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Original Articles
Prognostic Scoring Model for the Transition From Acute to Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain in Primary Health Care Units in Indonesia
Djoko Kuswanto, Riva Satya Radiansyah, Dwinka Syafira Eljatin, Muhammad Nazhif Haykal, Rumman Karimah, Ratri Dwi Indriani, Zain Budi Syulthoni, Erna Furaidah, Andiva Satrio Rinaldi, Hafira Nushifa Putri, Jessica Felina Adi, Anak Agung Bagus Wirayuda
J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(4):422-430.   Published online April 12, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.581
  • 4,458 View
  • 314 Download
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Objectives
Non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) is a prevalent health issue that can progress from acute to chronic, resulting in prolonged disability and diminished quality of life. This study aimed to develop a prognostic scoring model to predict the transition from acute to chronic NSLBP in primary care settings.
Methods
This prospective cohort study enrolled 112 adults with acute NSLBP from primary health care units in Indonesia. Participants were assessed at baseline and at a 3-month follow-up visit. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify significant predictors of chronicity. A scoring system was then developed based on the final logistic regression model.
Results
Three factors were found to be significant predictors of the transition to chronic NSLBP: age above 30 years, low education level, and moderate to severe pain intensity. The prognostic scoring model demonstrated good discrimination, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.705, 70.8% sensitivity, and 62.5% specificity at the optimal cut-off score of 2.5.
Conclusions
This simple prognostic scoring model can help clinicians identify patients at high-risk of developing chronic NSLBP. Early identification of at-risk patients could guide targeted interventions to prevent chronicity. Further validation in diverse populations is necessary to confirm the broader applicability of this model.
Summary
Key Message
This prospective cohort study developed a prognostic scoring model to predict the transition from acute to chronic non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) in primary care settings in Indonesia. The study identified three significant predictors: age above 30 years, low education level, and moderate to severe pain intensity, which formed a simple scoring system with good discrimination ability (AUC = 0.705, sensitivity 70.8%, specificity 62.5%). This practical tool enables clinicians to identify high-risk patients early and implement targeted interventions to prevent chronicity in primary healthcare settings.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The Role of Dexketoprofen/Tramadol in Multimodal Therapy to Prevent Acute Postsurgical and Acute Low Back Pain from Developing into Chronic Pain: A Delphi Consensus Study
    Giustino Varrassi, Maria Dolma Gudez-Santos, Magdi Hanna, Magdalena Kocot-Kępska, Antonio Montero Matamala, Marco Antonio Narvaez Tamayo, Serge Perrot, Jose Luis Aguilar, Omar Al Hamad, Lu’i Al-Husinat, Raad Al-Khafaji, Abdallah Allam, Ezio Amorizzo, Nadi
    Pain and Therapy.2026; 15(1): 175.     CrossRef
The Role of Time Preferences in Compliance With COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors in Iran: A Quasi-hyperbolic Discounting Approach
Moslem Soofi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Shahin Soltani, Zahra Alipoor, Behzad Karamimatin
J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(3):326-335.   Published online February 13, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.453
  • 3,170 View
  • 291 Download
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the role of time preferences in compliance with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventive behaviors in an adult population of Iran.
Methods
A web-based questionnaire was utilized to conduct a cross-sectional survey of 672 Iranian adults. The parameters of time preferences were estimated using a quasi-hyperbolic discounting model, and the relationship between COVID-19 preventive behaviors and time preferences was examined using a probit regression model.
Results
A significant association was observed between the preventive behaviors of COVID-19 and the levels of patience and present-biased preferences among the study participants. Individuals who exhibited low levels of patience were found to be 12.8 percentage points less inclined to follow preventive behaviors compared to those with high levels of patience. The likelihood of having good preventive behaviors of COVID-19 was found to decrease by 14.3 percentage points among individuals with a present bias as opposed to those with a bias toward future.
Conclusions
Patience and present-biased preferences are important determinants of adopting preventive behaviors against COVID-19. These behavioral characteristics should be considered in the design of control and prevention programs. Considering people’s discounting behavior and time (in)consistency in their preferences in the design of COVID-19 policy interventions can provide valuable insights for developing tailored public health policy interventions.
Summary
Key Message
This study explored how time preferences—patience and present bias—affect compliance with COVID-19 preventive behaviors among Iranian adults. Using a web-based survey and quasi-hyperbolic discounting model, it found that those with low patience or present-biased preferences were less likely to follow preventive measures than those with high patience or future-oriented preferences. The findings highlight the need to consider time preferences in designing effective public health interventions to improve adherence to preventive measures.
The Diabetogenic Effect of Statin Use May Interact With Polygenic Risk Scores for Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence From the UK Biobank
Jong Hyun Park, Kyu-Taek Lim, Jooyeon Lee, Yongjin Gil, Joohon Sung
J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(1):92-102.   Published online December 11, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.671
  • 6,426 View
  • 506 Download
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Objectives
Statins are essential in the prevention of cardiovascular disease; however, their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk is concerning. We examined whether genetic susceptibility to T2DM modifies the association between regular statin use and T2DM risk.
Methods
This study included 447 176 individuals from the UK Biobank without baseline diabetes or major cardiovascular disease. Statin use was recorded at baseline, and T2DM incidence was determined using clinical records. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for T2DM risk were provided by the UK Biobank. Using propensity scores adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and comorbidities, 14 831 statin users were matched with 37 060 non-users. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the interaction effect of statin use and PRS on T2DM incidence, adjusting for key confounders.
Results
In the propensity-matched cohort, 3675 of 51 891 participants developed T2DM over a mean follow-up period of 13.7 years. Within the top 5% of the PRS distribution, per 1000 person-years, the incidence of T2DM was 15.42 for statin users versus 12.18 for non-users. Among the lowest 5%, the incidence was 1.90 for statin users and 1.65 for non-users. Based on the Cox proportional hazards model, regular statin use was associated with a 1.24-fold increased T2DM risk (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15 to 1.33). Furthermore, PRS exhibited a significant multiplicative interaction with regular statin use (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.19).
Conclusions
PRS may help identify individuals particularly susceptible to the diabetogenic effects of statins, providing a potential path for personalized cardiovascular disease management.
Summary
Korean summary
스타틴은 심혈관 질환 예방에 필수적이지만, 제2형 당뇨병 발생 위험을 높인다고 알려져 있습니다. 본 연구는 영국 바이오뱅크 데이터를 활용하여, 스타틴 사용과 제2형 당뇨병 다유전자 위험 점수(Polygenic Risk Score, PRS)의 상호작용이 당뇨병 발생 위험에 미치는 영향을 분석했습니다. 연구 결과, PRS가 높은 집단에서는 스타틴 사용이 제2형 당뇨병 발생 위험을 유의하게 증가시켰으나, PRS가 낮은 집단에서는 스타틴 사용이 오히려 당뇨병 위험을 낮추는 경향을 보였습니다. 이러한 결과는 유전적 요인을 고려한 맞춤형 심혈관 질환 예방 전략의 중요성을 시사합니다.
Key Message
This study highlights that the diabetogenic effect of statins interacts significantly with genetic predisposition, as quantified by polygenic risk scores (PRS) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Individuals with high PRS are at a significantly increased risk of developing T2DM with statin use, while those with low PRS may experience a reduced risk. These findings underscore the potential of integrating genetic risk stratification into clinical decision-making to optimize the balance between cardiovascular benefits and T2DM risk in statin therapy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Bridging the Gap between Evidence and Practice: Nationwide Retrospective Analysis of Lipid-Modifying Therapy Prescription Patterns in 5 Million Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Ahmed Hassan, Menna A. Keshk, Mohamed Reyad, Nourhan Ahmed, Omar Nassar, Aisha Siraj, Salem Badr, Sherif Eltawansy, Anoop Misra, Muhammed Amir Essibayi, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Mahmoud Nassar, Diaa Hakim
    ASIDE Internal Medicine.2025; 2(2): 6.     CrossRef
The Impact of Student-led Community Health Screenings on Clients’ Health Knowledge and Outcomes: A Qualitative Study in New Zealand
JiaRong Yap, Wendy Wenming Zhai, Cindy Seunghee Pak, Sharon Brownie
J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(2):167-176.   Published online November 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.366
  • 3,084 View
  • 424 Download
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Objectives
This study investigated the impact of community health screenings (CHS) on the Asian community, focussing on the role of a student-led health and wellness centre in promoting and improving health outcomes. The CHS is a collaboration between Te Kotahi Oranga | Health and Wellness Centre and The Asian Network Incorporated, offering free health screenings to Asian migrants in the Waikato region, New Zealand.
Methods
Employing a qualitative approach, we interviewed clients who participated in the CHS to determine their perceptions regarding the effectiveness of the programme, its influence on their health knowledge and actions, and their overall satisfaction with the service. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist was used to report the study.
Results
Data analysis utilising reflexive thematic analysis yielded 5 themes: satisfaction and appreciation for the free health screening; strengthened commitment to better personal health; barriers and challenges in accessing public healthcare services; improved knowledge and awareness of health risks; and provision of more health screening tests and health seminars. The findings highlight the significance of culturally tailored health initiatives in addressing healthcare disparities, emphasising the need for innovative strategies to ensure continuity of care and support for underserved populations.
Conclusions
This research contributes to the understanding of how student-led health interventions can enhance public health efforts and improve health outcomes in Asian and migrant communities.
Summary
Key Message
This study explores the impact of a student-led community health screening (CHS) programme on Asian migrants in New Zealand, focusing on its effects on health knowledge and outcomes. Through qualitative interviews, five key themes emerged: participant satisfaction, commitment to personal health, barriers to healthcare access, increased awareness of health risks, and the need for expanded screening services. The findings underscore the value of culturally tailored health initiatives in reducing healthcare disparities and highlight the role of student-led interventions in enhancing preventative care and promoting health equity in underserved populations.
Scoping Review
Is Farming a Risk Occupation for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases? A Scoping Review on Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease Risk in Farmers
Hyeonjun Kim, Wongeon Jung, Sunjin Jung, Seunghyeon Cho, Inho Jung, Hansoo Song, Ki-Soo Park, Seong-Yong Yoon, Joo Hyun Sung, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park
J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(6):521-529.   Published online August 23, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.302
