Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

Alleviation of PM_2.5-associated Risk of Daily Influenza Hospitalization by COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: A Time-series Study in Northeastern Thailand: Benjawan Roudreo, Sitthichok Puangthongthub; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(2):108-119. Published online January 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.349

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Abrupt changes in air pollution levels associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak present a unique opportunity to evaluate the effects of air pollution on influenza risk, at a time when emission sources were less active and personal hygiene practices were more rigorous.
Methods
This time-series study examined the relationship between influenza cases (n=22 874) and air pollutant concentrations from 2018 to 2021, comparing the timeframes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in and around Thailand’s Khon Kaen province. Poisson generalized additive modeling was employed to estimate the relative risk of hospitalization for influenza associated with air pollutant levels.
Results
Before the COVID-19 outbreak, both the average daily number of influenza hospitalizations and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM_2.5) concentration exceeded those later observed during the pandemic (p<0.001). In single-pollutant models, a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 before COVID-19 was significantly associated with increased influenza risk upon exposure to cumulative-day lags, specifically lags 0-5 and 0-6 (p<0.01). After adjustment for co-pollutants, PM_2.5 demonstrated the strongest effects at lags 0 and 4, with elevated risk found across all cumulative-day lags (0-1, 0-2, 0-3, 0-4, 0-5, and 0-6) and significantly greater risk in the winter and summer at lag 0-5 (p<0.01). However, the PM_2.5 level was not significantly associated with influenza risk during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Conclusions
Lockdown measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic could mitigate the risk of PM_2.5-induced influenza. Effective regulatory actions in the context of COVID-19 may decrease PM_2.5 emissions and improve hygiene practices, thereby reducing influenza hospitalizations.

Summary

Key Message
In the present research, both single- and multi-pollutant models indicated that the level of PM2.5 was significantly related to the daily number of influenza cases in Khon Kaen, Thailand, prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. Additionally, a significant risk difference was observed between the pre-outbreak and the pandemic periods due to the reduction in air pollutant concentrations because of lockdown measures to control the spread of COVID-19. These findings could be useful for developing environmental policies and strategies accordingly to mitigate respiratory health issues.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Environmental Impact by Particulate Material and Meteorological Parameters on the Incidence of Positive Cases of COVID-19 During the First Year of the Pandemic in a High Andean City
Ivan Cesar Miranda Hankgo, Bruce Stephen Warthon Olarte, Ariatna Isabel Zamalloa Ponce de Leon, Julio Lucas Warthon Ascarza, Amanda Olarte Perez, Greg Lucas Warthon Olarte, Victor Fernando Ramos Salcedo
Earth Systems and Environment.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

‘Pneumonia Weather’: Short-term Effects of Meteorological Factors on Emergency Room Visits Due to Pneumonia in Seoul, Korea: Sangho Sohn, Wonju Cho, Jin A Kim, Alaa Altaluoni, Kwan Hong, Byung Chul Chun; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):82-91. Published online February 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.232

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
Many studies have explored the relationship between short-term weather and its health effects (including pneumonia) based on mortality, although both morbidity and mortality pose a substantial burden. In this study, the authors aimed to describe the influence of meteorological factors on the number of emergency room (ER) visits due to pneumonia in Seoul, Korea.
Methods
Daily records of ER visits for pneumonia over a 6-year period (2009-2014) were collected from the National Emergency Department Information System. Corresponding meteorological data were obtained from the National Climate Data Service System. A generalized additive model was used to analyze the effects. The percent change in the relative risk of certain meteorological variables, including pneumonia temperature (defined as the change in average temperature from one day to the next), were estimated for specific age groups.
Results
A total of 217 776 ER visits for pneumonia were identified. The additional risk associated with a 1°C increase in pneumonia temperature above the threshold of 6°C was 1.89 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37 to 2.61). Average temperature and diurnal temperature range, representing within-day temperature variance, showed protective effects of 0.07 (95% CI, 0.92 to 0.93) and 0.04 (95% CI, 0.94 to 0.98), respectively. However, in the elderly (65+ years), the effect of pneumonia temperature was inconclusive, and the directionality of the effects of average temperature and diurnal temperature range differed.
Conclusions
The term ‘pneumonia temperature’ is valid. Pneumonia temperature was associated with an increased risk of ER visits for pneumonia, while warm average temperatures and large diurnal temperature ranges showed protective effects.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구에서는 기온 등 다양한 기상요인의 건강영향을 나타내는 표현 중 하나로 알려진 'pneumonia weather'가 역학적으로 가진 의미를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국가응급진료정보망의 폐렴 진료기록과 기상자료개방포털 일기자료를 일반화가법모형을 이용해 분석하였다. 그 결과 pneumonia weather는 연속된 양일간 평균기온의 차이를 의미하며, 일정 수준 이상의 일간 기온차는 단기간 이후 폐렴으로 인한 응급실 내원 위험을 증가시킨다는 사실을 확인하였다.

