1Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea.
2Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
3Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Korea.
Copyright © 2013 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Characteristics | Classification | n (%) |
Serum TCDD concentration (pg/g lipid) |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | GM | GSD | p-value1 | Minimum | 25th percentile | Median | 75th percentile | Maximum | |||
Age (y) as of June 1, 2001 | <54 | 25 (24.5) | 1.4 | 1.0 | (2.0) | 0.88 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 11.1 |
54-56 | 42 (41.2) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.9) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
≥57 | 35 (34.3) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.6) | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 4.0 | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | <21 | 16 (15.7) | 0.9 | 0.8 | (1.4) | 0.63 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.8 |
21-24.9 | 40 (39.2) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.9) | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 11.1 | ||
25-26.9 | 26 (25.5) | 1.5 | 1.0 | (2.1) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 11.4 | ||
≥27 | 20 (19.6) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.6) | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 2.7 | ||
Smoking | Current | 41 (40.2) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.7) | 0.72 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 11.1 |
Never | 41 (40.2) | 1.3 | 0.9 | (2.1) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
Past | 20 (19.6) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.5) | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.8 | ||
Military unit | Combat | 78 (76.5) | 1.2 | 1.0 | (1.8) | 0.78 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 11.1 |
Support | 24 (23.5) | 1.4 | 0.9 | (2.0) | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 11.4 | ||
First year of deployment | 1964-1967 | 34 (33.3) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.6) | 0.40 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 4.0 |
1968-1969 | 30 (29.4) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.9) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
1970-1973 | 38 (37.3) | 1.4 | 1.1 | (1.9) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 11.1 | ||
Duration of deployment in Vietnam (d) | ≤358 | 34 (33.3) | 1.6 | 1.0 | (2.1) | 0.70 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 |
359-401 | 34 (33.3) | 1.1 | 1.0 | (1.7) | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 3.9 | ||
>401 | 34 (33.3) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.6) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 4.0 | ||
Military rank | Enlisted rank | 66 (64.7) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.8) | 0.84 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 |
Noncommissioned officer | 16 (15.7) | 1.1 | 0.9 | (2.0) | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 2.7 | ||
Officer | 20 (19.6) | 1.2 | 1.0 | (1.7) | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 4.0 | ||
Division/brigade levelexposure (2 groups) | Low | 51 (50.0) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.8) | 0.67 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 11.1 |
High | 51 (50.0) | 1.2 | 0.9 | (1.8) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 11.4 | ||
Division/brigade levelexposure (2 groups) | No | 17 (16.7) | 1.6 | 1.0 | (2.3) | 0.96 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.1 |
Low | 34 (33.3) | 1.1 | 1.0 | (1.6) | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 3.9 | ||
Moderate | 32 (31.4) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.5) | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 4.0 | ||
High | 19 (18.6) | 1.5 | 1.0 | (2.3) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
Battalion/company level exposure (2 groups)2 | Low | 47 (62.7) | 1.1 | 1.0 | (1.7) | 0.93 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 4.0 |
High | 28 (37.3) | 1.4 | 1.0 | (1.9) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
