Figure 1Comparison of airborne concentrations of measured solvents detected in all samples by ventilation status. *
p<0.05, **
p<0.01.
Table 1.Comparison of characteristics between nail salon workers and office-based controls
Characteristics |
|
Nail salon workers (n = 159) |
Office-based controls (n = 105) |
p-value |
Age (y) |
|
31.3±7.1 |
34.4±8.5 |
0.0021
|
|
(18-50) |
(19-60) |
|
Gender |
Male |
4 (2.5) |
4 (3.8) |
0.552
|
Female |
155 (97.5) |
101 (96.2) |
|
Marriage |
Single |
98 (61.6) |
37 (35.2) |
<0.0012
|
Married |
61 (38.4) |
68 (64.8) |
|
Working carrier (y) |
|
3.7±3.3 |
7.4±7.0 |
<0.0011
|
|
(0.1-16) |
(0.1-28.8) |
|
Average working hours a week (h) |
|
56.9±10.7 |
48.9±10.6 |
<0.0011
|
|
(20-105) |
(25-105) |
|
Exercise |
Sometimes |
77 (48.4) |
57 (54.3) |
0.352
|
Never |
82 (51.6) |
48 (45.7) |
|
Smoking |
Current |
32 (20.1) |
5 (4.8) |
<0.0012
|
Never |
127 (79.9) |
100 (95.2) |
|
Alcohol drinking |
Current |
147 (92.5) |
91 (86.7) |
0.122
|
Never |
12 (7.5) |
14 (13.3) |
|
Table 2.Working conditions of nail salon workers
Item |
|
Frequency (%) |
The average no. of customers that directly manage one day, during the past month |
<5 |
34 (21.4) |
5-9 |
86 (54.1) |
≥ 10 |
39 (24.5) |
The average service time per customer (h) |
<1 |
53 (33.3) |
1 |
73 (45.9) |
>1 |
33 (20.8) |
Natural ventilation (windows) |
Open |
32 (20.1) |
Closed |
103 (64.8) |
Not installed |
24 (15.1) |
Local exhaust ventilation |
Operation |
1 (0.6) |
No operation |
2 (1.3) |
Not installed |
156 (98.1) |
Experience of disease or injury due to handling materials1
|
Dermatitis |
16 (10.1) |
Allergic reactions |
20 (12.6) |
Respiratory disorders |
3 (1.9) |
Burn |
4 (2.5) |
Rhinitis |
21 (13.2) |
Nail infection |
15 (9.4) |
Taking measures for health protection1
|
Ventilation |
44 (27.7) |
Gloves |
14 (8.8) |
Mask |
25 (15.7) |
Using products with lid |
27 (17.0) |
Hygiene management |
39 (24.5) |
Work environment measurement |
No |
159 (100.0) |
Health examination |
General health examination |
39 (76.5) |
Comprehensive health examination |
12 (23.5) |
No |
108 (67.9) |
Total |
|
159 (100.0) |
Table 3.Comparison of work-related symptoms between nail salon workers and office workers
Category |
Nail salon workers (n=159) |
Office works (n=105) |
aOR1(95% CI) |
Respiratory or neurologic |
|
|
|
Headaches**
|
130 (82) |
39 (37) |
9.3 (4.7, 18.2 ) |
Dizziness**
|
59 (37) |
14 (13) |
3.6 (1.7, 7.5) |
Nose irritation**
|
140 (88) |
17 (16) |
54.0 (21.6, 134.8) |
Throat irritation**
|
79 (50) |
20 (19) |
4.3 (2.2, 8.5) |
Wheeze |
10 (6) |
1 (1) |
4.1 (0.5, 35.3) |
Cough**
|
54 (34) |
10 (10) |
5.0 (2.2, 11.8) |
Sputum |
16 (10) |
5 (5) |
