceived health status. Several other studies have also supported associations between socioeconomic and mental health-related factors with suicidal ideation [18-21]. Inder et al. [18] identified determinants of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts using data from the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (n=8463) in Australia [18]. According to their study, psychiatric disorders were the main determinant of 12-month and lifetime suicidal ideation as well as lifetime suicide attempts. Moreover, marital status, employment status, perceived financial adversity, and mental health service use were also important determinants; these findings were consistent with our results. Lee et al. [19] also studied differential associations of socio-economic status with gender- and age-defined suicidal ideation among Korean adults and elderly using the KNHANES from 2007 to 2012. They found that household income was the main protective factor for women and those aged 25 to 44 years and that educational attainment was protective for individuals aged > 65 years. In another report from Korea, the relationship between sleep duration and suicidal ideation formed a U-shaped curve [22]. However, in the present study we did not find a statistically meaningful association between sleep duration and suicidal ideation, despite finding a similar U-shaped pattern in the ORs.
When investigating BWP, it was deemed necessary to examine suicidal ideation and its related factors by gender. Chin et al. [23] have suggested that the development of a suicide prevention program for Korean adults requires different approaches for each gender. For example, for working men aged 45 to 54 years, the focus should be on the management of work-related stress and depression, while community support programs might substantially help women who are less educated, are not formally employed, and/or experience a great deal of stress and depression. Although their study had a robust methodology, they did not consider the possibility that distorted BI might induce stress and/or even foster suicidal ideation.
Therefore, we examined BWP to understand the impact of BI on suicidal ideation. Several studies have examined the association between BWP and suicidal ideation [17,21,24-27]. Lee and Seo [28] studied the trajectory of suicidal ideation in relation to BWP from adolescence to young adulthood using representative data from four waves (1995-2008) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health from the US. In general, they found that suicidal ideation tended to decrease with age. However, participants who perceived themselves as overweight were more likely to think about committing suicide than those who perceived themselves as normal weight were, and this was especially true among young girls, even after controlling for rigorously measured depressive symptoms. According to a study of Korean adolescents, a significantly higher proportion of girls reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts than did boys. Factors associated with suicidal ideation were overestimating one’s weight (vs. an accurate estimation) and reporting behaviors to lose or gain weight (vs. no weight control) among boys, and overestimating one’s weight and attempting to lose weight were associated factors among girls [24]. Another study of elementary students between twelve to thirteen years old found that body image distortion may lead to stress, depression, and undesirable dieting behavior [21]. Compared to participants without distorted BIs, the group that overestimated their weight demonstrated a greater interest in weight control, expressed dissatisfaction with body weight, presented unhealthy reasons to lose weight, and had higher scores for the survey items “feeling sad when comparing own body with others” and “easily getting annoyed and tired,” even though these children had similar obesity indices as the children without distorted BIs did [21].
However, the majority of these studies targeted adolescents rather than adults. Thus, a study of the general population was needed. Kim et al. [26] studied the effect of weight perception on suicidal ideation among young Korean women using data from the 2001 and 2005 KNHANES. Overweight women were more likely to think about suicide than their normal-weight counterparts were in both study years. However, in both study years, the association between overweight and suicidal ideation was not significant when perceived weight was taken into account. Therefore, the difference between the results of the above study and the present study might be due to differences between the data collection years and the targeted age groups. In addition, Kim et al. [25] did not analyze the effect of BWP by combining the effect of BI and BMI as we have done. On the other hand, we divided each of the three BWP categories into three groups based on the actual BMI measurement anticipating that these differences may yield meaningful statistical outcomes in our study.
Another similar study examining the role of BWP in the general population was conducted in 2011 in Korea [26]. Kim et al [25]. examined the effects of actual and perceived body weight on unhealthy weight control behaviors and depressed mood. They found that women who perceived themselves to be heavier than their actual BMIs appeared more likely to engage in unhealthy weight control behaviors (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.83). Furthermore, women with a distorted BWP, whether an underestimation (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.03) or overestimation of their BMI (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.52), tended to be more likely to report having depressed mood than those who had a realistic BWP did [26]. Interestingly, contrary to previous studies on adolescents, women with underweight BWPs also suffered from depressed mood.
Gaskin et al. [29] performed a study to determine if BWP mediates the association between measured weight and depression. They analyzed data on 13 548 adults aged 18 or older collected from the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of the US. Among women, adjusting for BWP weakened the relationship between measured weight and depression. The ORs of depression for being obese and overweight were 2.26 (95% CI, 1.50 to 3.40) and 1.92 (95% CI, 1.29 to 2.85) before adjustment for BWP and 1.72 (95% CI, 1.01 to 2.92) and 1.62 (95% CI, 1.01 to 2.60) after adjustment. Independent from measured weight, women who perceived themselves as underweight (OR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.47 to 5.14) or overweight (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.61) had an increased odds of depression compared with women who perceived themselves as being at a normal weight. Among men, measured weight, but not overweight BWP nor underweight BWP, was associated with depression, and perceiving oneself as underweight (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.42 to 5.54) was associated with depression. However, it is important to note that the authors of that study did not measure suicidal ideation as the dependent variable; rather, they measured whether increasing depressive symptoms were able to the increase the probability of having suicidal ideation.
Considering the results of these previous studies as well as our own, distorted BWP as measured from objective BMI and subjective BWP seems to be related to suicidal ideation. Thus, those who suffer from distorted body image should be assessed not only objectively according to their BMI but also subjectively by asking about one’s self-perception of body weight as possible indicators suicidal ideation, and this kind of assessment might be especially beneficial for Korean women. Moreover, we believe that this simple measurement might help detect patients with suicidal ideation early to reduce the number of suicidal attempts and prevent the incidence of suicides in Korea.
This study has several important strengths. First, we assessed the presence of suicidal ideation, which is more indicative of suicide than measuring depressive mood is. Although there is an established association between depressive mood and suicidal ideation, the outcome can be more clearly defined by investigating the dependent variable firsthand. Second, we used nationally representative data, thus strengthening our study’s reliability. In addition, these data were recently collected (2007-2012), permitting us to make relevant interpretations.
Nevertheless, our study has several limitations. First, due to its cross-sectional design, causal relationships cannot be determined. However, since we divided BMI into categories and examined BMI as an independent variable, it is extremely unlikely that reverse causation is valid. Second, we used suicidal ideation and not attempted suicide as the outcome, even though the association between suicidal ideation and attempts exists [30-32]. Since suicidal ideation does not always directly result in a suicidal attempt or suicide, determining the strength of the connection between suicidal ideation and suicide without considering the role of mental illness may create some challenges.
In conclusion, this study supports the notion that distorted BWP and suicidal ideation are related. Women with overweight BWP in all BMI categories and underweight perception with normal BMI were more likely to express suicidal ideation than women with a normal BWP and normal BMI were. Therefore, BWP might be an important factor that could be employed to prevent suicidal ideation and improve the mental health of Korean adults, especially Korean women.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest with the material presented in this paper.