  • 5,865 View
  • 259 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Objectives
In Korea, cardio-cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) is recognized as an occupational disease when sufficient evidence of a work-related burden exists. In 2021, approximately 26.8% of the payments from occupational disease insurance under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act were allocated to CCVDs. However, due to the specific nature of insurance policies for farmers, CCVD is not acknowledged as an occupational disease in their case.
Methods
We reviewed studies on the differences in the incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of CCVDs between farmers and the general population or other occupations and described the exposure of farmers to risk factors for CCVDs.
Results
Several studies showed that farming is a high-risk occupation for CCVDs, with the following risk factors: long working hours, night work, lack of holidays, and strenuous physical labor; physical factors (noise, cold, heat, humidity, and vibration); exposure to hazardous gases (diesel exhaust, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, nitrogen oxides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), pesticides, and dust (particulate matter, silica, and organic dust); exposure to a hypoxic environment; and job-related stress. Social isolation and lack of accessible medical facilities also function as additional risk factors by preventing farmers from receiving early interventions.
Conclusions
Farmers are exposed to various risk factors for CCVDs and are an occupation at risk for CCVDs. More studies are needed in the future to elucidate this relationship. This study lays the groundwork for future research to develop guidelines for approving CCVDs as occupational diseases among farmers.
Summary
Korean summary
이 연구는 농업이 뇌심혈관질환과 연관된 고위험 직업임을 입증하는 근거를 검토하였습니다. 농업인은 긴 근무 시간, 격렬한 신체 노동, 유해 가스 및 살충제 노출 등 다양한 위험 요인과 더불어 의료 접근성 부족과 같은 문제에 직면해 있습니다. 이는 뇌심혈관질환을 농업인의 업무 관련 질병으로 인정하기 위한 가이드라인 개발에 중요한 기초를 제공합니다.
Key Message
This study reviewed evidence supporting that farming is a high-risk occupation associated with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Farmers face various risk factors, including long working hours, strenuous physical labor, exposure to hazardous gases and pesticides, and challenges such as limited access to medical care. This provides an essential foundation for developing guidelines to recognize cardio-cerebrovascular diseases as work-related illnesses among farmers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Leveraging Administrative Health Databases to Address Health Challenges in Farming Populations: Scoping Review and Bibliometric Analysis (1975-2024)
    Pascal Petit, Nicolas Vuillerme
    JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2025; 11: e62939.     CrossRef
Original Article
Workstation Risk Factors for Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among IT Professionals in Indonesia
Tofan Agung Eka Prasetya, Nurul Izzah Abdul Samad, Aisy Rahmania, Dian Afif Arifah, Ratih Andhika Akbar Rahma, Abdullah Al Mamun
J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(5):451-460.   Published online July 25, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.214
  • 15,636 View
  • 566 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Objectives
This study aimed to identify workstation factors influencing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among information technology (IT) professionals in Indonesia.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 IT workers at small-enterprise companies who were randomly selected across East Java, Indonesia. The data were modeled using multiple linear regression, with a 95% level of confidence for determining statistical significance.
Results
The respondents reported that the neck had the highest level of discomfort and was the most at risk of WMSDs, followed by the lower back, right shoulder, and upper back. Screen use duration (p=0.040) was associated with whole-body WMSDs, along with seat width (p=0.059), armrest (p=0.027), monitor (p=0.046), and a combined telephone and monitor score (p=0.028). Meanwhile, the factors significantly related to the risk of WMSDs in the hands and wrist were working period (p=0.039), night shift (p=0.024), backrest (p=0.008), and mouse score (p=0.032).
Conclusions
Occupational safety authorities, standards-setting departments, and policymakers should prioritize addressing the risk factors for WMSDs among IT professionals.
Summary
Key Message
This study investigates workstation risk factors contributing to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among IT professionals in Indonesia. Findings indicate that neck discomfort is the most prevalent, with significant associations identified between WMSDs and factors such as screen use duration, seating arrangements, and work conditions. The results underscore the need for ergonomic improvements and targeted preventive measures to enhance occupational health and safety for IT workers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Evaluation of working posture and neck pain among IT professionals – an observational study
    Amita Aggarwal, Tushar J. Palekar
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.2026; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Work-related musculoskeletal disorders and digitalization: past adoption, current utilization, and future concerns
    Young-Mee Kim, Sung-il Cho
    BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Systematic Review
Adjusting for Confounders in Outcome Studies Using the Korea National Health Insurance Claim Database: A Review of Methods and Applications
Seung Jin Han, Kyoung Hoon Kim
J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(1):1-7.   Published online November 16, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.250
  • 7,314 View
  • 515 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Objectives
Adjusting for potential confounders is crucial for producing valuable evidence in outcome studies. Although numerous studies have been published using the Korea National Health Insurance Claim Database, no study has critically reviewed the methods used to adjust for confounders. This study aimed to review these studies and suggest methods and applications to adjust for confounders.
Methods
We conducted a literature search of electronic databases, including PubMed and Embase, from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022. In total, 278 studies were retrieved. Eligibility criteria were published in English and outcome studies. A literature search and article screening were independently performed by 2 authors and finally, 173 of 278 studies were included.
Results
Thirty-nine studies used matching at the study design stage, and 171 adjusted for confounders using regression analysis or propensity scores at the analysis stage. Of these, 125 conducted regression analyses based on the study questions. Propensity score matching was the most common method involving propensity scores. A total of 171 studies included age and/or sex as confounders. Comorbidities and healthcare utilization, including medications and procedures, were used as confounders in 146 and 82 studies, respectively.
Conclusions
This is the first review to address the methods and applications used to adjust for confounders in recently published studies. Our results indicate that all studies adjusted for confounders with appropriate study designs and statistical methodologies; however, a thorough understanding and careful application of confounding variables are required to avoid erroneous results.
Summary
Korean summary
건강보험청구자료를 사용한 성과연구에서는 교란요인 통제가 중요하다. 최근 발표된 연구들은 연구설계와 통계 분석 과정에 적절하게 교란요인을 통제하였다. 연구의 질을 높이기 위해서는 건강보험청구자료에서 수집 가능한 교란 요인에 대한 이해와 방법론적 가이드라인이 요구된다.
Key Message
All recently published studies using Health Insurance Claims Database adjusted for confounders with appropriate study designs and statistical methodologies. The review suggests the need for careful application of confounding variables and the methodological guidance to improve the quality of outcome studies.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Factors Associated With Receiving Early Post-Discharge Follow-up Care in Patients With Schizophrenia
    Song Ee Che, Kyoung-Hoon Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Diabetogenic Effect of Statin Use May Interact With Polygenic Risk Scores for Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence From the UK Biobank
    Jong Hyun Park, Kyu-Taek Lim, Jooyeon Lee, Yongjin Gil, Joohon Sung
    Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2025; 58(1): 92.     CrossRef
  • Validation of Diagnostic Code Definitions for Identifying Patient in Korean Health Insurance Claims Data: A Scoping Review
    Kyoung-Hoon Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Worsening of health disparities across COVID-19 pandemic stages in Korea
    Hyejin Lee, Hyunwoo Nam, Jae-ryun Lee, Hyemin Jung, Jin Yong Lee
    Epidemiology and Health.2024; 46: e2024038.     CrossRef
  • Trends in Regional Disparities in Cardiovascular Surgery and Mortality in Korea: A National Cross-sectional Study
    Dal-Lae Jin, Kyoung-Hoon Kim, Euy Suk Chung, Seok-Jun Yoon
    Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(3): 260.     CrossRef
  • Low household income increases risks for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in young population: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in South Korea
    Chiwook Chung, Kyu Na Lee, Dong Wook Shin, Sei Won Lee, Kyungdo Han
    BMJ Open Respiratory Research.2024; 11(1): e002444.     CrossRef
  • An epidemic of cataract surgery in Korea: the effects of private health insurance on the National Health Insurance Service
    Hyejin Lee, Soo-Hee Hwang, Choon-Seon Park, Seol-Hee Chung, Catherine L. Chen, Jin Yong Lee, Jin Soo Lee
    Epidemiology and Health.2024; 46: e2024015.     CrossRef
Perspective
A Lifestyle Communication Tool: Association of E-cigarette Use and Pre-diabetes
Nilanga Aki Bandara, Tanisha Vallani, Xuan Randy Zhou, Senara Hansini Palihawadane, Rochelle Gamage, Miles Mannas, Jay Herath
J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(4):384-387.   Published online July 31, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.086
  • 4,349 View
  • 124 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
The aim of this study was to present a framework for clinicians to use when discussing electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and its association with pre-diabetes. A communication tool was designed using evidence-based strategies from the academic literature. A four-step framework is presented, which includes: step (1) helping patients to understand the association between e-cigarette use and pre-diabetes; step (2) the synergistic health impacts of e-cigarette use and pre-diabetes; step (3) management of diabetes-related lifestyle factors; and step (4) stages of change assessment related to e-cigarette reduction. This communication tool provides support for clinicians to discuss the risk of pre-diabetes associated with e-cigarette use. Moving forward, implementation and evaluation of this model are needed.
Summary
Special Article
Examining the Role of Psychosocial Stressors in Hypertension
Komal Marwaha
J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(6):499-505.   Published online November 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.266
  • 24,404 View
  • 486 Download
  • 19 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Despite advances in medicine and preventive strategies, fewer than 1 in 5 people with hypertension have the problem under control. This could partly be due to gaps in fully elucidating the etiology of hypertension. Genetics and conventional lifestyle risk factors, such as the lack of exercise, unhealthy diet, excess salt intake, and alcohol consumption, do not fully explain the pathogenesis of hypertension. Thus, it is necessary to revisit other suggested risk factors that have not been paid due attention. One such factor is psychosocial stress. This paper explores the evidence for the association of psychosocial stressors with hypertension and shows that robust evidence supports the role of a chronic stressful environment at work or in marriage, low socioeconomic status, lack of social support, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, childhood psychological trauma, and racial discrimination in the development or progression of hypertension. Furthermore, the potential pathophysiological mechanisms that link psychosocial stress to hypertension are explained to address the ambiguity in this area and set the stage for further research.
Summary