2.0 (0.6, 7.2) |
Chest tightness |
20 (13) |
17 (16) |
0.5 (0.2, 1.2) |
Vomiting**
|
24 (15) |
1 (1) |
19.8 (2.4, 164.7) |
Eye, skin |
|
|
|
Eye irritation**
|
147 (92) |
59 (56) |
13.1 (5.7, 30.1 ) |
Skin irritation**
|
51 (32) |
9 (9) |
5.2 (2.1, 13.0 ) |
Itching |
29 (18) |
11 (10) |
1.5 (0.6, 3.6 ) |
Stigma |
4 (3) |
2 (2) |
4.2 (0.3, 62.6 ) |
Eczema |
17 (11) |
4 (4) |
3.7 (1.0, 13.8 ) |
Allergy |
20 (13) |
12 (11) |
1.7 (0.6, 4.5 ) |
Musculoskeletal |
|
|
|
Neck**
|
145 (91) |
42 (40) |
19.7 (8.9, 43.6 ) |
Shoulder**
|
152 (96) |
62 (59) |
20.3 (7.7, 54.0 ) |
Upper back**
|
50 (31) |
6 (6) |
12.5 (3.8, 41.0 ) |
Lower back |
71 (45) |
38 (36) |
1.3 (0.7, 2.3 ) |
Arm**
|
51 (32) |
8 (8) |
5.7 (2.3, 14.4 ) |
Wrist or hand**
|
102 (64) |
26 (25) |
5.3 (2.7, 10.3 ) |
Hip |
19 (12) |
3 (3) |
3.0 (0.8, 12.0 ) |
Thigh |
7 (4) |
3 (3) |
0.9 (0.2, 4.5 ) |
Leg or ankle*
|
9 (6) |
15 (14) |
0.2 (0.1, 0.6 ) |
Table 4.Basic characteristics of work environment in nail salons measured in this study
Characteristics |
|
Nail salons (n = 30) |
Average working hours a day (h) |
|
10.1 ± 1.5 (6-13) |
Temperature (°C) |
|
27.4±2.9 (23.4-35.7) |
Relative humidity (%) |
|
55.7±7.1 (40.0-74.5 ) |
Volume (m3) |
|
70.4±26.4 (32.9-140.5) |
Location |
Roadside shop |
25 (83.3) |
|
Shop in shop |
5 (3.3) |
Mechanical ventilation |
General ventilation |
10 (33.3) |
|
No mechanical ventilation |
20 (66.7) |
Table 5.Airborne concentrations of volatile organic compounds in nail salons
Substances |
n (%)1
|
AM |
SD |
GM |
GSD |
Min |
Max |
KOEL |
n (%)2
|
Ethanol |
50 (100) |
133.6 |
123.0 |
35.9 |
12.1 |
0.1 |
436.5 |
1000 |
0 (0) |
Acetone |
50 (100) |
787.3 |
622.2 |
211.5 |
13.8 |
0.2 |
1986.8 |
500 |
32 (64) |
Isopropyl alcohol |
50 (100) |
18.4 |
20.2 |
6.1 |
7.6 |
0.1 |
98.8 |
200 |
0 (0) |
Vinyl acetate |
50 (74) |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
2.6 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
10 |
0 (0) |
Methyl ethyl ketone |
50 (82) |
3.0 |
3.5 |
2.3 |
2.8 |
0.0 |
14.3 |
200 |
0 (0) |
Ethyl acetate |
50 (100) |
33.9 |
34.4 |
11.4 |
7.9 |
0.2 |
168.6 |
400 |
0 (0) |
n-butyl alcohol |
50 (82) |
4.9 |
5.1 |
3.7 |
3.2 |
0.0 |
19.8 |
150 |
0 (0) |
Methyl methacrylate |
50 (98) |
47.6 |
135.0 |
4.2 |
7.5 |
0.0 |
611.1 |
50 |
6 (12) |
Toluene |
50 (98) |
95.4 |
119.7 |
19.6 |
12.8 |
0.0 |
490.6 |
50 |
25 (50) |
Ethyl methacrylate |
50 (72) |
13.2 |
16.9 |
12.3 |
2.5 |
0.0 |
60.9 |
50 |
4 (8) |
Butyl acetate |
50 (100) |
166.8 |
188.1 |
32.7 |
15.2 |
0.3 |
891.8 |
150 |
23 (46) |
Ethyl benzene |
50 (82) |
3.7 |
6.5 |
1.3 |
5.0 |
0.0 |
26.8 |
100 |
0 (0) |
Xylene |
50 (76) |
2.6 |
5.3 |
1.1 |
5.3 |
0.0 |
24.0 |
100 |
0 (0) |