Battalion/company level exposure (4 groups)2 | No | 15 (20.0) | 0.8 | 0.8 | (1.6) | 0.30 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.8 |
Low | 32 (42.7) | 1.3 | 1.1 | (1.7) | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 4.0 | ||
Moderate | 18 (24.0) | 1.1 | 1.0 | (1.6) | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 2.7 | ||
High | 10 (13.3) | 1.9 | 1.0 | (2.6) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 11.4 | ||
Perceived self-reported exposure (2 groups) | Low | 56 (54.9) | 1.2 | 0.9 | (1.8) | 0.61 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.1 |
High | 46 (45.1) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.8) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
Perceived self-reported exposure (4 groups) | No | 31 (30.4) | 1.2 | 0.9 | (1.9) | 0.29 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 11.1 |
Low | 25 (24.5) | 1.2 | 1.1 | (1.6) | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 4.0 | ||
Moderate | 29 (28.4) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.6) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 2.2 | ||
High | 17 (16.7) | 1.8 | 1.2 | (2.2) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 11.4 |
Factors | n | Log10TCDD (pg/g lipid) | |
---|---|---|---|
Pearson’s correlation coefficient | p-value | ||
Division/brigade level exposure1 | 102 | -0.06 | 0.52 |
Battalion/company level exposure1 | 75 | 0.06 | 0.61 |
Age as of June 1, 2001 | 102 | -0.04 | 0.66 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 102 | 0.03 | 0.76 |
Smoking (pack-years) in current smokers | 41 | 0.14 | 0.38 |
Characteristics | Classification |
Log10TCDD (pg/g lipid) |
Characteristics | Classification |
Log10TCDD (pg/g lipid) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10β | p-value | R square | 10β | p-value | R square | ||||
Age (y) as of June 1, 2001 | <54 | 0.76 | 0.21 | 0.1591 | Battalion/company level exposure (4 groups)2 | No | REF | ||
54-56 | REF | Low | 1.58 | 0.03 | |||||
≥57 | 0.94 | 0.8 | Moderate | 1.28 | 0.32 | ||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | <21 | 1.04 | 0.87 | High | 1.45 | 0.27 | |||
21-24.9 | REF | Division/brigade level exposure (2 groups) | Low | REF | 0.0733 | ||||
25-26.9 | 1.27 | 0.25 | High | 1.27 | 0.27 | ||||
≥27 | 1.03 | 0.90 | Division/brigade level exposure (4 groups) | No | REF | 0.0733 | |||
Smoking | Current | 0.97 | 0.89 | Low | 1.00 | 0.99 | |||
Never | REF | Moderate | 1.25 | 0.44 | |||||
Past | 0.82 | 0.33 | High | 1.29 | 0.42 | ||||
Military unit | Combat | REF | Battalion/company level exposure (2 groups)2 | Low | REF | 0.0813 | |||
Support | 1.10 | 0.67 | High | 0.97 | 0.88 | ||||
First year of deployment | 1964-1967 | 0.97 | 0.92 | Battalion/company level exposure (4 groups)2 | No | REF | 0.1593 | ||
1968-1969 | 0.90 | 0.68 | Low | 1.58 | 0.03 | ||||
1970-1973 | REF | Moderate | 1.28 | 0.32 | |||||
Duration of deployment in Vietnam (d) | ≤358 | REF | High | 1.45 | 0.27 | ||||
359-401 | 1.17 | 0.41 | Perceived self-reported exposure (2 groups) | Low | REF | 0.0673 | |||
>401 | 1.11 | 0.59 | High | 1.12 | 0.43 | ||||
Military class | Enlisted rank | REF | Perceived self-reported exposure (4 groups) | No | REF | 0.1293 | |||
Noncommis- sioned officer | 1.21 | 0.43 | Low | 1.36 | 0.09 | ||||
Moderate | 1.13 | 0.48 | |||||||
Officer | 1.23 | 0.39 | High | 1.62 | 0.02 |
TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; Log10TCDD, log-transformed TCDD; β, regression coefficient; REF, reference group.
1 Multiple regression model with independent variables of age, body mass index, smoking, military unit, first year of deployment, duration of deployment in Vietnam, military class, and battalion/company level exposure (4 groups).
2 n=75.
3 Multiple regression model with independent variables of age, body mass index, smoking, military unit, first year of deployment, duration of deployment in Vietnam, military class, and Agent Orange exposure.
Authors | Year of blood sampling | Populations | Exposure group | n |
Serum TCDD levels (pg/g lipid) |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Minimum-Maximum | Mean | SD | |||||
This study | 2001 | Korean Vietnam veterans | Total | 102 | 0.9 | 0-11.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 |