Citations

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  • Large-scale blood pressure GWAS accounting for gene-depression interactions in 564,680 individuals from diverse populations
    Songmi Lee, Clint L. Miller, Amy R. Bentley, Michael R. Brown, Pavithra Nagarajan, Raymond Noordam, John L Morrison, Karen Schwander, Kenneth Westerman, Minjung Kho, Aldi T. Kraja, Paul S. de Vries, Farah Ammous, Hughes Aschard, Traci M. Bartz, Anh Do, Ch
    Human Genetics and Genomics Advances.2026; 7(2): 100566.     CrossRef
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    Komal Marwaha, Ryan Cain, Katherine Asmis, Katya Czaplinski, Nathan Holland, Darly C. Ghislaine Mayer, Jessica Chacon
    Journal of Applied Physiology.2025; 138(2): 518.     CrossRef
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    Leah Jones, Jamie L Romeiser
    Journal of Public Health.2025; 47(3): e288.     CrossRef
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    Gurpreet Singh Wander, Akash Batta
    Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2025; 44(4): 420.     CrossRef
  • Unmasking the Mental Health Burden of Hypertension: Examining Psychological Distress, And Cognitive Function, Impact on Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Treatment in a Tertiary Care Hospital
    Maham Fatima, Adeel Aslam, Maheen Ijaz, Mudassir Anwar, Shazia Jamshed, Saeed Asiri, Wajid Syed
    International Journal of General Medicine.2025; Volume 18: 4763.     CrossRef
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    Jasmit Shah, Soraiya Manji, Cynthia Smith, Jamila Nambafu, Anthony Ochola, Linda Barasa, Faraj Amir, Husni Abdalla, Simeon Jowi, Caroline Mithi, Rajiv Patel, Sayed K. Ali, Sandra Boatemaa Kushitor
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  • Considerations of Health Equity in Neurocritical Care: Healthcare Disparities in Hypertension, Stroke and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
    Christa O’Hana San Luis Nobleza, Monisha A. Kumar
    Current Treatment Options in Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Stress, Anxiety, and Self-Efficacy in Hypertension: Evidence from a Romanian Case—Control Study
    Lucia Bubulac, Mirela Zivari, Irina Anca Eremia, Constantin Erena, Consuela-Mădălina Gheorghe, Iuliana-Raluca Gheorghe, Viorica Tudor, Claudia Florina Bogdan-Andreescu, Emin Cadar, Cristina-Crenguța Albu
    Diseases.2025; 13(11): 373.     CrossRef
  • Food insecurity: a driver of gender disparity in elevated blood pressure among adults in Ondo State, Nigeria: a cross sectional study
    Oluwasiji Olabisi Olaitan, Oluwaseun Ariyo
    Pan African Medical Journal.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Overlooked Driver of Hypertension: Mental Stress at the Crossroad of Cardiology and Psychiatry
    Lijun Zhang, Meiyan Liu
    Current Atherosclerosis Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of Key Lifestyle Behaviors on Hypertension Control: Implications for Optimizing Patient Management
    Salihah Kashum, Ghareeb Bahari
    Healthcare.2025; 14(1): 10.     CrossRef
  • Lifestyle Factors, Sociodemographic Characteristics and Incident Hypertension: A Prospective Analysis of the Korean National Health Insurance Service Sample Cohort
    Jung-Eun Lee, Anthony Kityo, Sang-Ah Lee
    Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(9): 959.     CrossRef
  • Psychological stress among hypertensive male patients in Jordan: prevalence and associated factors
    Ali Aldirawi, Fadwa Alhalaiqa, Abdallah Alwawi, Samer Abuzerr
    BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Health-related factors and dysregulation of epigenetic related genes in metabolic syndrome trigger finger patients and smoker trigger finger patients: preliminary analysis of patient-derived sample
    Abdulaziz M. F. Shayea, Amna A. Alshatti, Danah H. Alfadhli, Almutairi Fatimah Ibrahim, Mariam Kh. Almutairi, Mohammed Sh. Nadar
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Original Article
Effects of Marital Status and Income on Hypertension: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)
Mia Son, Yeon Jeong Heo, Hye-Jin Hyun, Ho Jong Kwak
J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(6):506-519.   Published online October 7, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.264
  • 12,784 View
  • 311 Download
  • 14 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Objectives
This study aimed to analyze the associations of income, marital status, and health behaviors with hypertension in male and female over 40 years of age in the Korea.
Methods
The data were derived from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES; 4851-302) which included 211 576 participants. To analyze the relationships of income, marital status, and health behaviors with hypertension in male and female over 40 years of age, multiple logistic regression was conducted with adjustments for these variables.
Results
The prevalence of hypertension increased linearly as income decreased. The odds ratio for developing hypertension in people with an income of <0.5 million Korean won (KRW) compared to ≥6.0 million KRW was 1.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25 to 1.93) in the total population, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.27 to 1.98) in male, and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.35 to 3.28) in female. The combined effect of income level and marital status on hypertension was significant. According to income level and marital status, in male, low income and divorce were most associated with hypertension (1.76 times; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.08). However, in female, the low-income, married group was most associated with hypertension (1.83 times; 95% CI, 1.71 to 1.97).
Conclusions
The results of this study show that it is necessary to approach male and female marital status separately according to income in health policies to address inequalities in the prevalence of hypertension.
Summary
Korean summary
이 연구는 한국의 40세 이상 성인 남녀를 대상으로 소득수준, 결혼, 건강행태요인이 고혈압에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이 연구는 한국인유전체역학조사사업조사(KoGES; 4851-302, 2001-2011)에서 구축한 211576명을 대상으로 다중 로지스틱회귀모델을 이용하여 분석했다. 소득이 고혈압에 미치는 영향은 역의 선형으로 소득이 적을수록 고혈압이 증가하는 경향이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 소득수준과 혼인상태, 고혈압과의 연관성은 여성보다 남성이 더 강하게 나타났다. 소득수준과 혼인상태가 상호작용하여 고혈압에 미치는 영향에서, 저소득층에서 별거 상태가 고혈압에 미치는 전반적인 영향이 가장 강하게 나타났으며, 남성의 경우 이혼 상태, 여성의 경우 결혼을 유지하고 있는 상태가 고혈압과 가장 강하게 연관되어, 남녀사이에 차이가 존재함을 보여주었다. 이 연구는 소득, 결혼이 고혈압에 중요하게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 고혈압예방대책에 저소득과 별거 이혼등의 결혼상태를 고려하는것이 필요하다는 것을 제안한다.

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  • Marital status and risk of type 2 diabetes among middle-aged and elderly population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Mohammad Amin Karimi, Sara Binaei, Seyed Hadi Hashemi, Pegah Refahi, Ensiyeh Olama, Elnaz Olama, Aydin Mohammadpour, Reza Mostafaei Yonjali, Mohadeseh Poudineh, Niloofar Deravi
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Systematic Review
Vitamin D Deficiency and Comorbidities as Risk Factors of COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Pinki Mishra, Rizwana Parveen, Ram Bajpai, Nidhi Agarwal
J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(4):321-333.   Published online June 13, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.640
  • 11,647 View
  • 219 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 13 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objectives
Extensive evidence links low vitamin D status and comorbidities with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, but the results of published studies are contradictory. Therefore, we investigated the association of lower levels of vitamin D and comorbidities with the risk of COVID-19 infection.
Methods
We searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov for articles published until August 20, 2021. Sixteen eligible studies were identified (386 631 patients, of whom 181 114 were male). We included observational cohort and case-control studies that evaluated serum levels of vitamin D in COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative patients. Mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
Results
Significantly lower vitamin D levels were found in COVID-19-positive patients (MD, -1.70; 95% CI, -2.74 to -0.66; p=0.001), but with variation by study design (case-control: -4.04; 95% CI, -5.98 to -2.10; p<0.001; cohort: -0.39; 95% CI, -1.62 to 0.84; p=0.538). This relationship was more prominent in female patients (MD, -2.18; 95% CI, -4.08 to -0.28; p=0.024) than in male patients (MD, -1.74; 95% CI, -3.79 to 0.31; p=0.096). Male patients showed higher odds of having low vitamin D levels (odds ratio [OR], 2.09; 95% CI, 1.38 to 3.17; p<0.001) than female patients (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.86; p=0.477). Comorbidities showed inconsistent, but generally non-significant, associations with COVID-19 infection.
Conclusions
Low serum vitamin-D levels were significantly associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection. This relationship was stronger in female than in male COVID-19 patients. Limited evidence was found for the relationships between comorbidities and COVID-19 infection, warranting large population-based studies to clarify these associations.
Summary

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Original Articles
Decomposition of Socioeconomic Inequality in Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence in the Adult Population: A Cohort-based Cross-sectional Study in Northwest Iran
Farhad Pourfarzi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Hamed Zandian
J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(3):297-306.   Published online May 3, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.051
  • 7,919 View
  • 121 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objectives
The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality is increasing in developing countries. This study aimed to decompose the socioeconomic inequality of CVD in Iran.
Methods
This cross-sectional population-based study was conducted on 20 519 adults who enrolled in the Ardabil Non-Communicable Disease cohort study. Principal component analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used, respectively, to estimate socioeconomic status and to describe the relationships between CVD prevalence and the explanatory variables. The relative concentration index, concentration curve, and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition model were used to measure and decompose the socioeconomic inequality.
Results
The overall age-adjusted prevalence of CVD was 8.4% in northwest Iran. Multivariable logistic regression showed that older adults, overweight or obese adults, and people with hypertension and diabetes were more likely to have CVD. Moreover, people with low economic status were 38% more likely to have CVD than people with high economic status. The prevalence of CVD was mainly concentrated among the poor (concentration index, -0.077: 95% confidence interval, -0.103 to -0.060), and 78.66% of the gap between the poorest and richest groups was attributed to differences in the distribution of the explanatory variables included in the model.
Conclusions
The most important factors affecting inequality in CVD were old age, chronic illness (hypertension and diabetes), marital status, and socioeconomic status. This study documented stark inequality in the prevalence of CVD, wherein the poor were more affected than the rich. Therefore, it is necessary to implement policies to monitor, screen, and control CVD in poor people living in northwest Iran.
Summary

Citations

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  • Relationship between social determinants of health and stroke, and the moderating and mediating effect of depression
    YongYing Zhang, Bin Zhang, Honghua Zhuang, Yushan Yin
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Association Between Sleep Quality and Anxiety in Korean Adolescents
Hyunkyu Kim, Seung Hoon Kim, Sung-In Jang, Eun-Cheol Park
J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(2):173-181.   Published online February 10, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.498
  • 13,265 View
  • 359 Download
  • 29 Web of Science
  • 37 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Objectives
Anxiety disorder is among the most prevalent mental illnesses among adolescents. Early detection and proper treatment are important for preventing sequelae such as suicide and substance use disorder. Studies have suggested that sleep duration is associated with anxiety disorder in adolescents. In the present study, we investigated the association between sleep quality and anxiety in a nationally representative sample of Korean adolescents.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 questionnaire was used to evaluate anxiety. The chi-square test was used to investigate and compare the general characteristics of the study population, and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between sleep quality and anxiety.
Results
In both sexes, anxiety was highly prevalent in participants with poor sleep quality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43 to 1.71 in boys; aOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.42 in girls). Regardless of sleep duration, participants with poor sleep quality showed a high aOR for anxiety.
Conclusions
This study identified a consistent relationship between sleep quality and anxiety in Korean adolescents regardless of sleep duration.
Summary
Korean summary
청소년건강행태조사를 이용하여 청소년들의 수면의 질과 불안과의 연관성을 분석하였다. 좋지 않은 수면의 질은 불안감과 연관성이 있었으며 이 연관성은 대상자들의 수면시간과 상관없이 나타났다.

