Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

Excess Deaths in Korea During the COVID-19 Pandemic: 2020-2022: So-Jin Im, Ji-Yeon Shin, Duk-Hee Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(5):480-489. Published online August 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.254

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Abstract PDF: Objectives
Excess deaths, an indicator that compares total mortality rates before and during a pandemic, offer a comprehensive view of the pandemic’s impact. However, discrepancies may arise from variations in estimating expected deaths. This study aims to compare excess deaths in Korea during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic using 3 methods and to analyze patterns using the most appropriate method.
Methods
Expected deaths from 2020 to 2022 were estimated using mortality data from 2015-2019 as reference years. This estimation employed 3 approaches: (1) simple average, (2) age-adjusted average, and (3) age-adjusted linear regression. Excess deaths by age, gender, and cause of death were also presented.
Results
The number of excess deaths varied depending on the estimation method used, reaching its highest point with the simple average and its lowest with the age-adjusted average. Age-adjusted linear regression, which accounts for both the aging population and declining mortality rates, was considered most appropriate. Using this model, excess deaths were estimated at 0.3% for 2020, 4.0% for 2021, and 20.7% for 2022. Excess deaths surged among individuals in their 20s throughout the pandemic, largely attributed to a rise in self-harm and suicide. Additionally, the results indicated sharp increases in deaths associated with “endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases” and “symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified.”
Conclusions
Substantial variations in excess deaths were evident based on estimation method, with a notable increase in 2022. The heightened excess deaths among young adults and specific causes underscore key considerations for future pandemic responses.; Summary

Gender Inequalities in Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Population-based Study in Korea: Minku Kang, Sarah Yu, Seung-Ah Choe, Daseul Moon, Myung Ki, Byung Chul Chun; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(5):413-421. Published online August 19, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.170

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study explored the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on psychosocial stress in prime working-age individuals in Korea, focusing on gender inequalities. We hypothesized that the impact of COVID-19 on mental health would differ by age and gender, with younger women potentially demonstrating heightened vulnerability relative to men.
Methods
The study involved data from the Korea Community Health Survey and included 319 592 adults aged 30 years to 49 years. We employed log-binomial regression analysis, controlling for variables including age, education, employment status, marital status, and the presence of children. The study period included 3 phases: the period prior to the COVID-19 outbreak (pre–COVID-19), the early pandemic, and the period following the introduction of vaccinations (post-vaccination).
Results
The findings indicated that women were at a heightened risk of psychosocial stress during the early pandemic (relative risk [RR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98 to 1.05) and post-vaccination period (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.10) compared to men. This pattern was prominent in urban women aged 30-34 years (pre–COVID-19: RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.10; early pandemic: RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.25; post-vaccination period, RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.31).
Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted unequal impacts on psychosocial stress among prime working-age individuals in Korea, with women, particularly those in urban areas, experiencing a heightened risk. The findings highlight the importance of addressing gender-specific needs and implementing appropriate interventions to mitigate the psychosocial consequences of the pandemic.; Summary

Korean summary
코로나19 대유행이 국내 경제활동인구의 정신건강에 미친 젠더화된 영향을 조사하였다. 연구대상자는 2017-2021년 지역사회건강조사 조사대상자 319,592명이다. 연구 결과, 대유행 이후 30-39세 연령대 여성의 스트레스 수준이 남성에 비하여 현저히 증가한 것으로 나타났으며, 사회적 거리두기를 엄격하게 시행하였던 도시 지역에서 이러한 경향이 두드러졌다. 이번 연구 결과는 대유행 대응 노력에서 취약 집단을 지원하기 위한 중재 정책의 필요성을 강조한다

Key Message
We investigate the gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the working-age population in Korea, focusing on ages 30-49, utilizing data from the Korea Community Health Survey (KCHS) from 2017 to 2021 including 319,592 participants. Findings reveal a notable increase in stress levels among women in the 30-39 age group after the pandemic compared to men, accentuating in urban areas with stringent social distancing measures. Our results underscore the necessity for intervention policies to support vulnerable groups in pandemic response efforts.

