Table 1.Clinical profiles and comparison of parameters between smoking and non-smoking subjects
|
Current smokers |
Nonsmokers |
p-value |
No. of subjects |
1618 |
2631 |
|
Age |
40.8±12.5 |
44.9±14.5<0.001 |
<0.001 |
Height (cm) |
169.6±5.9 |
168.7±6.3<0.001 |
<0.001 |
Body weight (kg) |
70.8±12.1 |
70.1±11.4 |
0.03 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
24.6±3.8 |
24.6±3.5 |
0.99 |
Right grip strength (kg) |
44.9±8.0 |
43.3±8.4 |
<0.001 |
Left grip strength (kg) |
42.9±7.6 |
41.2±8.0 |
<0.001 |
Leg strength (kg) |
66.6±16.9 |
64.8±17.5 |
0.001 |
Leg strength/body weight |
0.95±0.22 |
0.93±0.23 |
0.01 |
Subjects with exercise habits |
424 (28.6%) |
1057 (71.4%) |
<0.001 |
Table 2.Comparison of muscle strength between smoking and non-smoking men by age group
|
Current smokers |
Nonsmokers |
p-value |
20-29 y |
|
|
|
No. of subjects |
379 |
477 |
|
Right grip strength (kg) |
47.3±7.7 |
46.4±7.6 |
0.10 |
Left grip strength (kg) |
44.8±7.5 |
43.8±7.3 |
0.05 |
Leg strength (kg) |
71.6±16.3 |
72.7±16.7 |
0.33 |
Leg strength/body weight |
1.02±0.22 |
1.06±0.23 |
0.01 |
30-39 y |
|
|
|
No. of subjects |
437 |
591 |
|
Right grip strength (kg) |
46.7±7.2 |
45.9±7.7 |
0.11 |
Left grip strength (kg) |
44.6±7.0 |
43.6±7.3 |
0.02 |
Leg strength (kg) |
69.7±16.7 |
71.1±16.8 |
0.17 |
Leg strength/body weight |
0.98±0.21 |
1.00±0.23 |
0.19 |
40-49 y |
|
|
|
No. of subjects |
375 |
526 |
|
Right grip strength (kg) |
45.7±7.4 |
45.3±7.8 |
0.45 |
Left grip strength (kg) |
43.8±6.9 |
43.5±7.3 |
0.44 |
Leg strength (kg) |
68.6±15.3 |
67.7±16.2 |
0.41 |
Leg strength/body weight |
0.96±0.21 |
0.94±0.21 |
0.16 |
50-59 y |
|
|
|
No. of subjects |
292 |
598 |
|
Right grip strength (kg) |
42.1±7.1 |
42.4±7.5 |
0.62 |
Left grip strength (kg) |
40.3±6.7 |
40.5±7.5 |
0.82 |
Leg strength (kg) |
60.7±14.8 |
61.6±14.4 |
0.41 |
Leg strength/body weight |
0.88±0.19 |
0.89±0.19 |
0.46 |
60-69 y |
|
|
|
No. of subjects |
113 |
429 |
|
Right grip strength (kg) |
36.8±6.9 |
37.4±6.8 |
0.43 |
Left grip strength (kg) |
36.0±6.5 |
36.0±6.6 |
0.99 |
Leg strength (kg) |
51.4±12.4 |
53.2±13.0 |
0.19 |
Leg strength/body weight |
0.79±0.18 |
0.81±0.19 |
0.36 |
70-79 y |
|
|
|
No. of subjects |
22 |
110 |
|
Right grip strength (kg) |
33.5±7.4 |
32.3±7.0 |
0.45 |
Left grip strength (kg) |
31.3±7.3 |
30.7±6.7 |
0.71 |
Leg strength (kg) |
41.3±12.2 |
41.6±10.5 |
0.85 |
Leg strength/body weight |
0.69±0.19 |
0.66±0.18 |
0.49 |
Table 3.Relationship between muscle strength and Brinkman index
|
Correlation coefficient |
Partial correlation coefficient1
|
Right grip strength (kg) |
-0.208 |
0.020 |
Left grip strength (kg) |
-0.197 |
0.012 |
Leg strength (kg) |
-0.200 |
0.010 |
Leg strength/body weight |
-0.208 |
0.013 |
Table 4.The relationship between cigarette smoking and exercise habits
|
Regular exercise habits |
No exercise habits |
p-value |
p-value1
|
Current smokers |
424 (26.2) |
1194 (73.8) |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
Nonsmokers |
1057 (40.2) |
1574 (59.8) |
Table 5.Comparison of muscle strength between smokers by Brinkman index
|
Brinkman index ≥400 |
Brinkman index <400 |
p-value |
p-value1
|
p-value2
|
No. of subjects |
847 |
771 |
|
|
|
Right grip strength (kg) |
43.8±8.0 |
46.2±7.8 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.004 |
Left grip strength (kg) |
41.9±7.5 |
44.1±7.5 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.001 |
Leg strength (kg) |
64.0±16.7 |
69.5±16.6 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.37 |
Leg strength/ body weight |
0.91±0.21 |
0.99±0.22 |
<0.001 |
0.03 |
0.38 |
Table 6.Relationship between degree of smoking and muscle strength by logistic regression analysis
|
Right grip strength (kg) |
Left grip strength (kg) |
Leg strength (kg) |
Leg strength/body weight |
Current smokers (400≤Brinkman index) |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
1.0 (reference) |
Current smokers (Brinkman index <400) |
0.983 (0.968, 0.998) |
0.987 (0.971, 1.002) |
0.993 (0.985, 1.000) |
0.609 (0.360, 1.031) |
Nonsmokers |
0.974 (0.963, 0.986) |
0.971 (0.960, 0.983) |
0.997 (0.991, 1.003) |
0.819 (0.548, 1.224) |