No1 | 17 | 0.9 | 0-11.1 | 1.6 | 2.5 | |||
Low1 | 34 | 1.0 | 0.4-3.9 | 1.1 | 0.6 | |||
Moderate1 | 32 | 0.8 | 0.5-4.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | |||
High1 | 19 | 0.9 | 0-11.4 | 1.5 | 2.4 | |||
Kim et al., 2001 [5] | 1996 | Korean non-Vietnam veterans | Non-Vietnam veterans | 1 (25)2 | 0.3 | |||
Korean Vietnam veterans | Total | 12 (720)2 | 0.72 | |||||
Group 1 | 3 (180)2 | 0.6 | ||||||
Group 2 | 3 (180)2 | 0.62 | ||||||
Group 3 | 3 (180)2 | 0.78 | ||||||
Group 4 | 3 (180)2 | 0.87 | ||||||
CDC, 1988 [3] | 1986-1987 | US non-Vietnam veteran | Control | 97 | 3.8 | 0-15 | 4.1 | 2.3 |
US Vietnam veterans | Total | 646 | 3.8 | 0-45 | 4.2 | 2.6 | ||
Low | 298 | 3.9 | ||||||
Medium | 157 | 3.4 | ||||||
High | 191 | 3.8 | ||||||
Wolfe et al., 1990 [8] | 1987 | US non-Vietnam Air Force veterans | All personnel | 856 | 4.2 | 0-54.8 | ||
US Ranch Hand Vietnam veterans | Total | 888 | 12.4 | 0-617.7 | ||||
Flying officers (pilots) | 247 | 7.3 | 0-42.6 | |||||
Flying officers (navigators) | 63 | 9.3 | 1.1-35.9 | |||||
Non-flying officers | 19 | 6.6 | 3.1-24.9 | |||||
Flying enlisted personnel | 152 | 17.2 | 0-195.5 | |||||
Non-flying enlisted personnel | 407 | 23.6 | 0-617.7 | |||||
Kang et al., 2006 [22] | 1999-2000 | US Army Chemical Corps | Non-Vietnam non-sprayers | 87 | 0.4-12.5 | 2.1 | ||
Non-Vietnam sprayers | 9 | 0.8-9.6 | 3.1 | |||||
Vietnam non-sprayers | 413 | 0.6-27.7 | 2.7 | |||||
Vietnam sprayers | 357 | 0.5-85.8 | 4.3 | |||||
Needham et al., 1997 [33] | 1976 | Seveso, Italy, population in 1976 | Zone A (highly contaminated) | 296 | 447 | 1.5-56 000 | ||
Zone B (moderately contaminated) | 80 | 94 | 1-725 | |||||
Zone R (minimally contaminated) | 48 | 48 | 1-545 | |||||
Fingerhut et al., 1991 [6] | 1988 | US TCDD-contaminated production | Exposed workers | 253 | 2-3400 | 233 | ||
Workers | Non-exposed controls | 79 | <20 | 7 |
CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; SD, standard deviation.
1 Division/brigade level proximity-based exposure, 2 cases below the detection limit assigned to be 0.
2 Pooled sample analysis, 1 (25) means 1 pooled sample constituted of the serum of 25 persons.
Characteristics | Classification | n (%) | Serum TCDD concentration (pg/g lipid) |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | GM | GSD | p-value |
Minimum | 25th percentile | Median | 75th percentile | Maximum | |||
Age (y) as of June 1, 2001 | <54 | 25 (24.5) | 1.4 | 1.0 | (2.0) | 0.88 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 11.1 |
54-56 | 42 (41.2) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.9) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
≥57 | 35 (34.3) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.6) | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 4.0 | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | <21 | 16 (15.7) | 0.9 | 0.8 | (1.4) | 0.63 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.8 |
21-24.9 | 40 (39.2) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.9) | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 11.1 | ||
25-26.9 | 26 (25.5) | 1.5 | 1.0 | (2.1) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 11.4 | ||
≥27 | 20 (19.6) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.6) | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 2.7 | ||
Smoking | Current | 41 (40.2) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.7) | 0.72 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 11.1 |
Never | 41 (40.2) | 1.3 | 0.9 | (2.1) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
Past | 20 (19.6) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.5) | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.8 | ||
Military unit | Combat | 78 (76.5) | 1.2 | 1.0 | (1.8) | 0.78 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 11.1 |
Support | 24 (23.5) | 1.4 | 0.9 | (2.0) | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 11.4 | ||
First year of deployment | 1964-1967 | 34 (33.3) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.6) | 0.40 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 4.0 |
1968-1969 | 30 (29.4) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.9) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