Table 1.
The nine categories of body weight perception by the three body image (BI) categories and three body mass index (BMI) categories
Subjective BI BMI<18.5 (1) 18.5≤BMI<25 (2) BMI≥25 (3)
Thin (A) Normal (A1) Under (A2) Under (A3)
Normal (B) Over (B1) Normal (B2) Under (B3)
Fat (C) Over (C1) Over (C2) Normal (C3)

The category B2 was selected as the control.

Table 2.
Demographic characteristics and the presence of suicidal ideation by gender
Women
Men
Absence Presence Total p-value Absence Presence Total p-value
Age (y) <0.001 <0.001
 20-29 1817 (80.8) 433 (19.2) 2250 1508 (92.7) 119 (7.3) 1627
 30-39 3325 (85.2) 577 (14.8) 3902 2502 (91.9) 221 (8.1) 2723
 40-49 3045 (84.0) 581 (16.0) 3626 2518 (90.8) 255 (9.2) 2773
 50-59 2924 (82.1) 639 (17.9) 3563 2279 (88.3) 301 (11.7) 2580
 60-69 2391 (76.0) 753 (24.0) 3144 2180 (87.7) 305 (12.3) 2485
 ≥70 1979 (67.2) 964 (32.8) 2943 1716 (82.2) 372 (17.8) 2088
Residential area <0.001 <0.001
 Urban 12 023 (80.8) 2856 (19.2) 14 879 9700 (89.7) 1113 (10.3) 10 813
 Rural 6458 (85.5) 1091 (14.5) 7549 3003 (86.7) 460 (13.3) 3463
Marital status 0.73 0.42
 Married 13 812 (79.6) 3529 (20.4) 17 341 10 755 (88.9) 1344 (11.1) 12 099
 Single 1669 (80.0) 418 (20.0) 2087 1948 (89.5) 229 (10.5) 2177
Job status <0.001 <0.001
 Unemployed 7955 (77.9) 2253 (22.1) 10 208 2972 (83.7) 579 (16.3) 3551
 Employed 7526 (81.6) 1694 (18.4) 9220 9731 (90.7) 994 (9.3) 10 725
Sleep hours (h)
 <6 2391 (70.9) 983 (29.1) 3374 <0.001 1563 (82.7) 328 (17.3) 1891 <0.001
 6-8 11 844 (82.1) 2580 (17.9) 14 424 10 257 (90.4) 1084 (9.6) 11 341
 ≥8 1246 (76.4) 384 (23.6) 1630 883 (84.6) 161 (15.4) 1044
House income <0.001 <0.001
 1Q (lowest) 2916 (68.8) 1323 (31.2) 4239 2140 (80.8) 510 (19.2) 2650
 2Q (second lowest) 3874 (78.7) 1051 (21.3) 4925 3183 (87.7) 446 (12.3) 3629
 3Q (third lowest) 4229 (82.5) 898 (17.5) 5127 3637 (91.8) 327 (8.2) 3964
 4Q (highest) 4462 (86.9) 675 (13.1) 5137 3743 (92.8) 290 (7.2) 4033
Educational level <0.001 <0.001
 Elementary school 4579 (70.3) 1931 (29.7) 6510 2194 (80.2) 541 (19.8) 2735
 Middle school 1629 (81.0) 383 (19.0) 2012 1513 (87.2) 223 (12.8) 1736
 High school 5127 (83.7) 1000 (16.3) 6127 4609 (90.7) 473 (9.3) 5082
 College or over 4146 (86.8) 633 (13.2) 4779 4387 (92.9) 336 (7.1) 4723
Perceived health status <0.001 <0.001
 Excellent 610 (89.6) 71 (10.4) 681 750 (93.8) 50 (6.3) 800
 Very good 4974 (86.9) 753 (13.1) 5727 4676 (93.1) 345 (6.9) 5021
 Good 6758 (83.8) 1308 (16.2) 8066 5386 (90.5) 566 (9.5) 5952
 Poor 2726 (67.5) 1312 (32.5) 4038 1677 (78.5) 460 (21.5) 2137
 Very poor 413 (45.1) 503 (54.9) 916 214 (58.5) 152 (41.5) 366
The presence of hypertension <0.001 <0.001
 No 12 325 (81.3) 2832 (18.7) 15 157 9975 (89.7) 1141 (10.3) 11 116
 Yes 3156 (73.9) 1115 (26.1) 4271 2728 (86.3) 432 (13.7) 3160
The presence of diabetes <0.001 <0.001
 No 14 468 (80.4) 3526 (19.6) 17 994 11 563 (89.4) 1367 (10.6) 12 930
 Yes 1013 (70.6) 421 (29.4) 1434 1140 (84.7) 206 (15.3) 1346
The presence of major depressive disorder <0.001 <0.001
 No 14 873 (81.1) 3461 (18.9) 18 334 12 568 (89.5) 1471 (10.5) 14 039
 Yes 608 (55.6) 486 (44.4) 1094 135 (57.0) 102 (43.0) 237
Level of stress <0.001 <0.001
 High 3481 (60.4) 2287 (39.6) 5768 2653 (76.5) 813 (23.5) 3466
 Low 12 000 (87.8) 1660 (12.2) 13 660 10 050 (93.0) 760 (7.0) 10 810
The difference in BI <0.001 <0.001
 A1: low BMI and skinny BI (N) 652 (78.7) 176 (21.3) 828 359 (84.5) 66 (15.5) 425
 A2: middle BMI and skinny BI (U) 1330 (70.8) 549 (29.2) 1879 2284 (86.6) 354 (13.4) 2638
 A3: high BMI and skinny BI (U) 100 (62.9) 59 (37.1) 159 42 (82.4) 9 (17.6) 51
 B1: low BMI and normal BI (O) 172 (75.4) 56 (24.6) 228 22 (73.3) 8 (26.7) 30
 B2: normal BMI and normal BI (N) 5567 (83.4) 1112 (16.6) 6679 4362 (89.7) 499 (10.3) 4861
 B3: high BMI and normal BI (U) 678 (77.8) 193 (22.2) 871 895 (88.8) 113 (11.2) 1008
 C1: low BMI and fat BI (O) 4 (100.0) 0.0 4 5 (100.0) 0.0 5
 C2: normal BMI and fat BI (O) 3284 (81.3) 755 (18.7) 4039 1153 (88.7) 147 (11.3) 1300
 C3: high BMI and fat BI (N) 3694 (77.9) 1047 (22.1) 4741 3581 (90.5) 377 (9.5) 3958
Total 15 481 (79.7) 3947 (20.3) 19 428 12 703 (89.0) 1573 (11.0) 14 276