In-depth Correlation Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Effective Reproduction Number and Mobility Patterns: Three Groups of Countries: Mounir Ould Setti, Sylvain Tollis; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(2):134-143. Published online February 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.522

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Many governments have imposed—and are still imposing—mobility restrictions to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, there is no consensus on whether policy-induced reductions of human mobility effectively reduce the effective reproduction number (Rt) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several studies based on country-restricted data reported conflicting trends in the change of the SARS-CoV-2 Rt following mobility restrictions. The objective of this study was to examine, at the global scale, the existence of regional specificities in the correlations between Rt and human mobility.
Methods
We computed the Rt of SARS-CoV-2 using data on worldwide infection cases reported by the Johns Hopkins University, and analyzed the correlation between Rt and mobility indicators from the Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports in 125 countries, as well as states/regions within the United States, using the Pearson correlation test, linear modeling, and quadratic modeling.
Results
The correlation analysis identified countries where Rt negatively correlated with residential mobility, as expected by policymakers, but also countries where Rt positively correlated with residential mobility and countries with more complex correlation patterns. The correlations between Rt and residential mobility were non-linear in many countries, indicating an optimal level above which increasing residential mobility is counterproductive.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that, in order to effectively reduce viral circulation, mobility restriction measures must be tailored by region, considering local cultural determinants and social behaviors. We believe that our results have the potential to guide differential refinement of mobility restriction policies at a country/regional resolution.

Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The effect of mobility reductions on infection growth is quadratic in many cases
Sydney Paltra, Inan Bostanci, Kai Nagel
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The effect of social movements on COVID-19 case increases and death in Turkey
Mehmet Akif Gun, Onder Hanci
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2023; 20: 101260. CrossRef
The effects of weather and mobility on respiratory viruses dynamics before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA and Canada
Irma Varela-Lasheras, Lilia Perfeito, Sara Mesquita, Joana Gonçalves-Sá, Ryan S. McGinnis
PLOS Digital Health.2023; 2(12): e0000405. CrossRef

COVID-19: Original Article

Did the Timing of State Mandated Lockdown Affect the Spread of COVID-19 Infection? A County-level Ecological Study in the United States: Megh M. Trivedi, Anirudha Das; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(4):238-244. Published online July 2, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.071

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121 Download
7 Web of Science
7 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Objectives
Previous pandemics have demonstrated that several demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic factors may play a role in increased infection risk. During this current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, our aim was to examine the association of timing of lockdown at the county level and aforementioned risk factors with daily case rate (DCR) in the United States.
Methods
A cross-sectional study using publicly available data was performed including Americans with COVID-19 infection as of May 24, 2020. The United States counties with >100 000 population and >50 cases per 100 000 people were included. The independent variable was the days required from the declaration of lockdown to reach the target case rate (50/100 000 cases) while the dependent (outcome) variable was the DCR per 100 000 on the day of statistical calculation (May 24, 2020) after adjusting for multiple confounding socio-demographic, geographic, and health-related factors. Each independent factor was correlated with outcome variables and assessed for collinearity with each other. Subsequently, all factors with significant association to the outcome variable were included in multiple linear regression models using stepwise method. Models with best R2 value from the multiple regression were chosen.
Results
The timing of mandated lockdown order had the most significant association on the DCR per 100 000 after adjusting for multiple socio-demographic, geographic and health-related factors. Additional factors with significant association with increased DCR include rate of uninsured and unemployment.
Conclusions
The timing of lockdown order was significantly associated with the spread of COVID-19 at the county level in the United States.

Summary

Citations

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Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Factors of COVID-19 Prevention Behavior in Indonesia: A Mixed-methods Study
Putri Winda Lestari, Lina Agestika, Gusti Kumala Dewi
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2023; 56(1): 21. CrossRef
Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 and Social Isolation on Mental Health in the United States of America
Alexander Fulk, Raul Saenz-Escarcega, Hiroko Kobayashi, Innocent Maposa, Folashade Agusto
COVID.2023; 3(6): 807. CrossRef
Understanding mental health trends during COVID-19 pandemic in the United States using network analysis
Hiroko Kobayashi, Raul Saenz-Escarcega, Alexander Fulk, Folashade B. Agusto, Karina Cardoso Meira
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(6): e0286857. CrossRef
Conspiratorial Ideation Is Associated with Lower Perceptions of Policy Effectiveness: Views from Local Governments during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Adam Mayer, Stacia Ryder
Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effectiveness of social distancing measures and lockdowns for reducing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare, community-based settings
Caitriona Murphy, Wey Wen Lim, Cathal Mills, Jessica Y. Wong, Dongxuan Chen, Yanmy Xie, Mingwei Li, Susan Gould, Hualei Xin, Justin K. Cheung, Samir Bhatt, Benjamin J. Cowling, Christl A. Donnelly
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Closures and Openings on Public Health in the Time of COVID-19: A Cross-Country and Temporal Trend Analysis
Long Chu, R. Quentin Grafton, Tom Kompas, Mary-Louise McLaws
SAGE Open.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association mining based approach to analyze COVID-19 response and case growth in the United States
Satya Katragadda, Raju Gottumukkala, Ravi Teja Bhupatiraju, Azmyin Md. Kamal, Vijay Raghavan, Henry Chu, Ramesh Kolluru, Ziad Ashkar
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