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    Eunok Park
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Factors Related to Regional Variation in the High-risk Drinking Rate in Korea: Using Quantile Regression
Eun Su Kim, Hae-Sung Nam
J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(2):145-152.   Published online March 16, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.507
  • 7,256 View
  • 138 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Objectives
This study aimed to identify regional differences in the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users in Korea and to identify relevant regional factors for each quintile using quantile regression.
Methods
Data from 227 counties surveyed by the 2017 Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS) were analyzed. The analysis dataset included secondary data extracted from the Korean Statistical Information Service and data from the KCHS. To identify regional factors related to the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users, quantile regression was conducted by dividing the data into 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% quantiles, and multiple linear regression was also performed.
Results
The current smoking rate, perceived stress rate, crude divorce rate, and financial independence rate, as well as one’s social network, were related to the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users. The quantile regression revealed that the perceived stress rate was related to all quantiles except for the 90% quantile, and the financial independence rate was related to the 50% to 90% quantiles. The crude divorce rate was related to the high-risk drinking rate among yearly alcohol users in all quantiles.
Conclusions
The findings of this study suggest that local health programs for high-risk drinking are needed in areas with high local stress and high crude divorce rates.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 quantile regression을 이용하여 high risk drinking 의 지역간 변이 요인을 파악하였습니다. 연구결과, high risk drinking rate 의 지역간 변이가 크고, quanile별로 관련요인을 다르다는 것을 파악하였습니다. 본 연구의 결과는 높은 지역의 스트레스와 조이혼율의 관리와 함께 지역 고위험음주율의 건강프로그램이 필요하다는 것을 암시한다.

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Modeling Survival in Patients With Brain Stroke in the Presence of Competing Risks
Solmaz Norouzi, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran, Farshid Farzipoor, Ramazan Fallah
J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(1):55-62.   Published online December 7, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.463
  • 5,892 View
  • 142 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
After heart disease, brain stroke (BS) is the second most common cause of death worldwide, underscoring the importance of understanding preventable and treatable risk factors for the outcomes of BS. This study aimed to model the survival of patients with BS in the presence of competing risks.
Methods
This longitudinal study was conducted on 332 patients with a definitive diagnosis of BS. Demographic characteristics and risk factors were collected by a validated checklist. Patients’ mortality status was investigated by telephone follow-up to identify deaths that may be have been caused by stroke or other factors (heart disease, diabetes, high cholesterol, etc.). Data were analyzed by the Lunn-McNeil approach at alpha=0.1.
Results
Older age at diagnosis (59-68 years: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.19; 90% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 3.48; 69-75 years: aHR, 5.04; 90% CI, 3.25 to 7.80; ≥76 years: aHR, 5.30; 90% CI, 3.40 to 8.44), having heart disease (aHR, 1.65; 90% CI, 1.23 to 2.23), oral contraceptive pill use (women only) (aHR, 0.44; 90% CI, 0.24 to 0.78) and ischemic stroke (aHR, 0.52; 90% CI, 0.36 to 0.74) were directly related to death from BS. Older age at diagnosis (59-68 years: aHR, 21.42; 90% CI, 3.52 to 130.39; 75-69 years: aHR, 16.48; 90% CI, 2.75 to 98.69; ≥76 years: aHR, 26.03; 90% CI, 4.06 to 166.93) and rural residence (aHR, 2.30; 90% CI, 1.15 to 4.60) were directly related to death from other causes. Significant risk factors were found for both causes of death.
Conclusions
BS-specific and non-BS-specific mortality had different risk factors. These findings could be utilized to prescribe optimal and specific treatment.
Summary

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  • Deep neural network base competing risk in predicting heart failure patient’s survival
    Solmaz Norouzi, Ebrahim Hajizadeh, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Nasim Naderi, Saeideh Mazloomzadeh
    Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Body mass index and all-cause mortality in US stroke population: a cohort study
    Chenyan Yue, Huisheng Dong, Anmu Xie, Jing Wang
    BMC Neurology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Weight Change and Ischemic Stroke Risk among Participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
    Logan Cowan, Joana Tome, Cyrille Kouambo Beckodro, Pamela Lutsey, Kamakshi Lakshminarayan, Michelle Johansen, Jakita Baldwin
    Neuroepidemiology.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
Association Between Parental Marital Status and Types of Suicidal Behavior Among Korean Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study
Yoon Sik Park, Eun-Cheol Park
J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(6):419-428.   Published online September 21, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.004
  • 7,346 View
  • 195 Download
  • 11 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
Adolescent suicide is a global problem. This study aimed to identify associations between parental marital status and suicidal behavior.
Methods
This study analyzed 118 715 middle and high school students from the 13th and 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. The odds ratios (ORs) of suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts were calculated based on parental marital status, living situation, and socioeconomic factors. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.
Results
When compared to those living with 2 married biological parents, the ORs of suicidal ideation among adolescents living with either remarried or no parents were 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 1.53) and 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.66), respectively. For suicidal planning, the OR of those living with 1 remarried biological parent was 1.24 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.52), and that of those living without parents was 1.28 (95% CI, 0.95 to 1.73), when compared to adolescents living with 2 married biological parents. For suicide attempts, when compared to adolescents with 2 married biological parents, the OR of those living with 1 remarried biological parent was 1.48 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.87) and that of those living without parents was 2.02 (95% CI, 1.44 to 2.83). For adolescents living with 1 remarried biological parent, suicidal behavior was strongly associated with having no siblings and were weakly associated with not living with grandparents.
Conclusions
Suicidal behavior among adolescents was associated with the remarriage and loss of parents. Therefore, special attention and interventions are needed for adolescents in those situations.
Summary

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  • ВЛИЯНИЕ СЕМЕЙНОГО ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ НА СУИЦИДАЛЬНОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ ВОЕННOСЛУЖАЩИХ
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Educational Intervention Based on the Health Belief Model to Modify Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Police Officers in Iran: A Quasi-experimental Study
Mohsen Saffari, Hormoz Sanaeinasab, Hassan Jafarzadeh, Mojtaba Sepandi, Keisha-Gaye N. O'Garo, Harold G. Koenig, Amir H. Pakpour
J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(4):275-284.   Published online June 18, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.095
  • 13,719 View
  • 441 Download
  • 19 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objectives
Police officers may be at a greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) than the general population due to their highstress occupation. This study evaluated how an educational program based on the health belief model (HBM) may protect police officers from developing CVD.
Methods
In this single-group experimental study, 58 police officers in Iran participated in a 5-week intervention based on HBM principles. Outcomes included changes in scores on an HBM scale, time spent on moderate to vigorous physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), body mass index (BMI), blood lipid profile, blood glucose, and blood pressure. The intervention consisted of 5 HBM-based educational sessions. Follow-up was conducted at 3 months post-intervention. The paired t-test was used to examine differences between baseline and follow-up scores.
Results
All aspects of the HBM scale improved between baseline and follow-up (p<0.05), except the cues to action subscale. Self-efficacy and preventive behaviors improved the most. BMI decreased from 26.7±2.9 kg/m2 at baseline to 25.8±2.4 kg/m2 at follow-up. All components of the lipid profile, including triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein, showed significant improvements post-intervention. Blood glucose and blood pressure also decreased, but not significantly. Nearly 25% of participants who were not physically active at baseline increased their physical activity above or beyond the healthy threshold.
Conclusions
A relatively brief educational intervention based on HBM principles led to a significant improvement in CVD risk factors among police officers. Further research is needed to corroborate the effectiveness of this intervention.
Summary

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    Zehra Kartoğlu, Nurcan Kolaç
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    Cleise Cristine Ribeiro Borges Oliveira, Bruna Rafaela Carneiro, Isleide Santana Cardoso Santos, Cláudia Silva Marinho, Elieusa Pereira e Silva, Ana Carla Carvalho Coelho, Cláudia Geovana da Silva Pires
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  • Sociodemographic factors and level of physical activity in military police officers at work*
    Cleise Cristine Ribeiro Borges Oliveira, Bruna Rafaela Carneiro, Isleide Santana Cardoso Santos, Cláudia Silva Marinho, Elieusa Pereira e Silva, Ana Carla Carvalho Coelho, Cláudia Geovana da Silva Pires
    Cogitare Enfermagem.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Fatores sociodemográficos e nível de atividade física em policiais militares no trabalho*
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Measuring Out-of-pocket Payment, Catastrophic Health Expenditure and the Related Socioeconomic Inequality in Peru: A Comparison Between 2008 and 2017
Akram Hernández-Vásquez, Carlos Rojas-Roque, Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández, Diego Rosselli
J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(4):266-274.   Published online June 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.035
  • 10,729 View
  • 217 Download
  • 10 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objectives
Describe out-of-pocket payment (OOP) and the proportion of Peruvian households with catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and evaluate changes in socioeconomic inequalities in CHE between 2008 and 2017.
Methods
We used data from the 2008 and 2017 National Household Surveys on Living and Poverty Conditions (ENAHO in Spanish), which are based on probabilistic stratified, multistage and independent sampling of areas. OOP was converted into constant dollars of 2017. A household with CHE was assumed when the proportion between OOP and payment capacity was ≥0.40. OOP was described by median and interquartile range while CHE was described by weighted proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). To estimate the socioeconomic inequality in CHE we computed the Erreygers concentration index.
Results
The median OOP reduced from 205.8 US dollars to 158.7 US dollars between 2008 and 2017. The proportion of CHE decreased from 4.9% (95% CI, 4.5 to 5.2) in 2008 to 3.7% (95% CI, 3.4 to 4.0) in 2017. Comparison of socioeconomic inequality of CHE showed no differences between 2008 and 2017, except for rural households in which CHE was less concentrated in richer households (p<0.05) and in households located on the rest of the coast, showing an increase in the concentration of CHE in richer households (p<0.05).
Conclusions
Although OOP and CHE reduced between 2008 and 2017, there is still socioeconomic inequality in the burden of CHE across different subpopulations. To reverse this situation, access to health resources and health services should be promoted and guaranteed to all populations.
Summary

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    Diego Rosselli
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Risk and Protective Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence in a Nationally Representative Sample of Korean Men
Riccardo Ferraresso
J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(2):135-142.   Published online February 13, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.292
  • 8,283 View
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  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
In recent years, multiple studies have investigated the issue of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Korea. However, most of those studies have focused on IPV against women, while overlooking the problem of men IPV victimization. Considering this, the current study identified risk and protective factors for IPV and examined their influence on IPV victimization among Korean men.
Methods
We used a nationally representative sample of 1668 Korean men from the 2013 Korea National Survey on Domestic Violence. The associations between potential IPV risk factors and different types of IPV were investigated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Specifically, separate analyses were conducted of 5 types of IPV (neglect, controlling behaviors, emotional violence, economic violence, and physical violence).
Results
The prevalence of IPV among Korean men and women showed only marginal gender differences. Controlling behaviors (men, 23.3%; women, 23.9%) and emotional violence (men, 16.5%; women, 18.8%) were the most common types of IPV reported, followed by neglect (men, 11.2%; women, 11.7%). Separate logistic regression analyses for the 5 subtypes of IPV revealed that mutual IPV was a strong predictor of IPV. Men who abused their wives were more likely to experience neglect (odds ratio [OR], 29.24; p<0.01), controlling behaviors (OR, 36.61; p<0.01), emotional violence (OR, 58.07; p<0.01), economic violence (OR, 18.78; p<0.01), and physical violence (OR, 38.09; p<0.01).
Conclusions
The findings of this study suggest that IPV intervention strategies should particularly focus on couples whose relationship is characterized by patterns of bidirectional violence.
Summary