Values are presented as number (%).

Data were adjusted for study year and BMI.

BI, body image; BMI, body mass index; N, normal body weight perception; U, underweight body weight perception; O, overweight body weight perception.

Table 3.
Multiple logistic regression analysis of suicidal ideation by gender
Women Men
Age (y)
 20-29 1.00 1.00
 30-39 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) 1.80 (1.28, 2.53)***
 40-49 1.06 (0.84, 1.35) 2.52 (1.72, 3.67)***
 50-59 0.83 (0.64, 1.09) 2.82 (1.89, 4.21)***
 60-69 0.89 (0.67, 1.19) 2.42 (1.58, 3.73)***
 ≥70 1.26 (0.93, 1.70) 2.67 (1.70, 4.20)***
Residential area
 Urban 1.00 1.00
 Rural 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) 1.11 (0.93, 1.31)
Marital status
 Married 1.00 1.00
 Single 1.42 (1.15, 1.76)* 1.84 (1.37, 2.46)***
Job status
 Unemployed 1.00 1.00
 Employed 0.92 (0.83, 1.02) 0.71 (0.59, 0.86)***
Sleep hours (h)
 <6 1.09 (0.97, 1.24) 1.19 (0.98, 1.45)
 6-8 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)
 ≥8 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) 1.23 (0.95, 1.58)
House income
 1Q (lowest) 1.00 1.00
 2Q (second lowest) 0.83 (0.73, 0.96)* 0.88 (0.72, 1.08)
 3Q (third lowest) 0.85 (0.73, 0.98)* 0.72 (0.58, 0.90)*
 4Q (highest) 0.63 (0.53, 0.74)*** 0.68 (0.54, 0.87)*
Educational level
 Elementary school 1.00 1.00
 Middle school 0.76 (0.63, 0.90)*** 0.73 (0.58, 0.94)*
 High school 0.60 (0.51, 0.71)*** 0.63 (0.51, 0.78)***
 College or over 0.43 (0.35, 0.53)*** 0.51 (0.40, 0.65)***
Perceived health status
 Excellent 0.26 (0.18, 0.37)*** 0.18 (0.11, 0.29)***
 Very good 0.28 (0.23, 0.35)*** 0.21 (0.15, 0.31)***
 Good 0.32 (0.26, 0.40)*** 0.27 (0.19, 0.38)***
 Poor 0.51 (0.42, 0.62)*** 0.45 (0.32, 0.64)***
 Very poor 1.00 1.00
The presence of hypertension
 No 1.00 1.00
 Yes 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) 0.91 (0.71, 1.18)
The presence of diabetes
 No 1.00 1.00
 Yes 0.93 (0.79, 1.11) 1.13 (0.90, 1.42)
The presence of major depressive disorder
 Absence 1.00 1.00
 Presence 2.75 (2.30, 3.29)*** 5.11 (3.42, 7.62)***
Level of stress
 High 4.47 (4.06, 4.93)*** 4.56 (3.91, 5.32) ***
 Low 1.00 1.00

Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

These data were adjusted for study year, body mass index, and body weight perception.