COVID-19: Perspective

New Obligations of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service: Taking Full-fledged Action Against the COVID-19 Pandemic: Seung Mi Yoo, Seol Hee Chung, Won Mo Jang, Kyoung Chang Kim, Jin Yong Lee, Sun Min Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(1):17-21. Published online January 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.594

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Abstract Summary PDF

In 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused unprecedented disruptions to global health systems. The Korea has taken full-fledged actions against this novel infectious disease, swiftly implementing a testing-tracing-treatment strategy. New obligations have therefore been given to the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) to devote the utmost effort towards tackling this global health crisis. Thanks to the universal national health insurance and state-of-the-art information communications technology (ICT) of the Korea, HIRA has conducted far-reaching countermeasures to detect and treat cases early, prevent the spread of COVID-19, respond quickly to surging demand for the healthcare services, and translate evidence into policy. Three main factors have enabled HIRA to undertake pandemic control preemptively and systematically: nationwide data aggregated from all healthcare providers and patients, pre-existing ICT network systems, and real-time data exchanges. HIRA has maximized the use of data and pre-existing network systems to conduct rapid and responsive measures in a centralized way, both of which have been the most critical tactics and strategies used by the Korean healthcare system. In the face of new obligations, our promise is to strive for a more responsive and resilient health system during this prolonged crisis.

Summary

Korean summary
건강보험심사평가원은 전 국민과 전체 요양기관의 축적된 정보, 전체 요양기관과 연결된 네트워크, 실시간 데이터 공유를 통해 이번 코로나19 위기 대응에 기여했다. 건강보험심사평가원은 1) 진단검사∙약제 등재, 2) 요양기관 내 고위험군 감지, 3) 마스크 중복구매 방지 시스템 구축, 4) 주요 보건의료자원 가동현황 모니터링 시스템 구축, 5) 환자관리 정보시스템 구축 및 익명화된 환자 데이터 공개로 국제협력연구 촉진의 다섯 가지 전략을 성공적으로 수행했다. 건강보험심사평가원은 현재의 보건위기 상황을 극복하고, 코로나19 시대 이후로도 새롭게 주어진 위기대응의 역할과 소명을 다할 것이다.

Citations

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Precision public-health intervention for care coordination: a real-world study
Andre Q Andrade, Jean-Pierre Calabretto, Nicole L Pratt, Lisa M Kalisch-Ellett, Vanessa T Le Blanc, Elizabeth E Roughead
British Journal of General Practice.2023; 73(728): e220. CrossRef
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular disease financing in Indonesia (JKN claims data analysis 2019–2020)
Wahyu Pudji Nugraheni, Ekowati Retnaningsih, Rofingatul Mubasyiroh, Tety Rachmawati
Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Detecting mpox infection in the early epidemic: an epidemiologic investigation of the third and fourth cases in Korea
Taeyoung Kim, Eonjoo Park, Jun Suk Eun, Eun-young Lee, Ji Won Mun, Yunsang Choi, Shinyoung Lee, Hansol Yeom, Eunkyoung Kim, Jongmu Kim, Jihyun Choi, Jinho Ha, Sookkyung Park
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COVID-19: Original Articles

The Effectiveness of Community-based Social Distancing for Mitigating the Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey: Hasan Durmuş, Mehmet Enes Gökler, Selma Metintaş; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(6):397-404. Published online November 2, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.381