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  • Intimate Partner Violence: The Relationship Between the Stages of Change, Maintenance Factors, and the Decision to Keep or Leave the Violent Partner
    Marisalva Fávero, Rita Oliveira, Amaia Del Campo, Amadeu Fernandes, Diana Moreira, Maria Dolores Lanzarote-Fernández, Valéria Sousa-Gomes
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(2): 517.     CrossRef
  • Risk Factors for South Korean Male Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Victims Only, Offenders Only, and Victim-Offenders
    Chunrye Kim, Haemi Won
    Asian Journal of Criminology.2025; 20(1): 69.     CrossRef
  • Is Attachment a Fate? A Literature Review on Adult Attachment and Intimate Partner Violence
    Ratu Ifthiharfi, Yudiana Ratnasari
    Journal of Family Sciences.2025; 10(1): 130.     CrossRef
  • Exploring risk and protective factors of intimate partner violence in Korean young adults
    Soonok An, Jisoo Youn, Qihao Zhan, Soo-Jung Byoun, José J. López-Goñi
    PLOS ONE.2024; 19(12): e0314352.     CrossRef
  • Factors Associated With Willingness To Report Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) to Police in South Korea
    Chunrye Kim, Riccardo Ferraresso
    Journal of Interpersonal Violence.2022; 37(13-14): NP10862.     CrossRef
  • Ugandan Men Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Nationally Representative Data
    Jacinta Waila, Herman Lule, Michael Lowery Wilson, Till Bärnighausen, Anne Abio
    Journal of Prevention.2022; 43(4): 567.     CrossRef
Association Between Atrial Fibrillation and the Risk of Dementia in the Korean Elderly: A 10-Year Nationwide Cohort Study
Min-Ah Nah, Kyeong Soo Lee, Tae-Yoon Hwang
J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(1):56-63.   Published online January 3, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.117
  • 8,111 View
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  • 11 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Objectives
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of atrial fibrillation (AF) on the risk of dementia in the Korean elderly.
Methods
A 10-year retrospective cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Service-Senior Cohort database. We excluded those who were under 65 years of age as of January 2006 (n=46 113), those who were diagnosed with dementia between 2002 and 2005 (n=9086), and those with a history of stroke prior to AF diagnosis (n=8392). We used a Cox proportional hazards model with a time-varying covariate to determine whether AF is associated with the risk of dementia after adjusting for potential confounders.
Results
In univariable Cox regression, the hazard ratio (HR) of dementia according to AF status was 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23 to 1.33). After adjusting for potential confounders, AF was found to increase the risk of dementia (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.17), Alzheimer dementia (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.17), and vascular dementia (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.18). In patients diagnosed with AF, the incidence of dementia was lower (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.52) in patients who were treated with oral anticoagulants.
Conclusions
Investigating the potential risk factors of dementia in an aged society is important. We found a slightly higher risk of dementia in those with AF than in those without AF, and we therefore concluded that AF is a potential risk factor for dementia.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구에서는 국민건강보험공단 노인표본코호트 자료를 사용하여 심방세동의 유무가 치매의 발생위험과 연관되어 있는지 분석하였다. 잠재적인 교란변수들을 통제하여 분석한 결과 심방세동은 치매(HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.17), 알츠하이머 치매(HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.17), 혈관성 치매(HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.18) 발생과 연관되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 한 편, 심방세동 환자에서의 항응고제 복용은 치매 발생위험(HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.52)을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.

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  • Association between atrial fibrillation and dementia in a large population-based study in southern Europe
    Julián Rodríguez-García, Rafel Ramos, Anna Ponjoan, Jordi Blanch, Miguel Cainzos-Achirica, Paolo D. Dallaglio, Rodolfo San Antonio, Marcos Rodríguez-García, Jordi Mercé, Valentina Faga, Javier Sanaú, Ismael Almonte, Jesús Rodríguez-Silva, Josep Comín-Cole
    Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition).2026; 79(1): 24.     CrossRef
  • Asociación entre fibrilación auricular y demencia en un estudio poblacional a gran escala en el sur de Europa
    Julián Rodríguez-García, Rafel Ramos, Anna Ponjoan, Jordi Blanch, Miguel Cainzos-Achirica, Paolo D. Dallaglio, Rodolfo San Antonio, Marcos Rodríguez-García, Jordi Mercé, Valentina Faga, Javier Sanaú, Ismael Almonte, Jesús Rodríguez-Silva, Josep Comín-Cole
    Revista Española de Cardiología.2026; 79(1): 24.     CrossRef
  • Atrial Fibrillation, Brain Structure and Cognitive Function: A Mediation Analysis
    Jung-Ho Yang, Sun-Seog Kweon, Yu-Mi Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Jinho Shin, In-Sung Chung, Sang Baek Koh, Hyeon Chang Kim, Jong-Min Lee, Yeonwook Kang, Min-Ho Shin
    Korean Circulation Journal.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between dementia and left atrial appendage occlusion in patients with atrial fibrillation: A TriNetX-based retrospective cohort study with target trial emulation
    Kuan-Hsien Lu, Cheng-Yang Hsieh, Daniel Hsiang-Te Tsai, Edward Chia-Cheng Lai, Meng-Tsang Hsieh, Wan-Hsuan Hsu, Kuan-Hung Lin
    Heart Rhythm O2.2025; 6(2): 151.     CrossRef
  • Effects of risk factors on the development and mortality of early- and late-onset dementia: an 11-year longitudinal nationwide population-based cohort study in South Korea
    Min Young Chun, Wonjeong Chae, Sang Won Seo, Hyemin Jang, Jihwan Yun, Duk L. Na, Dongwoo Kang, Jungkuk Lee, Dustin B. Hammers, Liana G. Apostolova, Sung-In Jang, Hee Jin Kim
    Alzheimer's Research & Therapy.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The effect of oral anticoagulants on the incidence of dementia in patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Fakhar Latif, Muhammad Moiz Nasir, Komail K. Meer, Syed Husain Farhan, Huzaifa Ahmad Cheema, Adam Bilal Khan, Mohammad Umer, Wajeeh Ur Rehman, Adeel Ahmad, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Talal Almas, Sebastian Mactaggart, Abdulqadir J. Nashwan, Raheel Ahmed, Sourbh
    International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention.2024; 21: 200282.     CrossRef
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    Yaw Amo Wiafe, Gordon Manu Amponsah, George Asafu Adjaye Frimpong, Isaac Kofi Owusu
    Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • FIBRILAÇÃO ATRIAL E DEMÊNCIA VASCULAR: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DA LITERATURA
    Caroline Melo de Sousa, Milena Nunes Alves Sousa, Fabrício Kleber de Lucena Carvalho
    Revista Contemporânea.2022; 2(3): 739.     CrossRef
  • A systematic review and meta‐analysis to determine the effect of oral anticoagulants on incidence of dementia in patients with atrial fibrillation
    Mingjie Lin, Wenqiang Han, Jingquan Zhong, Lin Wu
    International Journal of Clinical Practice.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Risk of dementia in patients with atrial fibrillation: Short versus long follow‐up. A systematic review and meta‐analysis
    Marco Zuin, Loris Roncon, Angelina Passaro, Cristina Bosi, Carlo Cervellati, Giovanni Zuliani
    International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry.2021; 36(10): 1488.     CrossRef
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    Bin Zhou, Masanori Fukushima
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Interactions of Behavioral Changes in Smoking, High-risk Drinking, and Weight Gain in a Population of 7.2 Million in Korea
Yeon-Yong Kim, Hee-Jin Kang, Seongjun Ha, Jong Heon Park
J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(4):234-241.   Published online July 3, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.290
  • 7,355 View
  • 175 Download
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Objectives
To identify simultaneous behavioral changes in alcohol consumption, smoking, and weight using a fixed-effect model and to characterize their associations with disease status.
Methods
This study included 7 000 529 individuals who participated in the national biennial health-screening program every 2 years from 2009 to 2016 and were aged 40 or more. We reconstructed the data into an individual-level panel dataset with 4 waves. We used a fixed-effect model for smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, and overweight. The independent variables were sex, age, lifestyle factors, insurance contribution, employment status, and disease status.
Results
Becoming a high-risk drinker and losing weight were associated with initiation or resumption of smoking. Initiation or resumption of smoking and weight gain were associated with non-high-risk drinkers becoming high-risk drinkers. Smoking cessation and becoming a high-risk drinker were associated with normal-weight participants becoming overweight. Participants with newly acquired diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and cancer tended to stop smoking, discontinue high-risk drinking, and return to a normal weight.
Conclusions
These results obtained using a large-scale population-based database documented interactions among lifestyle factors over time.
Summary
Korean summary
이 분석은 흡연, 음주, 체중의 동시적 변화에 대해 패널분석방법론인 고정효과 모형을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 2009년부터 2016년까지 2년 주기로 4차례 모두 건강검진을 수검받은 720만 명을 대상으로 하였다. 흡연, 음주, 체중의 동시적 변화에 대한 방향성을 탐색하여 생활습관 관련 행태가 독자적이 아닌 유기적으로 변화하는 양상을 확인하였다, 또한 당뇨병, 뇌졸중, 암이 신규로 진단되었을 때 행태 변화가 나타나는 것을 확인하였다.