Citations

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Impact of ambient temperature on respiratory disease: a case-crossover study in Seoul
Hyewon Lee, Hee-Young Yoon
Respiratory Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Extreme temperatures increase the risk of pediatric pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Firdian Makrufardi, Rina Triasih, Nurnaningsih Nurnaningsih, Kian Fan Chung, Sheng-Chieh Lin, Hsiao-Chi Chuang
Frontiers in Pediatrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Relative Humidity Affects Acute Otitis Media Visits of Preschool Children to the Emergency Department
Ying-Fang Jiang, Wen-Wei Luo, Xin Zhang, Dong-Dong Ren, Yi-Bo Huang
Ear, Nose & Throat Journal.2023; 102(7): 467. CrossRef
Effects of intrauterine and postnatal exposure to meteorological factors on childhood pneumonia
Chan Lu, Wenhui Yang, Mengju Lan, Bin Li, Faming Wang
Building and Environment.2023; 244: 110800. CrossRef
Combined effect of preconceptional and prenatal exposure to air pollution and temperature on childhood pneumonia: A case-control study
Wenhui Yang, McSherry Brownel Johnson, Hongsen Liao, Zijing Liu, Xiangrong Zheng, Chan Lu
Environmental Research.2023; 216: 114806. CrossRef
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Allison J Burbank
Journal of Asthma and Allergy.2023; Volume 16: 183. CrossRef
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Olivia Kline, Mary Prunicki
Current Opinion in Pediatrics.2023; 35(3): 350. CrossRef
Single‐day and cumulative effects of ambient particulate matter exposure on emergency department visits for respiratory disease in South Korea
Hakjung Kim, Woosung Yu
Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine.2022; 29(1): 17. CrossRef
A Machine Learning-Based Study of the Effects of Air Pollution and Weather in Respiratory Disease Patients Visiting Emergency Departments
Eu Sun Lee, Jung-Youn Kim, Young-Hoon Yoon, Seoung Bum Kim, Hyungu Kahng, Jinhyeok Park, Jaehoon Kim, Minjae Lee, Haeun Hwang, Sung Joon Park, Yan-Ren Lin
Emergency Medicine International.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in temperature-sensitive cardiovascular and respiratory disease mortality in Japan
Yukitaka Ohashi, Yuya Takane, Ko Nakajima, Ka Chun Chong
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(10): e0275935. CrossRef
Temperature changes between neighboring days and childhood asthma: a seasonal analysis in Shanghai, China
Xiaoning Lei, Lijuan Liu, Renjie Chen, Cong Liu, Jianguo Hong, Lanfang Cao, Yanming Lu, Xiaoyan Dong, Xinchang Chen, Xiangwei Qiu, Min Xia, Bo Ding, Liling Qian, Libo Wang, Wenhao Zhou, Yonghao Gui, Haidong Kan, Yufeng Zhou, Xiaobo Zhang
International Journal of Biometeorology.2021; 65(6): 827. CrossRef
Impact of temperature on hospital admission for acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) among pre-school children in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Hieu K.T. Ngo, Ly M. T. Luong, Hong H.T.C Le, Tran Ngoc Dang, An Le Pham, Dung Phung, Phong K. Thai
International Journal of Biometeorology.2021; 65(7): 1205. CrossRef
Lagged Association between Climate Variables and Hospital Admissions for Pneumonia in South Africa
Hugo Pedder, Thandi Kapwata, Guy Howard, Rajen N. Naidoo, Zamantimande Kunene, Richard W. Morris, Angela Mathee, Caradee Y. Wright
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(12): 6191. CrossRef
The Bacterial Pneumonia Characteristics based on Climate and Meteorological Parameters in Indonesia, the Tropical Country: A Preliminary Study
Bramantono Bramantono, Brian Eka Rachman, Erika Marfiani, Neneng Dewi Kurniati, Muhammad Vitanata Arifijanto, Tuksin Jearanaiwitayakul
Biomolecular and Health Science Journal.2021; 4(1): 15. CrossRef
Climate Change and the Future Health of Children in Low-Income Countries
Sara Ajanovic, Marta Valente, Rosauro Varo, Quique Bassat
Journal of Tropical Pediatrics.2020; 66(2): 111. CrossRef
Association of meteorological factors and atmospheric particulate matter with the incidence of pneumonia: an ecological study
K. Huh, J. Hong, J. Jung
Clinical Microbiology and Infection.2020; 26(12): 1676. CrossRef
Climate Change and Childhood Respiratory Health: A Call to Action for Paediatricians
Maria Elisa Di Cicco, Giuliana Ferrante, Doriana Amato, Antonino Capizzi, Carlo De Pieri, Valentina Agnese Ferraro, Maria Furno, Valentina Tranchino, Stefania La Grutta
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Epidemiologic Methods and Study Designs for Investigating Adverse Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution.: Jong Tae Lee, Ho Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 2001;34(2):119-126.

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Abstract PDF: Air pollution epidemiologic studies are intrinsically difficult because the expected effect size at general environmental levels is small, exposure and misclassification of exposure are common, and exposure is not selective to a specific pollutant. In this review paper, epidemiologic study designs and analytic methods are described, and two nationwide projects on air pollution epidemiology are introduced. This paper also demonstrates that possible confounding issues in time-series analysis can be resolved and the impact on the use of data from ambient monitoring stations may not be critical. In this paper we provide a basic understanding of the types of air pollution epidemiologic study designs that be subdivided by the mode of air pollution effects on human health (acute or chronic). With the improvements in the area of air pollution epidemiologic studies, we should emphasize that elaborate models and statistical techniques cannot compensate for inadequate study design or poor data collection.; Summary

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