* p<0.05,

*** p<0.001.

Table 4.
Multiple logistic regression analysis of suicidal ideation by gender according to BWP as determined by subjective BI and BMI measures
BWP BI BMI category Category1 Women Men
Underestimation Thin Middle A2 1.34 (1.13, 1.59)*** 1.05 (0.84, 1.31)
Thin High A3 1.39 (0.79, 2.43) 1.64 (0.56, 4.8)
Normal High B3 0.94 (0.71, 1.26) 0.98 (0.72, 1.33)
Normal Thin Low A1 1.2 (0.93, 1.55) 1.3 (0.83, 2.03)
Normal Middle B2 1.00 1.00
Fat High C3 1.09 (0.89, 1.34) 0.84 (0.65, 1.09)
Overestimation Normal Low B1 2.25 (1.48, 3.42)*** 1.2 (0.49, 2.95)
Fat Middle C2 1.28 (1.11, 1.48)*** 1.14 (0.89, 1.47)
Fat Low C1 - -

Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

All the other variables including age, residential area, marital status, job status, sleep hours, house income, educational level, perceived health status, the presence of hypertension, the presence of diabetes, the presence of major depressive disorder, year, and level of stress are adjusted for the odds ratio for suicidal ideation.

BWP, body weight perception; BI, body image; BMI, body mass index.

1 These categories are reported in Table 1.

*** p<0.001.

Table 5.
The fitness of models including both BMI and BWP, only BWP, and only BMI according to the AIC
Models AIC
Total Men Women
BWP 24 755 172 9 704 093 14 882 892
BMI and BI 24 787 467 9 713 517 14 908 230
BI only 24 801 575 9 715 349 14 912 369
BMI only 24 799 963 9 713 597 14 926 893

AIC, Akaike information criterion; BMI, body mass index; BWP body weight perception; BI, body image.