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Demographic and Survivorship Disparities in Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer in the United States
Munseok Seo, James R. Langabeer II
J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(5):242-247.   Published online August 23, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.092
  • 16,170 View
  • 179 Download
  • 20 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
To examine survivorship disparities in demographic factors and risk status for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which accounts for more than 75% of all urinary bladder cancers, but is highly curable with early identification and treatment. Methods: We used the US National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries over a 19-year period (1988-2006) to examine survivorship disparities in age, sex, race/ethnicity, and marital status of patients and risk status classified by histologic grade, stage, size of tumor, and number of multiple primary tumors among NMIBC patients (n=29 326). We applied Kaplan-Meier (K-M) and Cox proportional hazard methods for survival analysis. Results: Among all urinary bladder cancer patients, the majority of NMIBCs were in male (74.1%), non-Latino white (86.7%), married (67.8%), and low-risk (37.6%) to intermediate-risk (44.8%) patients. The mean age was 68 years. Survivorship (in median life years) was highest for non-Latino white (5.4 years), married (5.4 years), and low-risk (5.7 years) patients (K-M analysis, p<0.001). We found significantly lower survivorship for elderly, male (female hazard ratio [HR], 0.96), Latino (HR, 1.20), and unmarried (married HR, 0.93) patients. Conclusions: Survivorship disparities were ubiquitous across age, sex, race/ethnicity, and marital status groups. Non-white, unmarried, and elderly patients had significantly shorter survivorship. The implications of these findings include the need for a heightened focus on health policy and more organized efforts to improve access to care in order to increase the chances of survival for all patients.
Summary

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    Carlo Silvani, Alfonso Santangelo, Jack Considine, Anna Tylecki, Alex Stephens, Adam Mssika, Benjamin Robinson, Sebastiano Nazzani, Alberto Briganti, Andrea Salonia, Francesco Montorsi, Akshay Sood, Nicola Nicolai, Emanuele Montanari, Craig Rogers, Firas
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    Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations.2023; 41(5): 255.e15.     CrossRef
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Probability of Early Retirement Among Emergency Physicians
Jaemyeong Shin, Yun Jeong Kim, Jong Kun Kim, Dong Eun Lee, Sungbae Moon, Jae Young Choe, Won Kee Lee, Hyung Min Lee, Kwang Hyun Cho
J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(3):154-162.   Published online May 17, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.079
  • 10,147 View
  • 155 Download
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objectives
Early retirement occurs when one’s job satisfaction suffers due to employment mismatch resulting from factors such as inadequate compensation. Medical doctors report high levels of job stress and burnout relative to other professionals. These levels are highest among emergency physicians (EPs), and despite general improvements in their working conditions, early retirement continues to become more common in this population. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing EPs intention to retire early and to develop a probability equation for its prediction.
Methods
A secondary analysis of data from the 2015 Korean Society of Emergency Physicians Survey was performed. The variables potentially influencing early retirement were organized into personal characteristics, extrinsic factors, and intrinsic factors. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors and to develop a probability equation; these findings were then arranged in a nomogram.
Results
Of the 377 survey respondents included in the analysis, 48.0% intended to retire early. Risk factors for early retirement included level of satisfaction with the specialty and its outlook, slanderous reviews, emergency room safety, health status, workload intensity, age, and hospital type. Intrinsic factors (i.e., slanderous reviews and satisfaction with the specialty and its outlook) had a stronger influence on early retirement than did extrinsic factors.
Conclusions
To promote career longevity among EPs, it is vital to improve emergency room safety and workload intensity, to enhance medical professionalism through a stronger vision of emergency medicine, and to strengthen the patient-doctor relationship.
Summary

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Malaria Risk Factors in Kaligesing, Purworejo District, Central Java Province, Indonesia: A Case-control Study
Pratiwi Cahyaningrum, Sulistyawati Sulistyawati
J Prev Med Public Health. 2018;51(3):148-153.   Published online May 16, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.036
  • 10,127 View
  • 353 Download
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
Malaria remains a public health concern worldwide, including Indonesia. Purworejo is a district in which endemic of malaria, they have re-setup to entering malaria elimination in 2021. Accordingly, actions must be taken to accelerate and guaranty that the goal will reach based on an understanding of the risk factors for malaria. Thus, we analysed malaria risk factors based on human and housing conditions in Kaligesing, Purworejo, Indonesia.
Methods
A case-control study was carried out in Kaligesing subdistrict, Purworejo, Indonesia in July to August 2017. A structured questionnaire and checklist were used to collect data from 96 participants, who consisted of 48 controls and 48 cases. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed.
Results
Bivariate analysis found that education level, the presence of a cattle cage within 100 m of the house, not sleeping under a bednet the previous night, and not closing the doors and windows from 6 p.m. to 5 a.m. were significantly (p≤0.25) associated with malaria. Of these factors, only not sleeping under a bednet the previous night and not closing the doors and windows from 6 p.m. to 5 a.m. were significantly associated with malaria.
Conclusions
The findings of this study demonstrate that potential risk factor for Malaria should be paid of attention all the time, particularly for an area which is targeting Malaria elimination.
Summary

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Risk Reduction of Breast Cancer by Childbirth, Breastfeeding, and Their Interaction in Korean Women: Heterogeneous Effects Across Menopausal Status, Hormone Receptor Status, and Pathological Subtypes
Seok Hun Jeong, Yoon Suk An, Ji-Yeob Choi, Boyoung Park, Daehee Kang, Min Hyuk Lee, Wonshik Han, Dong Young Noh, Keun-Young Yoo, Sue K. Park
J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(6):401-410.   Published online November 10, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.152
  • 12,694 View
  • 272 Download
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of childbirth, breastfeeding, and their interaction with breast cancer (BC) risk reduction, and to evaluate the heterogeneity in the BC risk reduction effects of these factors by menopause, hormone receptor (HR) status, and pathological subtype.
Methods
BC patients aged 40+ from the Korean Breast Cancer Registry in 2004-2012 and controls from the Health Examinee cohort participants were included in this study after 1:1 matching (12 889 pairs) by age and enrollment year. BC risk according to childbirth, breast-feeding, and their interaction was calculated in logistic regression models using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
BC risk decreased with childbirth (3+ childbirths relative to 1 childbirth: OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.78 and OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.95 in postmenopausal and premenopausal women, respectively); and the degree of risk reduction by the number of children was heterogeneous according to menopausal status (p-heterogeneity=0.04), HR status (p-heterogeneity<0.001), and pathological subtype (p-heterogeneity<0.001); whereas breastfeeding for 1-12 months showed a heterogeneous association with BC risk according to menopausal status, with risk reduction only in premenopausal women (p-heterogeneity<0.05). The combination of 2 more childbirths and breastfeeding for ≥13 months had a much stronger BC risk reduction of 49% (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.58).
Conclusions
This study suggests that the combination of longer breastfeeding and more childbirths reduces BC risk more strongly, and that women who experience both 2 or more childbirths and breastfeed for ≥13 months can reduce their BC risk by about 50%.
Summary

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Hazardous Alcohol Use in 2 Countries: A Comparison Between Alberta, Canada and Queensland, Australia
Diana C. Sanchez-Ramirez, Richard Franklin, Donald Voaklander
J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(5):311-319.   Published online July 14, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.040
  • 10,729 View
  • 138 Download
  • 10 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
This article aimed to compare alcohol consumption between the populations of Queensland in Australia and Alberta in Canada. Furthermore, the associations between greater alcohol consumption and socio-demographic characteristics were explored in each population. Methods: Data from 2500 participants of the 2013 Alberta Survey and the 2013 Queensland Social Survey were analyzed. Regression analyses were used to explore the associations between alcohol risk and socio-demographic characteristics. Results: A higher rate of hazardous alcohol use was found in Queenslanders than in Albertans. In both Albertans and Queenslanders, hazardous alcohol use was associated with being between 18 and 24 years of age. Higher income, having no religion, living alone, and being born in Canada were also associated with alcohol risk in Albertans; while in Queenslanders, hazardous alcohol use was also associated with common-law marital status. In addition, hazardous alcohol use was lower among respondents with a non-Catholic or Protestant religious affiliation. Conclusions: Younger age was associated with greater hazardous alcohol use in both populations. In addition, different socio-demographic factors were associated with hazardous alcohol use in each of the populations studied. Our results allowed us to identify the socio-demographic profiles associated with hazardous alcohol use in Alberta and Queensland. These profiles constitute valuable sources of information for local health authorities and policymakers when designing suitable preventive strategies targeting hazardous alcohol use. Overall, the present study highlights the importance of analyzing the socio-demographic factors associated with alcohol consumption in population-specific contexts.
Summary

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Seroreactivity to Q Fever Among Slaughterhouse Workers in South Korea
Hyuk Chu, Seok-Ju Yoo, Kyu-Jam Hwang, Hyun-Sul Lim, Kwan Lee, Mi-Yeoun Park
J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(3):195-200.   Published online May 11, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.017
  • 9,583 View
  • 177 Download
  • 13 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
Q fever is a zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide; however, little is known about its prevalence in South Korea. We attempted to determine the prevalence of Q fever seroreactivity among Korean slaughterhouse workers and the risk factors for seroreactivity according to the type of work.
Methods
The study was conducted among 1503 workers at a total of 73 slaughterhouses and 62 residual-product disposal plants. During the study period, sites were visited and surveys were administered to employees involved in slaughterhouse work, and serological tests were performed on blood samples by indirect immunofluorescence assays. Serological samples were grouped by job classification into those of slaughter workers, residual-product handlers, inspectors and inspection assistants, and grading testers and testing assistants. Employee risk factors were analyzed according to the type of work.
Results
Out of 1481 study subjects who provided a blood sample, 151 (10.2%) showed reactive antibodies. When these results were analyzed in accordance with the type of work, the result of slaughter workers (11.3%) was similar to the result of residual-product handlers (11.4%), and the result of inspectors and assistants (5.3%) was similar to the result of grading testers and assistants (5.4%). Among those who answered in the affirmative to the survey question, “Has there been frequent contact between cattle blood and your mouth while working?” the proportions were 13.4 and 4.6%, respectively, and this was identified as a risk factor that significantly varied between job categories among slaughterhouse workers.
Conclusions
This study found a Q fever seroreactivity rate of 10.2% for slaughterhouse workers, who are known to be a high-risk population. Contact with cattle blood around the mouth while working was the differential risk factor between job categories among slaughterhouse workers.
Summary

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  • Q Fever in Greece and Factors of Exposure: A Multiregional Seroprevalence Study
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Distribution and Determinants of Out-of-pocket Healthcare Expenditures in Bangladesh
Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Marufa Sultana, Ziaul Islam, Jahangir Khan, Alec Morton
J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(2):91-99.   Published online February 7, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.089
  • 18,186 View
  • 465 Download
  • 58 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
As in many low-income and middle-income countries, out-of-pocket (OOP) payments by patients or their families are a key healthcare financing mechanism in Bangladesh that leads to economic burdens for households. The objective of this study was to identify whether and to what extent socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors of the population had an impact on OOP expenditures in Bangladesh.
Methods
A total of 12 400 patients who had paid to receive any type of healthcare services within the previous 30 days were analyzed from the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey data, 2010. We employed regression analysis for identify factors influencing OOP health expenditures using the ordinary least square method.
Results
The mean total OOP healthcare expenditures was US dollar (USD) 27.66; while, the cost of medicines (USD 16.98) was the highest cost driver (61% of total OOP healthcare expenditure). In addition, this study identified age, sex, marital status, place of residence, and family wealth as significant factors associated with higher OOP healthcare expenditures. In contrary, unemployment and not receiving financial social benefits were inversely associated with OOP expenditures.
Conclusions
The findings of this study can help decision-makers by clarifying the determinants of OOP, discussing the mechanisms driving these determinants, and there by underscoring the need to develop policy options for building stronger financial protection mechanisms. The government should consider devoting more resources to providing free or subsidized care. In parallel with government action, the development of other prudential and sustainable risk-pooling mechanisms may help attract enthusiastic subscribers to community-based health insurance schemes.
Summary