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effects of community-based social distancing interventions after the first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case in Turkey on the course of the pandemic and to determine the number of prevented cases.
Methods
In this ecological study, the interventions implemented in response to the first COVID-19 cases in Turkey were evaluated and the effect of the interventions was demonstrated by calculating the effective reproduction number (Rt) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coro navirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) when people complied with community-based social distancing rules.
Results
Google mobility scores decreased by an average of 36.33±22.41 points (range, 2.60 to 84.80) and a median of 43.80 points (interquartile range [IQR], 24.90 to 50.25). The interventions caused the calculated Rt to decrease to 1.88 (95% confidence interval, 1.87 to 1.89). The median growth rate was 19.90% (IQR, 10.90 to 53.90). A positive correlation was found between Google mobility data and Rt (r=0.783; p<0.001). The expected number of cases if the growth rate had not changed was predicted according to Google mobility categories, and it was estimated to be 1 381 922 in total. Thus, community-based interventions were estimated to have prevented 1 299 593 people from being infected.
Conclusions
Community-based social distancing interventions significantly decreased the Rt of COVID-19 by reducing human mobility, and thereby prevented many people from becoming infected. Another important result of this study is that it shows health policy-makers that data on human mobility in the community obtained via mobile phones can be a guide for measures to be taken.

Summary

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Effectiveness of behavioural interventions to influence COVID-19 outcomes: A scoping review
Takana M. Silubonde-Moyana, Catherine E. Draper, Shane A. Norris
Preventive Medicine.2023; 172: 107499. CrossRef
Effectiveness of social distancing measures and lockdowns for reducing transmission of COVID-19 in non-healthcare, community-based settings
Caitriona Murphy, Wey Wen Lim, Cathal Mills, Jessica Y. Wong, Dongxuan Chen, Yanmy Xie, Mingwei Li, Susan Gould, Hualei Xin, Justin K. Cheung, Samir Bhatt, Benjamin J. Cowling, Christl A. Donnelly
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Factors of COVID-19 Prevention Behavior in Indonesia: A Mixed-methods Study
Putri Winda Lestari, Lina Agestika, Gusti Kumala Dewi
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2023; 56(1): 21. CrossRef
The effect of social movements on COVID-19 case increases and death in Turkey
Mehmet Akif Gun, Onder Hanci
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2023; 20: 101260. CrossRef
Improvement in knowledge and perception about the controlling of COVID-19: best practice of apothecary student
Chynthia Pradiftha Sari, Suci Hanifah, Yulianto Yulianto, Dian Medisa, Zahrotun Nafiah, Muhammad Alfian Lutfi
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OKUL ÇOCUKLARINDA COVID-19 YÖNETİMİNDE UYGULANAN ALGORİTMALAR VE SONUÇLARININ TOPLUMSAL HAREKETLİLİK VERİLERİ ARACILIĞIYLA KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Serkan YILDIZ, Erhan ŞİMŞEK, Ali Ramazan BENLİ
Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2023; 25(1): 1. CrossRef
Profile of the impact on the oral health of persons with Parkinson’s disease during the COVID-19 isolation
Hellen Kevillyn Brito de SOUZA, Jonatas Silva de OLIVEIRA, Crislayne Felix da SILVA, Maria das Graças Wanderley de Sales CORIOLANO, Carla Cabral dos Santos Accioly LINS
Revista de Odontologia da UNESP.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Attitudes of health care workers toward COVID-19 vaccination: A literature review
Daria Łaskawiec-Żuławińska, Marika Wlazło, Mateusz Grajek, Ilona Korzonek-Szlacheta
Applied Psychology Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Changes in the weight status of school children in Turkey during the COVID-19 lockdown period
Hasan Durmuş, Yavuzalp Solak
Early Child Development and Care.2022; 192(14): 2226. CrossRef
In-depth Correlation Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Effective Reproduction Number and Mobility Patterns: Three Groups of Countries
Mounir Ould Setti, Sylvain Tollis
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2022; 55(2): 134. CrossRef
Global Experiences of Community Responses to COVID-19: A Systematic Literature Review
Yijin Wu, Quan Zhang, Meiyu Li, Qingduo Mao, Linzi Li
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL RESTRICTIONS ON THE OUTCOMES OF INPATIENTS WITH CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19) IN TURKEY
Derya YENİBERTİZ, Berna AKINCI ÖZYÜREK, Filiz KOÇ, Mehmet Enes GÖKLER, Tijen ŞENGEZER
ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi.2021; 6(1): 11. CrossRef
An online survey to assess preparedness among orthopedic professionals toward resuming practice amid the COVID-19 pandemic
Sudeep Kumar, Anup Kumar, KV Charan Teja, MohammedRoshen Abdul Razek, AlapatiHari Venkata Bramesh, Ravi Kumar
Journal of Orthopaedic Diseases and Traumatology.2021; 4(2): 20. CrossRef
The effect of different COVID-19 public health restrictions on mobility: A systematic review
Mark A. Tully, Laura McMaw, Deepti Adlakha, Neale Blair, Jonny McAneney, Helen McAneney, Christina Carmichael, Conor Cunningham, Nicola C. Armstrong, Lee Smith, Sanjay Kumar Singh Patel
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(12): e0260919. CrossRef