  • 1. Korean Statistical Information Service. National health statistics [cited 2014 Aug 8]. Available from: http://kosis.kr/statisticsList/statisticsList_01List.jsp?vwcd=MT_ZTITLE&parentId=D#SubCont (Korean)
  • 2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Health at a glance 2013: OECD indicators [cited 2015 Mar 16]. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Health-at-a-Glance-2013.pdf
  • 3. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014;384(9945):766-781ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 4. Kang HT, Shim JY, Lee HR, Park BJ, Linton JA, Lee YJ. Trends in prevalence of overweight and obesity in Korean adults, 1998-2009: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Epidemiol 2014;24(2):109-116ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 5. Khang YH, Yun SC. Trends in general and abdominal obesity among Korean adults: findings from 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. J Korean Med Sci 2010;25(11):1582-1588ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 6. Barry D, Pietrzak RH, Petry NM. Gender differences in associations between body mass index and DSM-IV mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Ann Epidemiol 2008;18(6):458-466ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 7. Bjerkeset O, Romundstad P, Evans J, Gunnell D. Association of adult body mass index and height with anxiety, depression, and suicide in the general population: the HUNT study. Am J Epidemiol 2008;167(2):193-202ArticlePubMed
  • 8. Kasen S, Cohen P, Chen H, Must A. Obesity and psychopathology in women: a three decade prospective study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32(3):558-566ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Petry NM, Barry D, Pietrzak RH, Wagner JA. Overweight and obesity are associated with psychiatric disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychosom Med 2008;70(3):288-297ArticlePubMed
  • 10. Simon GE, Ludman EJ, Linde JA, Operskalski BH, Ichikawa L, Rohde P, et al. Association between obesity and depression in middle-aged women. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2008;30(1):32-39ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 11. Heo M, Pietrobelli A, Fontaine KR, Sirey JA, Faith MS. Depressive mood and obesity in US adults: comparison and moderation by sex, age, and race. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30(3):513-519ArticlePubMed
  • 12. Bjerkeset O, Nordahl HM, Mykletun A, Holmen J, Dahl AA. Anxiety and depression following myocardial infarction: gender differences in a 5-year prospective study. J Psychosom Res 2005;58(2):153-161ArticlePubMed
  • 13. Fan AZ, Strine TW, Jiles R, Mokdad AH. Depression and anxiety associated with cardiovascular disease among persons aged 45 years and older in 38 states of the United States, 2006. Prev Med 2008;46(5):445-450ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Herbst S, Pietrzak RH, Wagner J, White WB, Petry NM. Lifetime major depression is associated with coronary heart disease in older adults: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychosom Med 2007;69(8):729-734ArticlePubMed
  • 15. John U, Meyer C, Rumpf HJ, Hapke U. Relationships of psychiatric disorders with overweight and obesity in an adult general population. Obes Res 2005;13(1):101-109ArticlePubMed
  • 16. Carpenter KM, Hasin DS, Allison DB, Faith MS. Relationships between obesity and DSM-IV major depressive disorder, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts: results from a general population study. Am J Public Health 2000;90(2):251-257ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 17. Kim DS. Body image dissatisfaction as an important contributor to suicidal ideation in Korean adolescents: gender difference and mediation of parent and peer relationships. J Psychosom Res 2009;66(4):297-303ArticlePubMed
  • 18. Inder KJ, Handley TE, Johnston A, Weaver N, Coleman C, Lewin TJ, et al. Determinants of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: parallel cross-sectional analyses examining geographical location. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14: 208ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 19. Lee HY, Hahm MI, Park EC. Differential association of socioeconomic status with gender- and age-defined suicidal ideation among adult and elderly individuals in South Korea. Psychiatry Res 2013;210(1):323-328ArticlePubMed
  • 20. Moon SS, Park SM. Risk factors for suicidal ideation in Korean middle-aged adults: the role of socio-demographic status. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2012;58(6):657-663ArticlePubMed
  • 21. Cho JH, Han SN, Kim JH, Lee HM. Body image distortion in fifth and sixth grade students may lead to stress, depression, and undesirable dieting behavior. Nutr Res Pract 2012;6(2):175-181ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 22. Kim JH, Park EC, Cho WH, Park CY, Choi WJ, Chang HS. Association between total sleep duration and suicidal ideation among the Korean general adult population. Sleep 2013;36(10):1563-1572ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 23. Chin YR, Lee HY, So ES. Suicidal ideation and associated factors by sex in Korean adults: a population-based cross-sectional survey. Int J Public Health 2011;56(4):429-439ArticlePubMed
  • 24. Kim JS, Lee K. The relationship of weight-related attitudes with suicidal behaviors in Korean adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18(11):2145-2151ArticlePubMed
  • 25. Kim DS, Cho Y, Cho SI, Lim IS. Body weight perception, unhealthy weight control behaviors, and suicidal ideation among Korean adolescents. J Sch Health 2009;79(12):585-592ArticlePubMed
  • 26. Kim DS, Kim HS, Cho Y, Cho SI. The effects of actual and perceived body weight on unhealthy weight control behaviors and depressed mood among adult women in Seoul, Korea. J Prev Med Public Health 2008;41(5):323-330ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 27. McCabe MP, Ricciardelli LA. Body image dissatisfaction among males across the lifespan: a review of past literature. J Psychosom Res 2004;56(6):675-685ArticlePubMed
  • 28. Lee CG, Seo DC. Trajectory of suicidal ideation in relation to perceived overweight from adolescence to young adulthood in a representative United States sample. J Adolesc Health 2013;53(6):712-716ArticlePubMed
  • 29. Gaskin JL, Pulver AJ, Branch K, Kabore A, James T, Zhang J. Perception or reality of body weight: which matters to the depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord 2013;150(2):350-355ArticlePubMed
  • 30. Miranda R, Ortin A, Scott M, Shaffer D. Characteristics of suicidal ideation that predict the transition to future suicide attempts in adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2014;55(11):1288-1296ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 31. Miranda R, De Jaegere E, Restifo K, Shaffer D. Longitudinal follow-up study of adolescents who report a suicide attempt: aspects of suicidal behavior that increase risk of a future attempt. Depress Anxiety 2014;31(1):19-26ArticlePubMed
  • 32. Miranda R, Scott M, Hicks R, Wilcox HC, Harris Munfakh JL, Shaffer D. Suicide attempt characteristics, diagnoses, and future attempts: comparing multiple attempters to single attempters and ideators. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008;47(1):32-40ArticlePubMed
Supplemental Table 1.
The odds ratios for the nine categories of body weight perception by the three types of body image (BI) and three body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) categories
BMI<18.5 (1) 18.5≤BMI<25 (2) BMI≥25 (3)
Thin (A) F: 1.20/M: 1.30 F: 1.34***/M: 1.05 F: 1.39/M: 1.64
Normal (B) F: 2.25***/M: 1.20 F: 1.00/M: 1.00 F: 0.94/M: 0.98
Fat (C) - F: 1.28***/M: 1.14 F: 1.09/M: 0.84

F, female; M, male.

