Table 1.Characteristics of the 1189 male participants according to the quartiles of serum albumin
Variables |
Serum albumin level (g/dL)
|
p for trend |
3.1-4.3 (n = 289) |
4.4 (n = 198) |
4.5-4.6 (n = 404) |
4.7-5.2 (n = 298) |
Age (y) |
57.7±8.6 |
57.4±8.1 |
56.6±7.9 |
54.6±8.7 |
<0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
85.7±7.4 |
86.6±7.2 |
86.3±7.4 |
87.5±7.8 |
0.008 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
23.9±2.9 |
24.2±2.8 |
24.1±2.8 |
24.6±2.8 |
0.02 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
120.7±16.2 |
123.6±18.5 |
121.5±17.1 |
123.7±16.5 |
0.12 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
77.4±9.7 |
78.1±10.5 |
77.8±10.2 |
79.5±9.9 |
0.02 |
Total protein (g/dL) |
7.0±0.4 |
7.3±0.3 |
7.4±0.3 |
7.7±0.3 |
<0.001 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) |
0.73 [0.39 - 1.55] |
0.79 [0.39 - 1.69] |
0.66 [0.39 - 1.42] |
0.70 [0.40 - 1.52] |
0.831
|
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) |
23.7±7.8 |
23.6±6.8 |
24.4±6.7 |
25.6±7.7 |
<0.001 |
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) |
21.1±9.7 |
21.5±8.7 |
23.7±9.4 |
27.2±12.3 |
<0.001 |
Gamma glutamyl transferase (IU/L) |
27.2±30.4 |
29.2±32.9 |
28.6±23.0 |
38.4±34.9 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
183.1±32.2 |
189.8±33.3 |
197.5±31.6 |
202.1±34.2 |
<0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
43.1±10.6 |
43.6±11.7 |
43.0±9.9 |
41.7±9.9 |
0.07 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
115.2±27.9 |
122.2±28.3 |
127.0±29.2 |
128.6±31.1 |
<0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
108 [75 - 151] |
105 [75 - 150] |
126 [86 - 174] |
147 [104 - 199] |
<0.0011
|
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) |
89 [85 - 95] |
90 [86 - 99] |
93 [87 - 100] |
95.0 [88 - 105] |
<0.0011
|
Hemoglobin A1c (%) |
5.6±0.9 |
5.6±0.5 |
5.7±0.8 |
5.7±0.9 |
0.03 |
HOMA-IR |
1.6±0.8 |
1.6±0.8 |
1.7±0.8 |
1.9±0.9 |
<0.001 |
Metabolic syndrome |
63 (21.8) |
47 (23.7) |
131 (32.4) |
128 (43.0) |
<0.001 |
Table 2.Characteristics of the 2000 female participants according to the quartiles of serum albumin
Variables |
Serum albumin level (g/dL)
|
p for trend |
3.6 - 4.3 (n = 490) |
4.4 (n = 302) |
4.5 (n = 389) |
4.6 - 5.3 (n = 819) |
Age (y) |
55.2±8.5 |
54.9±8.2 |
55.2±8.4 |
55.2±8.5 |
0.86 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
87.0±8.7 |
87.7±8.5 |
87.4±8.1 |
87.5±8.5 |
0.43 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
24.7±3.4 |
25.0±3.2 |
24.6±3.0 |
24.9±3.3 |
0.66 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
119.3±18.4 |
117.8±17.9 |
118.3±18.3 |
121.6±17.7 |
0.03 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
71.9±10.4 |
71.2±9.1 |
71.9±10.2 |
73.7±10.1 |
0.001 |
Total protein (g/dL) |
7.1±0.4 |
7.3±0.3 |
7.4±0.3 |
7.6±0.3 |
<0.001 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) |
0.64 [0.33 - 1.33] |
0.67 [0.33 - 1.39] |
0.69 [0.36 - 1.45] |
0.69 [0.39 - 1.40] |
0.121
|
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) |
22.6±6.4 |
23.1±6.7 |
23.0±6.1 |
24.0±7.0 |
0.001 |
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) |
19.9±8.7 |
21.5±10.5 |
21.0±9.6 |
23.0±10.4 |
<0.001 |
Gamma glutamyl transferase (IU/L) |
20.1±22.2 |
22.1±20.8 |
22.5±22.3 |
26.4±26.0 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
186.9±32.1 |
194.0±34.0 |
203.0±33.5 |
205.0±35.0 |
<0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
44.3±10.6 |
43.6±9.8 |
44.6±10.4 |
43.7±10.0 |
0.70 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
119.0±28.3 |
125.0±30.7 |
131.7±30.4 |
132.4±31.8 |
<0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
102 [74 - 147] |
114 [83 - 154] |
120 [84 - 170] |