1970-1973 | 38 (37.3) | 1.4 | 1.1 | (1.9) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 11.1 | ||
Duration of deployment in Vietnam (d) | ≤358 | 34 (33.3) | 1.6 | 1.0 | (2.1) | 0.70 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 |
359-401 | 34 (33.3) | 1.1 | 1.0 | (1.7) | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 3.9 | ||
>401 | 34 (33.3) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.6) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 4.0 | ||
Military rank | Enlisted rank | 66 (64.7) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.8) | 0.84 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 |
Noncommissioned officer | 16 (15.7) | 1.1 | 0.9 | (2.0) | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 2.7 | ||
Officer | 20 (19.6) | 1.2 | 1.0 | (1.7) | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 4.0 | ||
Division/brigade levelexposure (2 groups) | Low | 51 (50.0) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.8) | 0.67 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 11.1 |
High | 51 (50.0) | 1.2 | 0.9 | (1.8) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 11.4 | ||
Division/brigade levelexposure (2 groups) | No | 17 (16.7) | 1.6 | 1.0 | (2.3) | 0.96 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.1 |
Low | 34 (33.3) | 1.1 | 1.0 | (1.6) | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 3.9 | ||
Moderate | 32 (31.4) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.5) | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 4.0 | ||
High | 19 (18.6) | 1.5 | 1.0 | (2.3) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
Battalion/company level exposure (2 groups) |
Low | 47 (62.7) | 1.1 | 1.0 | (1.7) | 0.93 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 4.0 |
High | 28 (37.3) | 1.4 | 1.0 | (1.9) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
Battalion/company level exposure (4 groups) |
No | 15 (20.0) | 0.8 | 0.8 | (1.6) | 0.30 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.8 |
Low | 32 (42.7) | 1.3 | 1.1 | (1.7) | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 4.0 | ||
Moderate | 18 (24.0) | 1.1 | 1.0 | (1.6) | 0.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 2.7 | ||
High | 10 (13.3) | 1.9 | 1.0 | (2.6) | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 11.4 | ||
Perceived self-reported exposure (2 groups) | Low | 56 (54.9) | 1.2 | 0.9 | (1.8) | 0.61 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.1 |
High | 46 (45.1) | 1.3 | 1.0 | (1.8) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 11.4 | ||
Perceived self-reported exposure (4 groups) | No | 31 (30.4) | 1.2 | 0.9 | (1.9) | 0.29 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 11.1 |
Low | 25 (24.5) | 1.2 | 1.1 | (1.6) | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 4.0 | ||
Moderate | 29 (28.4) | 1.0 | 0.9 | (1.6) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 2.2 | ||
High | 17 (16.7) | 1.8 | 1.2 | (2.2) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 11.4 |
Factors | n | Log10TCDD (pg/g lipid) | |
---|---|---|---|
Pearson’s correlation coefficient | p-value | ||
Division/brigade level exposure |
102 | -0.06 | 0.52 |
Battalion/company level exposure |
75 | 0.06 | 0.61 |
Age as of June 1, 2001 | 102 | -0.04 | 0.66 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 102 | 0.03 | 0.76 |
Smoking (pack-years) in current smokers | 41 | 0.14 | 0.38 |
Characteristics | Classification | Log10TCDD (pg/g lipid) |
Characteristics | Classification | Log10TCDD (pg/g lipid) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10β | p-value | R square | 10β | p-value | R square | ||||
Age (y) as of June 1, 2001 | <54 | 0.76 | 0.21 | 0.159 |
Battalion/company level exposure (4 groups) |
No | REF | ||
54-56 | REF | Low | 1.58 | 0.03 | |||||
≥57 | 0.94 | 0.8 | Moderate | 1.28 | 0.32 | ||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | <21 | 1.04 | 0.87 | High | 1.45 | 0.27 | |||
21-24.9 | REF | Division/brigade level exposure (2 groups) | Low | REF | 0.073 |
||||
25-26.9 | 1.27 | 0.25 | High | 1.27 | 0.27 | ||||
≥27 | 1.03 | 0.90 | Division/brigade level exposure (4 groups) | No | REF | 0.073 |
|||
Smoking | Current | 0.97 | 0.89 | Low | 1.00 | 0.99 | |||