*** p<0.001.

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Sex Differences in Suicide Attempts: A Cross‐Sectional Study in Patients with First‐Episode and Drug‐Naïve Major Depression Disorder
      Yingzhao Zhu, Jun Zhang, Junjun Liu, Fengnan Jia, Zhe Li, Xueli Zhao, Chuanwei Li, Hanxu Deng, Yue Zhou, Xingzhi Xia, Ruchang Yang, Xiangdong Du, Xiangyang Zhang, Sizhi Ai
      Depression and Anxiety.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Association between lifestyle-related risk behaviors, chronic diseases, and body image distortion: gender differences in follow-up 1 of the ELSA-Brasil cohort
      Ana Luísa Patrão, Sheila Maria Alvim Matos, Emanuelle Goes, Conceição Nogueira, Rosane Harter Griep, Maria de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca, Liliana Rodrigues, Estela M. L. Aquino, Maria da Conceição Chagas de Almeida
      Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Association between Weight Status and Mental Health among Korean Adolescents: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study
      Youngha Choi, Jeana Hong
      Children.2023; 10(4): 620.     CrossRef
    • Association between body shape misperception and unhealthy eating behaviors among Korean adolescents
      Yejin Kim, Bomgyeol Kim, Vasuki Rajaguru, Sang Gyu Lee, Tae Hyun Kim
      Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(6): 1143.     CrossRef
    • Effects of metabolic syndrome and obesity on suicidality in individuals with bipolar disorder
      Christoph Stenzel, Nina Dalkner, Human-Friedrich Unterrainer, Armin Birner, Susanne A. Bengesser, Frederike T. Fellendorf, Andreas Fink, Eva Fleischmann, Melanie Lenger, Alexander Maget, Martina Platzer, Robert Queissner, Elena Schönthaler, Adelina Tmava-
      Journal of Affective Disorders.2022; 311: 1.     CrossRef
    • Body image distortion among Brazilian and Portuguese women with children: A comparative study between the ELSA-Brasil and Generation XXI cohorts
      Ana Luísa Patrão, Maria da Conceição Almeida, Ana Henriques, Sheila M. Alvim Matos, Henrique Barros, Rosane Harter Griep, Estela M.L. Aquino
      Preventive Medicine.2022; 164: 107316.     CrossRef
    • Prevalence and factors associated with suicidal ideation amongst college students in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, South Africa
      Adeyinka A. Alabi, Olawumi K. Oladimeji, Oladele V. Adeniyi
      South African Family Practice.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Association between Subjective Body Image, Body Mass Index and Psychological Symptoms in Chinese Adolescents: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study
      Yueyun Zhang, Baozhong Liu, Long Sun
      Healthcare.2021; 9(10): 1299.     CrossRef
    • Factors associated with psychological stress and distress among Korean adults: the results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
      Yejin Cheon, Jinju Park, Bo Yoon Jeong, Eun Young Park, Jin-Kyoung Oh, E Hwa Yun, Min Kyung Lim
      Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Misclassification of Self-Reported Body Mass Index Categories
      Romy Freigang, Anne-Kathrin Geier, Gordian Lukas Schmid, Thomas Frese, Andreas Klement, Susanne Unverzagt
      Deutsches Ärzteblatt international.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Self-perceptions of body weight status according to age-groups among Korean women: A nationwide population-based survey
      Boyoung Park, Ha Na Cho, Eunji Choi, Da Hea Seo, Sue Kim, Yeong-Ran Park, Kui Son Choi, Yumie Rhee, Yongjoo Kim
      PLOS ONE.2019; 14(1): e0210486.     CrossRef
    • Does perceived overweight increase risk of depressive symptoms and suicidality beyond objective weight status? A systematic review and meta-analysis
      Ashleigh Haynes, Inge Kersbergen, Angelina Sutin, Michael Daly, Eric Robinson
      Clinical Psychology Review.2019; 73: 101753.     CrossRef
    • Secular trends in the prevalence of weight misperception among Korean adults, 2001–2013
      Seonho Kim, Wi-Young So
      Obesity Research & Clinical Practice.2018; 12(4): 346.     CrossRef
    • Association between body mass index and suicidal ideation among seniors in Shandong, China
      Long Sun, Chengchao Zhou
      Comprehensive Psychiatry.2018; 82: 68.     CrossRef
    • Body weight misperception and psychological distress among young South Korean adults: the role of physical activity
      Eun-Young Lee, Maxine Myre, Jongnam Hwang, Heeran Chun, Eunchul Seo, Roman Pabayo, John C. Spence
      Global Health Research and Policy.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The Association between Inappropriate Weight Control Behaviors and Suicide Ideation and Attempt among Korean Adolescents
      Sang Ah Lee, Suk-Yong Jang, JaeYong Shin, Yeong Jun Ju, Jin Young Nam, Eun-Cheol Park
      Journal of Korean Medical Science.2016; 31(10): 1529.     CrossRef