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Avoidable Burden of Risk Factors for Serious Road Traffic Crashes in Iran: A Modeling Study
Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani, Kamyar Mansori, Manoochehr Karami, Farid Zayeri, Reza Khosravi Shadman, Shiva Mansouri Hanis, Hamid Soori
J Prev Med Public Health. 2017;50(2):83-90.   Published online February 6, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.085
  • 10,281 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The aim of this study was to model the avoidable burden of the risk factors of road traffic crashes in Iran and to prioritize interventions to reduce that burden.
Methods
The prevalence and the effect size of the risk factors were obtained from data documented by the traffic police of Iran in 2013. The effect size was estimated using an ordinal regression model. The potential impact fraction index was applied to calculate the avoidable burden in order to prioritize interventions. This index was calculated for theoretical, plausible, and feasible minimum risk level scenarios. The joint effects of the risk factors were then estimated for all the scenarios.
Results
The highest avoidable burdens in the theoretical, plausible, and feasible minimum risk level scenarios for the non-use of child restraints on urban roads were 52.25, 28.63, and 46.67, respectively. In contrast, the value of this index for speeding was 76.24, 37.00, and 62.23, respectively, for rural roads.
Conclusions
On the basis of the different scenarios considered in this research, we suggest focusing on future interventions to decrease the prevalence of speeding, the non-use of child restraints, the use of cell phones while driving, and helmet disuse, and the laws related to these items should be considered seriously.
Summary

Citations

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Reviews
Breast Density and Risk of Breast Cancer in Asian Women: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies
Jong-Myon Bae, Eun Hee Kim
J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(6):367-375.   Published online October 21, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.054
  • 22,165 View
  • 335 Download
  • 66 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The established theory that breast density is an independent predictor of breast cancer risk is based on studies targeting white women in the West. More Asian women than Western women have dense breasts, but the incidence of breast cancer is lower among Asian women. This meta-analysis investigated the association between breast density in mammography and breast cancer risk in Asian women.
Methods
PubMed and Scopus were searched, and the final date of publication was set as December 31, 2015. The effect size in each article was calculated using the interval-collapse method. Summary effect sizes (sESs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by conducting a meta-analysis applying a random effect model. To investigate the dose-response relationship, random effect dose-response meta-regression (RE-DRMR) was conducted.
Results
Six analytical epidemiology studies in total were selected, including one cohort study and five case-control studies. A total of 17 datasets were constructed by type of breast density index and menopausal status. In analyzing the subgroups of premenopausal vs. postmenopausal women, the percent density (PD) index was confirmed to be associated with a significantly elevated risk for breast cancer (sES, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.52 to 3.21; I2=50.0%). The RE-DRMR results showed that the risk of breast cancer increased 1.73 times for each 25% increase in PD in postmenopausal women (95% CI, 1.20 to 2.47).
Conclusions
In Asian women, breast cancer risk increased with breast density measured using the PD index, regardless of menopausal status. We propose the further development of a breast cancer risk prediction model based on the application of PD in Asian women.
Summary

Citations

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The Effect of Breastfeeding Duration and Parity on the Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Ho Kyung Sung, Seung Hyun Ma, Ji-Yeob Choi, Yunji Hwang, Choonghyun Ahn, Byoung-Gie Kim, Yong-Man Kim, Jae Weon Kim, Sokbom Kang, Jaehoon Kim, Tae Jin Kim, Keun-Young Yoo, Daehee Kang, Suekyung Park
J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(6):349-366.   Published online September 8, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.066
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Objectives
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize current evidence regarding the association of parity and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).
Methods
A systematic search of relevant studies published by December 31, 2015 was performed in PubMed and EMBASE. A random-effect model was used to obtain the summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
Thirty-two studies had parity categories of 1, 2, and ≥3. The summary RRs for EOC were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.79), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.65), and 0.46 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.52), respectively. Small to moderate heterogeneity was observed for one birth (p<0.01; Q=59.46; I2=47.9%). Fifteen studies had breastfeeding categories of <6 months, 6-12 months, and >13 months. The summary RRs were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.87), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.81), and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.79), respectively. Only small heterogeneity was observed for <6 months of breastfeeding (p=0.17; Q=18.79, I2=25.5%). Compared to nulliparous women with no history of breastfeeding, the joint effects of two births and <6 months of breastfeeding resulted in a 0.5-fold reduced risk for EOC.
Conclusions
The first birth and breastfeeding for <6 months were associated with significant reductions in EOC risk.
Summary

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Helicobacter pylori Infection and Risk of Gastric Cancer in Korea: A Quantitative Systematic Review
Jong-Myon Bae, Eun Hee Kim
J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(4):197-204.   Published online July 7, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.024
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
In the context of the global decrease in mortality due to gastric cancer, previous studies have reported that the effect of chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection on the incidence of gastric cancer varies among regions. This systematic review was conducted to investigate H. pylori as a risk factor for gastric cancer in Korea, where the incidence of gastric cancer is among the highest in the world.
Methods
A search strategy was established to identify articles published in Korean as well as in English. Ultimately, we included observational studies conducted among Korean patients that designed with an age-matched and sex-matched control group that reported the odds ratio associated with H. pylori. Gastric cancer cases were subdivided into overall (OGC), cardia (CGC), non-cardia (NGC), early (EGC), advanced, intestinal (IGC), and diffuse forms of gastric cancer. Summary odds ratios (SORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in the meta-analysis using a random-effect model.
Results
Eleven case-control studies were ultimately selected. H. pylori was associated with an SOR of 1.81 (95% CI, 1.29 to 2.54) for OGC. Additionally, statistically significant risks were observed for CGC, NGC, EGC, and IGC.
Conclusions
Chronic H. pylori infection was found to raise the risk of gastric cancer among Koreans, with the highest risk observed for CGC and EGC (SOR=2.88 for both). Follow-up clinical epidemiologic studies are needed to assess the effects of current treatments aimed at eradicating H. pylori infections.
Summary

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Original Articles
The Impact of Educational Status on 10-Year (2004-2014) Cardiovascular Disease Prognosis and All-cause Mortality Among Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients in the Greek Acute Coronary Syndrome (GREECS) Longitudinal Study
Venetia Notara, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Yannis Kogias, Petros Stravopodis, Antonis Antonoulas, Spyros Zombolos, Yannis Mantas, Christos Pitsavos
J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(4):220-229.   Published online June 24, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.005
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The association between educational status and 10-year risk for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and all-cause mortality was evaluated.
Methods
From October 2003 to September 2004, 2172 consecutive ACS patients from six Greek hospitals were enrolled. In 2013 to 2014, a 10-year follow-up (2004-2014) assessment was performed for 1918 participants (participation rate, 88%). Each patient’s educational status was classified as low (<9 years of school), intermediate (9 to 14 years), or high (>14 years).
Results
Overall all-cause mortality was almost twofold higher in the low-education group than in the intermediate-education and high-education groups (40% vs. 22% and 19%, respectively, p<0.001). Additionally, 10-year recurrent ACS events (fatal and non-fatal) were more common in the low-education group than in the intermediate-education and high-education groups (42% vs. 30% and 35%, p<0.001), and no interactions between sex and education on the investigated outcomes were observed. Moreover, patients in the high-education group were more physically active, had a better financial status, and were less likely to have hypertension, diabetes, or ACS than the participants with the least education (p<0.001); however, when those characteristics and lifestyle habits were accounted for, no moderating effects regarding the relationship of educational status with all-cause mortality and ACS events were observed.
Conclusions
A U-shaped association may be proposed for the relationship between ACS prognosis and educational status, with participants in the low-education and high-education groups being negatively affected by other factors (e.g., job stress, depression, or loneliness). Public health policies should be aimed at specific social groups to reduce the overall burden of cardiovascular disease morbidity.
Summary

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Metabolic Risk Profile and Cancer in Korean Men and Women
Seulki Ko, Seok-Jun Yoon, Dongwoo Kim, A-Rim Kim, Eun-Jung Kim, Hye-Young Seo
J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(3):143-152.   Published online May 18, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.021
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Associations between metabolic syndrome and several types of cancer have recently been documented.
Methods
We analyzed the sample cohort data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2002, with a follow-up period extending to 2013. The cohort data included 99 565 individuals who participated in the health examination program and whose data were therefore present in the cohort database. The metabolic risk profile of each participant was assessed based on obesity, high serum glucose and total cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure. The occurrence of cancer was identified using Korean National Health Insurance claims data. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age group, smoking status, alcohol intake, and regular exercise.
Results
A total of 5937 cases of cancer occurred during a mean follow-up period of 10.4 years. In men with a high-risk metabolic profile, the risk of colon cancer was elevated (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.71). In women, a high-risk metabolic profile was associated with a significantly increased risk of gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.42). Non-significantly increased risks were observed in men for pharynx, larynx, rectum, and kidney cancer, and in women for colon, liver, breast, and ovarian cancer.
Conclusions
The findings of this study support the previously suggested association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of several cancers. A high-risk metabolic profile may be an important risk factor for colon cancer in Korean men and gallbladder and biliary tract cancer in Korean women.
Summary

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Brief Report
Month and Season of Birth as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Nationwide Nested Case-control Study
Anna-Maija Tolppanen, Riitta Ahonen, Marjaana Koponen, Piia Lavikainen, Maija Purhonen, Heidi Taipale, Antti Tanskanen, Jari Tiihonen, Miia Tiihonen, Sirpa Hartikainen
J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(2):134-138.   Published online March 23, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.018
  • 9,987 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
Season of birth, an exogenous indicator of early life environment, has been related to higher risk of adverse psychiatric outcomes but the findings for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been inconsistent. We investigated whether the month or season of birth are associated with AD.
Methods
A nationwide nested case-control study including all community-dwellers with clinically verified AD diagnosed in 2005 to 2012 (n=70 719) and up to four age- sex- and region of residence-matched controls (n=282 862) residing in Finland. Associations between month and season of birth and AD were studied with conditional logistic regression.
Results
Month of birth was not associated with AD (p=0.09). No strong associations were observed with season (p=0.13), although in comparison to winter births (December-February) summer births (June-August) were associated with higher odds of AD (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.05). However, the absolute difference in prevalence in winter births was only 0.5% (prevalence of those born in winter were 31.7% and 32.2% for cases and controls, respectively).
Conclusions
Although our findings do not support the hypothesis that season of birth is related to AD/dementia risk, they do not invalidate the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis in late-life cognition. It is possible that season does not adequately capture the early life circumstances, or that other (postnatal) risk factors such as lifestyle or socioeconomic factors overrule the impact of prenatal and perinatal factors.
Summary