The Effects of Border Shutdowns on the Spread of COVID-19: Nahae Kang, Beomsoo Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(5):293-301. Published online August 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.332

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251 Download
11 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
At the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, some countries imposed entry bans against Chinese visitors. We sought to identify the effects of border shutdowns on the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Methods
We used the synthetic control method to measure the effects of entry bans against Chinese visitors on the cumulative number of confirmed cases using World Health Organization situation reports as the data source. The synthetic control method constructs a synthetic country that did not shut down its borders, but is similar in all other aspects.
Results
Six countries that shut down their borders were evaluated. For Australia, the effects of the policy began to appear 4 days after implementation, and the number of COVID-19 cases dropped by 94.4%. The border shutdown policy took around 13.2 days to show positive effects and lowered COVID-19 cases by 91.7% on average by the end of February.
Conclusions
The border shutdowns in early February significantly reduced the spread of the virus. Our findings are informative for future planning of public health policies.

Summary

Citations

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Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Factors of COVID-19 Prevention Behavior in Indonesia: A Mixed-methods Study
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Yohana Kifle Mekonen, Michael Agyemang Adarkwah
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Adrian Lison, Nicolas Banholzer, Mrinank Sharma, Sören Mindermann, H Juliette T Unwin, Swapnil Mishra, Tanja Stadler, Samir Bhatt, Neil M Ferguson, Jan Brauner, Werner Vach
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Karen Ann Grépin, John Aston, Jacob Burns
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Noah A Haber, Emma Clarke-Deelder, Avi Feller, Emily R Smith, Joshua A. Salomon, Benjamin MacCormack-Gelles, Elizabeth M Stone, Clara Bolster-Foucault, Jamie R Daw, Laura Anne Hatfield, Carrie E Fry, Christopher B Boyer, Eli Ben-Michael, Caroline M Joyce,
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Chad R. Wells, Abhishek Pandey, Meagan C. Fitzpatrick, William S. Crystal, Burton H. Singer, Seyed M. Moghadas, Alison P. Galvani, Jeffrey P. Townsend
The Lancet Regional Health - Europe.2022; 14: 100304. CrossRef
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Nicolas Banholzer, Adrian Lison, Dennis Özcelik, Tanja Stadler, Stefan Feuerriegel, Werner Vach
European Journal of Epidemiology.2022; 37(10): 1003. CrossRef
Improving the management and security of COVID 19 diagnostic test data with a digital platform in resource-limited settings: The case of PlaCARD in Cameroon
Jules Brice Tchatchueng-Mbougua, Loique Landry Messanga Essengue, Francis Jaudel Septoh Yuya, Vanessa Kamtchogom, Achta Hamadou, Serge Alain Sadeuh-Mbah, Paul Alain Tagnouokam-Ngoupo, Maurice Tchuente, Richard Njouom, Sara Eyangoh, Mathurin Cyrille Tejiok
PLOS Digital Health.2022; 1(10): e0000113. CrossRef
International travel-related control measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid review
Jacob Burns, Ani Movsisyan, Jan M Stratil, Renke Lars Biallas, Michaela Coenen, Karl MF Emmert-Fees, Karin Geffert, Sabine Hoffmann, Olaf Horstick, Michael Laxy, Carmen Klinger, Suzie Kratzer, Tim Litwin, Susan Norris, Lisa M Pfadenhauer, Peter von Philip
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Public health effects of travel-related policies on the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods systematic review
Lama Bou-Karroum, Joanne Khabsa, Mathilda Jabbour, Nadeen Hilal, Zeinab Haidar, Pamela Abi Khalil, Rima Abdul Khalek, Jana Assaf, Gladys Honein-AbouHaidar, Clara Abou Samra, Layal Hneiny, Sameh Al-Awlaqi, Johanna Hanefeld, Fadi El-Jardali, Elie A. Akl, Ch
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Impact Evaluation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Policy: A Guide to Common Design Issues
Noah A Haber, Emma Clarke-Deelder, Joshua A Salomon, Avi Feller, Elizabeth A Stuart
American Journal of Epidemiology.2021; 190(11): 2474. CrossRef

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