    The Combined Effect of Subjective Body Image and Body Mass Index (Distorted Body Weight Perception) on Suicidal Ideation
    The Combined Effect of Subjective Body Image and Body Mass Index (Distorted Body Weight Perception) on Suicidal Ideation
    Subjective BI BMI<18.5 (1) 18.5≤BMI<25 (2) BMI≥25 (3)
    Thin (A) Normal (A1) Under (A2) Under (A3)
    Normal (B) Over (B1) Normal (B2) Under (B3)
    Fat (C) Over (C1) Over (C2) Normal (C3)
    Women
    Men
    Absence Presence Total p-value Absence Presence Total p-value
    Age (y) <0.001 <0.001
     20-29 1817 (80.8) 433 (19.2) 2250 1508 (92.7) 119 (7.3) 1627
     30-39 3325 (85.2) 577 (14.8) 3902 2502 (91.9) 221 (8.1) 2723
     40-49 3045 (84.0) 581 (16.0) 3626 2518 (90.8) 255 (9.2) 2773
     50-59 2924 (82.1) 639 (17.9) 3563 2279 (88.3) 301 (11.7) 2580
     60-69 2391 (76.0) 753 (24.0) 3144 2180 (87.7) 305 (12.3) 2485
     ≥70 1979 (67.2) 964 (32.8) 2943 1716 (82.2) 372 (17.8) 2088
    Residential area <0.001 <0.001
     Urban 12 023 (80.8) 2856 (19.2) 14 879 9700 (89.7) 1113 (10.3) 10 813
     Rural 6458 (85.5) 1091 (14.5) 7549 3003 (86.7) 460 (13.3) 3463
    Marital status 0.73 0.42
     Married 13 812 (79.6) 3529 (20.4) 17 341 10 755 (88.9) 1344 (11.1) 12 099
     Single 1669 (80.0) 418 (20.0) 2087 1948 (89.5) 229 (10.5) 2177
    Job status <0.001 <0.001
     Unemployed 7955 (77.9) 2253 (22.1) 10 208 2972 (83.7) 579 (16.3) 3551
     Employed 7526 (81.6) 1694 (18.4) 9220 9731 (90.7) 994 (9.3) 10 725
    Sleep hours (h)
     <6 2391 (70.9) 983 (29.1) 3374 <0.001 1563 (82.7) 328 (17.3) 1891 <0.001
     6-8 11 844 (82.1) 2580 (17.9) 14 424 10 257 (90.4) 1084 (9.6) 11 341
     ≥8 1246 (76.4) 384 (23.6) 1630 883 (84.6) 161 (15.4) 1044
    House income <0.001 <0.001
     1Q (lowest) 2916 (68.8) 1323 (31.2) 4239 2140 (80.8) 510 (19.2) 2650
     2Q (second lowest) 3874 (78.7) 1051 (21.3) 4925 3183 (87.7) 446 (12.3) 3629
     3Q (third lowest) 4229 (82.5) 898 (17.5) 5127 3637 (91.8) 327 (8.2) 3964
     4Q (highest) 4462 (86.9) 675 (13.1) 5137 3743 (92.8) 290 (7.2) 4033
    Educational level <0.001 <0.001
     Elementary school 4579 (70.3) 1931 (29.7) 6510 2194 (80.2) 541 (19.8) 2735
     Middle school 1629 (81.0) 383 (19.0) 2012 1513 (87.2) 223 (12.8) 1736
     High school 5127 (83.7) 1000 (16.3) 6127 4609 (90.7) 473 (9.3) 5082
     College or over 4146 (86.8) 633 (13.2) 4779 4387 (92.9) 336 (7.1) 4723
    Perceived health status <0.001 <0.001
     Excellent 610 (89.6) 71 (10.4) 681 750 (93.8) 50 (6.3) 800
     Very good 4974 (86.9) 753 (13.1) 5727 4676 (93.1) 345 (6.9) 5021
     Good 6758 (83.8) 1308 (16.2) 8066 5386 (90.5) 566 (9.5) 5952
     Poor 2726 (67.5) 1312 (32.5) 4038 1677 (78.5) 460 (21.5) 2137
     Very poor 413 (45.1) 503 (54.9) 916 214 (58.5) 152 (41.5) 366
    The presence of hypertension <0.001 <0.001
     No 12 325 (81.3) 2832 (18.7) 15 157 9975 (89.7) 1141 (10.3) 11 116
     Yes 3156 (73.9) 1115 (26.1) 4271 2728 (86.3) 432 (13.7) 3160
    The presence of diabetes <0.001 <0.001
     No 14 468 (80.4) 3526 (19.6) 17 994 11 563 (89.4) 1367 (10.6) 12 930
     Yes 1013 (70.6) 421 (29.4) 1434 1140 (84.7) 206 (15.3) 1346
    The presence of major depressive disorder <0.001 <0.001
     No 14 873 (81.1) 3461 (18.9) 18 334 12 568 (89.5) 1471 (10.5) 14 039
     Yes 608 (55.6) 486 (44.4) 1094 135 (57.0) 102 (43.0) 237
    Level of stress <0.001 <0.001
     High 3481 (60.4) 2287 (39.6) 5768 2653 (76.5) 813 (23.5) 3466
     Low 12 000 (87.8) 1660 (12.2) 13 660 10 050 (93.0) 760 (7.0) 10 810
    The difference in BI <0.001 <0.001
     A1: low BMI and skinny BI (N) 652 (78.7) 176 (21.3) 828 359 (84.5) 66 (15.5) 425
     A2: middle BMI and skinny BI (U) 1330 (70.8) 549 (29.2) 1879 2284 (86.6) 354 (13.4) 2638
     A3: high BMI and skinny BI (U) 100 (62.9) 59 (37.1) 159 42 (82.4) 9 (17.6) 51
     B1: low BMI and normal BI (O) 172 (75.4) 56 (24.6) 228 22 (73.3) 8 (26.7) 30
     B2: normal BMI and normal BI (N) 5567 (83.4) 1112 (16.6) 6679 4362 (89.7) 499 (10.3) 4861
     B3: high BMI and normal BI (U) 678 (77.8) 193 (22.2) 871 895 (88.8) 113 (11.2) 1008
     C1: low BMI and fat BI (O) 4 (100.0) 0.0 4 5 (100.0) 0.0 5
     C2: normal BMI and fat BI (O) 3284 (81.3) 755 (18.7) 4039 1153 (88.7) 147 (11.3) 1300
     C3: high BMI and fat BI (N) 3694 (77.9) 1047 (22.1) 4741 3581 (90.5) 377 (9.5) 3958
    Total 15 481 (79.7) 3947 (20.3) 19 428 12 703 (89.0) 1573 (11.0) 14 276
    Women Men
    Age (y)
     20-29 1.00 1.00
     30-39 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) 1.80 (1.28, 2.53)***
     40-49 1.06 (0.84, 1.35) 2.52 (1.72, 3.67)***