129 [92 - 182] |
<0.0011
|
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) |
89 [84 - 94] |
91 [85 - 97] |
90 [85 - 96] |
93 [87 - 103] |
<0.0011
|
Hemoglobin A1c (%) |
5.6±0.8 |
5.7±0.8 |
5.7±0.9 |
5.8±1.0 |
<0.001 |
HOMA-IR |
1.7±1.3 |
1.8±1.2 |
1.8±1.1 |
1.9±0.9 |
<0.001 |
Metabolic syndrome |
191 (39.0) |
126 (41.7) |
171 (44.0) |
440 (53.7) |
<0.001 |
Table 3.Correlation between serum albumin levels and other clinical characteristics
|
Men (n = 1189)
|
Women (n = 2000)
|
|
ϱ
|
p - value |
ϱ
|
p - value |
Age (y) |
-0.140 |
<0.001 |
0.007 |
0.74 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
0.080 |
0.006 |
0.022 |
0.31 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) |
0.070 |
0.02 |
0.023 |
0.30 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
0.062 |
0.03 |
0.077 |
0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
0.076 |
0.009 |
0.083 |
<0.001 |
Total protein (g/dL) |
0.600 |
<0.001 |
0.586 |
<0.001 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dL) |
-0.007 |
0.80 |
0.038 |
0.09 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.234 |
<0.001 |
0.220 |
<0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
-0.025 |
0.40 |
-0.013 |
0.55 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
0.188 |
<0.001 |
0.176 |
<0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
0.215 |
<0.001 |
0.184 |
<0.001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) |
0.214 |
<0.001 |
0.184 |
<0.001 |
Hemoglobin A1c (%) |
0.059 |
0.04 |
0.090 |
<0.001 |
HOMA-IR |
0.175 |
<0.001 |
0.168 |
<0.001 |
Table 4.Association between serum albumin levels and metabolic syndrome
Serum albumin level (g/dL) |
No. of people |
No. of people with metabolic syndrome |
Odds ratio (95% confidence Interval) for metabolic syndrome
|
Unadjusted |
Adjusted1
|
Men |
|
|
|
|
1st quartile (3.1 - 4.3) |
289 |
63 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
2nd quartile (4.4) |
198 |
47 |
1.12 (0.73, 1.72) |
1.07 (0.68, 1.68) |
3rd quartile (4.5 - 4.6) |
404 |
131 |
1.72 (1.22, 2.44) |
1.85 (1.28, 2.67) |
4th quartile (4.7 - 5.2) |
298 |
128 |
2.70 (1.88, 3.88) |
2.81 (1.91, 4.14) |
Women |
|
|
|
|
1st quartile (3.6 - 4.3) |
490 |
191 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
2nd quartile (4.4) |
302 |
126 |
1.12 (0.84, 1.50) |
1.11 (0.80, 1.53) |
3rd quartile (4.5) |
389 |
171 |
1.23 (0.94, 1.61) |
1.30 (0.96, 1.75) |
4th quartile (4.6 - 5.3) |
819 |
440 |
1.82 (1.45, 2.28) |
1.96 (1.52, 2.52) |
Table 5.Association between serum albumin levels and components of metabolic syndrome
Serum albumin level (g/dL) |
Adjusted1 odds ratio (95% confidence Interval)
|
Abdominal obesity |
High triglycerides |
Low HDL cholesterol |
High blood pressure |
High fasting glucose |
Men |
|
|
|
|
|
1st quartile (3.1 - 4.3) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
2nd quartile (4.4) |
1.37 (0.80, 2.34) |
0.99 (0.66, 1.50) |
0.94 (0.65, 1.36) |
1.00 (0.69, 1.46) |
1.63 (1.00, 2.54) |
3rd quartile (4.5 - 4.6) |
1.70 (1.08, 2.69) |
1.61 (1.16, 2.25) |
1.03 (0.75, 1.40) |
0.96 (0.70, 1.32) |
2.27 (1.56, 3.30) |
4th quartile (4.7 - 5.2) |
1.89 (1.17, 3.05) |
2.65 (1.87, 3.78) |
1.16 (0.83, 1.62) |
1.22 (0.87, 1.72) |
2.80 (1.89, 4.16) |
Women |
|
|
|
|
|
1st quartile (3.6 - 4.3) |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
2nd quartile (4.4) |
1.04 (0.70, 1.53) |
1.20 (0.87, 1.66) |
1.10 (0.78, 1.54) |
0.76 (0.55, 1.04) |
1.28 (0.89, 1.83) |
3rd quartile (4.5) |
1.26 (0.88, 1.82) |
1.55 (1.15, 2.07) |
0.80 (0.60, 1.08) |
0.82 (0.61, 1.10) |
1.29 (0.92, 1.80) |
4th quartile (4.6 - 5.3) |
1.03 (0.76, 1.40) |
1.96 (1.53, 2.51) |
1.09 (0.84, 1.42) |
1.26 (0.99, 1.61) |
2.25 (1.71, 2.97) |