Never | REF | Moderate | 1.25 | 0.44 | |||||
Past | 0.82 | 0.33 | High | 1.29 | 0.42 | ||||
Military unit | Combat | REF | Battalion/company level exposure (2 groups) |
Low | REF | 0.081 |
|||
Support | 1.10 | 0.67 | High | 0.97 | 0.88 | ||||
First year of deployment | 1964-1967 | 0.97 | 0.92 | Battalion/company level exposure (4 groups) |
No | REF | 0.159 |
||
1968-1969 | 0.90 | 0.68 | Low | 1.58 | 0.03 | ||||
1970-1973 | REF | Moderate | 1.28 | 0.32 | |||||
Duration of deployment in Vietnam (d) | ≤358 | REF | High | 1.45 | 0.27 | ||||
359-401 | 1.17 | 0.41 | Perceived self-reported exposure (2 groups) | Low | REF | 0.067 |
|||
>401 | 1.11 | 0.59 | High | 1.12 | 0.43 | ||||
Military class | Enlisted rank | REF | Perceived self-reported exposure (4 groups) | No | REF | 0.129 |
|||
Noncommis- sioned officer | 1.21 | 0.43 | Low | 1.36 | 0.09 | ||||
Moderate | 1.13 | 0.48 | |||||||
Officer | 1.23 | 0.39 | High | 1.62 | 0.02 |
Authors | Year of blood sampling | Populations | Exposure group | n | Serum TCDD levels (pg/g lipid) |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Minimum-Maximum | Mean | SD | |||||
This study | 2001 | Korean Vietnam veterans | Total | 102 | 0.9 | 0-11.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 |
No |
17 | 0.9 | 0-11.1 | 1.6 | 2.5 | |||
Low |
34 | 1.0 | 0.4-3.9 | 1.1 | 0.6 | |||
Moderate |
32 | 0.8 | 0.5-4.0 | 1.0 | 0.6 | |||
High |
19 | 0.9 | 0-11.4 | 1.5 | 2.4 | |||
Kim et al., 2001 [5] | 1996 | Korean non-Vietnam veterans | Non-Vietnam veterans | 1 (25) |
0.3 | |||
Korean Vietnam veterans | Total | 12 (720) |
0.72 | |||||
Group 1 | 3 (180) |
0.6 | ||||||
Group 2 | 3 (180) |
0.62 | ||||||
Group 3 | 3 (180) |
0.78 | ||||||
Group 4 | 3 (180) |
0.87 | ||||||
CDC, 1988 [3] | 1986-1987 | US non-Vietnam veteran | Control | 97 | 3.8 | 0-15 | 4.1 | 2.3 |
US Vietnam veterans | Total | 646 | 3.8 | 0-45 | 4.2 | 2.6 | ||
Low | 298 | 3.9 | ||||||
Medium | 157 | 3.4 | ||||||
High | 191 | 3.8 | ||||||
Wolfe et al., 1990 [8] | 1987 | US non-Vietnam Air Force veterans | All personnel | 856 | 4.2 | 0-54.8 | ||
US Ranch Hand Vietnam veterans | Total | 888 | 12.4 | 0-617.7 | ||||
Flying officers (pilots) | 247 | 7.3 | 0-42.6 | |||||
Flying officers (navigators) | 63 | 9.3 | 1.1-35.9 | |||||
Non-flying officers | 19 | 6.6 | 3.1-24.9 | |||||
Flying enlisted personnel | 152 | 17.2 | 0-195.5 | |||||
Non-flying enlisted personnel | 407 | 23.6 | 0-617.7 | |||||
Kang et al., 2006 [22] | 1999-2000 | US Army Chemical Corps | Non-Vietnam non-sprayers | 87 | 0.4-12.5 | 2.1 | ||
Non-Vietnam sprayers | 9 | 0.8-9.6 | 3.1 | |||||
Vietnam non-sprayers | 413 | 0.6-27.7 | 2.7 | |||||
Vietnam sprayers | 357 | 0.5-85.8 | 4.3 | |||||
Needham et al., 1997 [33] | 1976 | Seveso, Italy, population in 1976 | Zone A (highly contaminated) | 296 | 447 | 1.5-56 000 | ||
Zone B (moderately contaminated) | 80 | 94 | 1-725 | |||||
Zone R (minimally contaminated) | 48 | 48 | 1-545 | |||||
Fingerhut et al., 1991 [6] | 1988 | US TCDD-contaminated production | Exposed workers | 253 | 2-3400 | 233 | ||
Workers | Non-exposed controls | 79 | <20 | 7 |
TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; GM, geometric mean; GSD, geometric standard deviation. ANOVA. n=75.
TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; Log10TCDD, log-transformed TCDD. Proximity based Agent Orange exposure as a continuous variable (log-transformed E4 score).
TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; Log10TCDD, log-transformed TCDD; β, regression coefficient; REF, reference group. Multiple regression model with independent variables of age, body mass index, smoking, military unit, first year of deployment, duration of deployment in Vietnam, military class, and battalion/company level exposure (4 groups). n=75. Multiple regression model with independent variables of age, body mass index, smoking, military unit, first year of deployment, duration of deployment in Vietnam, military class, and Agent Orange exposure.
CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; SD, standard deviation. Division/brigade level proximity-based exposure, 2 cases below the detection limit assigned to be 0. Pooled sample analysis, 1 (25) means 1 pooled sample constituted of the serum of 25 persons.