     50-59 0.83 (0.64, 1.09) 2.82 (1.89, 4.21)***
     60-69 0.89 (0.67, 1.19) 2.42 (1.58, 3.73)***
     ≥70 1.26 (0.93, 1.70) 2.67 (1.70, 4.20)***
    Residential area
     Urban 1.00 1.00
     Rural 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) 1.11 (0.93, 1.31)
    Marital status
     Married 1.00 1.00
     Single 1.42 (1.15, 1.76)* 1.84 (1.37, 2.46)***
    Job status
     Unemployed 1.00 1.00
     Employed 0.92 (0.83, 1.02) 0.71 (0.59, 0.86)***
    Sleep hours (h)
     <6 1.09 (0.97, 1.24) 1.19 (0.98, 1.45)
     6-8 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) 1.00 (1.00, 1.00)
     ≥8 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) 1.23 (0.95, 1.58)
    House income
     1Q (lowest) 1.00 1.00
     2Q (second lowest) 0.83 (0.73, 0.96)* 0.88 (0.72, 1.08)
     3Q (third lowest) 0.85 (0.73, 0.98)* 0.72 (0.58, 0.90)*
     4Q (highest) 0.63 (0.53, 0.74)*** 0.68 (0.54, 0.87)*
    Educational level
     Elementary school 1.00 1.00
     Middle school 0.76 (0.63, 0.90)*** 0.73 (0.58, 0.94)*
     High school 0.60 (0.51, 0.71)*** 0.63 (0.51, 0.78)***
     College or over 0.43 (0.35, 0.53)*** 0.51 (0.40, 0.65)***
    Perceived health status
     Excellent 0.26 (0.18, 0.37)*** 0.18 (0.11, 0.29)***
     Very good 0.28 (0.23, 0.35)*** 0.21 (0.15, 0.31)***
     Good 0.32 (0.26, 0.40)*** 0.27 (0.19, 0.38)***
     Poor 0.51 (0.42, 0.62)*** 0.45 (0.32, 0.64)***
     Very poor 1.00 1.00
    The presence of hypertension
     No 1.00 1.00
     Yes 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) 0.91 (0.71, 1.18)
    The presence of diabetes
     No 1.00 1.00
     Yes 0.93 (0.79, 1.11) 1.13 (0.90, 1.42)
    The presence of major depressive disorder
     Absence 1.00 1.00
     Presence 2.75 (2.30, 3.29)*** 5.11 (3.42, 7.62)***
    Level of stress
     High 4.47 (4.06, 4.93)*** 4.56 (3.91, 5.32) ***
     Low 1.00 1.00
    BWP BI BMI category Category1 Women Men
    Underestimation Thin Middle A2 1.34 (1.13, 1.59)*** 1.05 (0.84, 1.31)
    Thin High A3 1.39 (0.79, 2.43) 1.64 (0.56, 4.8)
    Normal High B3 0.94 (0.71, 1.26) 0.98 (0.72, 1.33)
    Normal Thin Low A1 1.2 (0.93, 1.55) 1.3 (0.83, 2.03)
    Normal Middle B2 1.00 1.00
    Fat High C3 1.09 (0.89, 1.34) 0.84 (0.65, 1.09)
    Overestimation Normal Low B1 2.25 (1.48, 3.42)*** 1.2 (0.49, 2.95)
    Fat Middle C2 1.28 (1.11, 1.48)*** 1.14 (0.89, 1.47)
    Fat Low C1 - -
    Models AIC
    Total Men Women
    BWP 24 755 172 9 704 093 14 882 892
    BMI and BI 24 787 467 9 713 517 14 908 230
    BI only 24 801 575 9 715 349 14 912 369
    BMI only 24 799 963 9 713 597 14 926 893
    BMI<18.5 (1) 18.5≤BMI<25 (2) BMI≥25 (3)
    Thin (A) F: 1.20/M: 1.30 F: 1.34***/M: 1.05 F: 1.39/M: 1.64
    Normal (B) F: 2.25***/M: 1.20 F: 1.00/M: 1.00 F: 0.94/M: 0.98
    Fat (C) - F: 1.28***/M: 1.14 F: 1.09/M: 0.84
    Table 1. The nine categories of body weight perception by the three body image (BI) categories and three body mass index (BMI) categories

    The category B2 was selected as the control.

    Table 2. Demographic characteristics and the presence of suicidal ideation by gender

    Values are presented as number (%).

    Data were adjusted for study year and BMI.

    BI, body image; BMI, body mass index; N, normal body weight perception; U, underweight body weight perception; O, overweight body weight perception.

    Table 3. Multiple logistic regression analysis of suicidal ideation by gender

    Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

    These data were adjusted for study year, body mass index, and body weight perception.

    p<0.05,

    p<0.001.

    Table 4. Multiple logistic regression analysis of suicidal ideation by gender according to BWP as determined by subjective BI and BMI measures

    Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

    All the other variables including age, residential area, marital status, job status, sleep hours, house income, educational level, perceived health status, the presence of hypertension, the presence of diabetes, the presence of major depressive disorder, year, and level of stress are adjusted for the odds ratio for suicidal ideation.

    BWP, body weight perception; BI, body image; BMI, body mass index.

    These categories are reported in Table 1.

    p<0.001.

    Table 5. The fitness of models including both BMI and BWP, only BWP, and only BMI according to the AIC

    AIC, Akaike information criterion; BMI, body mass index; BWP body weight perception; BI, body image.

    F, female; M, male.

    p<0.001.


    JPMPH : Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
    TOP