Citations

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Review Article
Epstein-Barr Virus and Gastric Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis With Meta-regression of Case-control Studies
Jong-Myon Bae, Eun Hee Kim
J Prev Med Public Health. 2016;49(2):97-107.   Published online March 4, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.068
  • 19,664 View
  • 207 Download
  • 52 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
Research on how the risk of gastric cancer increases with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is lacking. In a systematic review that investigated studies published until September 2014, the authors did not calculate the summary odds ratio (SOR) due to heterogeneity across studies. Therefore, we include here additional studies published until October 2015 and conduct a meta-analysis with meta-regression that controls for the heterogeneity among studies.
Methods
Using the studies selected in the previously published systematic review, we formulated lists of references, cited articles, and related articles provided by PubMed. From the lists, only case-control studies that detected EBV in tissue samples were selected. In order to control for the heterogeneity among studies, subgroup analysis and meta-regression were performed.
Results
In the 33 case-control results with adjacent non-cancer tissue, the total number of test samples in the case and control groups was 5280 and 4962, respectively. In the 14 case-control results with normal tissue, the total number of test samples in case and control groups was 1393 and 945, respectively. Upon meta-regression, the type of control tissue was found to be a statistically significant variable with regard to heterogeneity. When the control tissue was normal tissue of healthy individuals, the SOR was 3.41 (95% CI, 1.78 to 6.51; I-squared, 65.5%).
Conclusions
The results of the present study support the argument that EBV infection increases the risk of gastric cancer. In the future, age-matched and sex-matched case-control studies should be conducted.
Summary

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Reviews
Hormonal Replacement Therapy and the Risk of Lung Cancer in Women: An Adaptive Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies
Jong-Myon Bae, Eun Hee Kim
J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48(6):280-286.   Published online November 9, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.054
  • 16,611 View
  • 131 Download
  • 27 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
Approximately 10% to 15% of lung cancer cases occur in never-smokers. Hormonal factors have been suggested to lead to an elevated risk of lung cancer in women. This systematic review (SR) aimed to investigate the association between hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) and the risk of lung cancer in women using cohort studies.
Methods
We first obtained previous SR articles on this topic. Based on these studies we made a list of refereed, cited, and related articles using the PubMed and Scopus databases. All cohort studies that evaluated the relative risk of HRT exposure on lung cancer occurrence in women were selected. Estimate of summary effect size (sES) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.
Results
A total of 14 cohort studies were finally selected. A random effect model was applied due to heterogeneity (I-squared, 64.3%). The sES of the 14 articles evaluating the impact of HRT exposure on lung cancer occurrence in women indicated no statistically significant increase in lung cancer risk (sES, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.09).
Conclusions
These results showed that HRT history had no effect on the risk of lung cancer in women, even though the sES of case-control studies described in previous SR articles indicated that HRT had a protective effect against lung cancer. It is necessary to conduct a pooled analysis of cohort studies.
Summary

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Hormone Replacement Therapy and Risk of Breast Cancer in Korean Women: A Quantitative Systematic Review
Jong-Myon Bae, Eun Hee Kim
J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48(5):225-230.   Published online September 16, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.046
  • 16,551 View
  • 171 Download
  • 20 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The epidemiological characteristics of breast cancer incidence by age group in Korean women are unique. This systematic review aimed to investigate the association between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and breast cancer risk in Korean women.
Methods
We searched electronic databases such as KoreaMed, KMbase, KISS, and RISS4U as well as PubMed for publications on Korean breast cancer patients. We also conducted manual searching based on references and citations in potential papers. All of the analytically epidemiologic studies that obtained individual data on HRT exposure and breast cancer occurrence in Korean women were selected. We restricted the inclusion of case-control studies to those that included age-matched controls. Estimates of summary odds ratio (SOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effect models.
Results
One cohort and five case-control studies were finally selected. Based on the heterogeneity that existed among the six studies (I-squared=70.2%), a random effect model was applied. The summary effect size of HRT history from the six articles indicated no statistical significance in breast cancer risk (SOR, 0.983; 95% CI, 0.620 to 1.556).
Conclusions
These facts support no significant effect of HRT history in the risk of breast cancer in Korean women. It is necessary to conduct a pooled analysis.
Summary

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Original Articles
A Survey on the Status of Hepatitis E Virus Infection Among Slaughterhouse Workers in South Korea
Byung-Seok Kim, Hyun-Sul Lim, Kwan Lee, Young-Sun Min, Young-Sil Yoon, Hye-Sook Jeong
J Prev Med Public Health. 2015;48(1):53-61.   Published online January 15, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.14.048
  • 11,480 View
  • 120 Download
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) among high-risk groups overseas is high, but studies in these groups are rare in South Korea. We conducted the present study from April to November 2012 to obtain data on the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for HEV among slaughterhouse workers in South Korea.
Methods
Slaughterhouse workers from 80 workplaces nationwide were surveyed in South Korea in 2012. The subjects comprised 1848 cases: 1434 slaughter workers and 414 residual products handlers. By visiting 80 slaughterhouses, which were mixed with 75 of which also performed residual products handling, we conducted a questionnaire survey for risk factors and obtained blood samples in order to determine the seropositivity and seroprevalence of HEV. Anti-HEV IgG and IgM were measured using HEV IgG and IgM enzyme-linked immunospecific assay kits and HEV antigen was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Results
The seropositivity of anti-HEV IgG was 33.5% (slaughter workers 32.8% and residual products handlers 36.2%), and among the seropositive individuals the seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgM was 0.5% (slaughter workers 0.5%, residual products handlers 0.7%). The response rate of HEV-antigen as measured by RT-PCR was 0.2%. Risk factors significantly related to anti-HEV IgG seropositivity were age, sex , and working duration (slaughter workers only).
Conclusions
There were significant risk factors (sex, age, and working duration) for HEV identified in our study. All three positive cases for HEV-antigen by RT-PCR were related to pig slaughter but without statistical significance. To prevent HEV, an educational program and working guidelines may be needed for high risk groups.
Summary

Citations

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  • Assessing Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence among Slaughterhouse Workers in Western Saudi Arabia: Zoonotic Threats in Focus
    Thamir A. Alandijany, Shahd M. Balakhtab, Sherif A. El-Kafrawy, Ahmad M. Hassan, Arwa A. Faizo, Tian-Cheng Li, Esam I. Azhar
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    Myeong-Jin Lee, Won-Chang Lee, Young Hwan Kwon
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The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and the Framingham Risk Score in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Intervention Over the Last 17 Years by Gender: Time-trend Analysis From the Mayo Clinic PCI Registry
Moo-Sik Lee, Andreas J. Flammer, Hyun-Soo Kim, Jee-Young Hong, Jing Li, Ryan J. Lennon, Amir Lerman
J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(4):216-229.   Published online July 31, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.4.216
  • 16,635 View
  • 113 Download
  • 14 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
This study aims to investigate trends of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor profiles over 17 years in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients at the Mayo Clinic. Methods: We performed a time-trend analysis within the Mayo Clinic PCI Registry from 1994 to 2010. Results were the incidence and prevalence of CVD risk factors as estimate by the Framingham risk score. Results: Between 1994 and 2010, 25 519 patients underwent a PCI. During the time assessed, the mean age at PCI became older, but the gender distribution did not change. A significant trend towards higher body mass index and more prevalent hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes was found over time. The prevalence of current smokers remained unchanged. The prevalence of ever-smokers decreased among males, but increased among females. However, overall CVD risk according to the Framingham risk score (FRS) and 10-year CVD risk significantly decreased. The use of most of medications elevated from 1994 to 2010, except for β-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors decreased after 2007 and 2006 in both baseline and discharge, respectively. Conclusions: Most of the major risk factors improved and the FRS and 10-year CVD risk declined in this population of PCI patients. However, obesity, history of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, and medication use increased substantially. Improvements to blood pressure and lipid profile management because of medication use may have influenced the positive trends.
Summary

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Special Articles
Burden of Disease in Japan: Using National and Subnational Data to Inform Local Health Policy
Stuart Gilmour, Yi Liao, Ver Bilano, Kenji Shibuya
J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(3):136-143.   Published online May 30, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.3.136
  • 20,594 View
  • 175 Download
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AbstractAbstract PDF

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study has been instrumental in guiding global health policy development since the early 1990s. The GBD 2010 project provided rich information about the key causes of mortality, disability-adjusted life years, and their associated risk factors in Japan and provided a unique opportunity to incorporate these data into health planning. As part of the latest update of this project, GBD 2013, the Japanese GBD collaborators plan to update and refine the available burden of disease data by incorporating sub-national estimates of the burden of disease at the prefectural level. These estimates will provide health planners and policy makers at both the national and prefectural level with new, more refined tools to adapt local public health initiatives to meet the health needs of local populations. Moreover, they will enable the Japanese health system to better respond to the unique challenges in their rapidly aging population and as a complex combination of non-communicable disease risk factors begin to dominate the policy agenda. Regional collaborations will enable nations to learn from the experiences of other nations that may be at different stages of the epidemiological transition and have different exposure profiles and associated health effects. Such analyses and improvements in the data collection systems will further improve the health of the Japanese, maintain Japan's excellent record of health equity, and provide a better understanding of the direction of health policy in the region.

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General Factors of the Korean Exposure Factors Handbook
Jae-Yeon Jang, So-Yeon Kim, Sun-Ja Kim, Kyung-Eun Lee, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Eun-Hye Kim, Kyung-Ho Choi, Young-Hee Kim
J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(1):7-17.   Published online January 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.1.7
  • 17,350 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF

Risk assessment considers the situations and characteristics of the exposure environment and host. Various physiological variables of the human body reflects the characteristics of the population that can directly influence risk exposure. Therefore, identification of exposure factors based on the Korean population is required for appropriate risk assessment. It is expected that a handbook about general exposure factors will be used by professionals in many fields as well as the risk assessors of the health department. The process of developing the exposure factors handbook for the Korean population will be introduced in this article, with a specific focus on the general exposure factors including life expectancy, body weight, surface area, inhalation rates, amount of water intake, and soil ingestion targeting the Korean population. The researchers used national databases including the Life Table and the 2005 Time Use Survey from the National Statistical Office. The anthropometric study of size in Korea used the resources provided by the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards. In addition, direct measurement and questionnaire surveys of representative samples were performed to calculate the inhalation rate, drinking water intake, and soil ingestion.

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Activity Factors of the Korean Exposure Factors Handbook
Jae-Yeon Jang, Soo-Nam Jo, So-Yeon Kim, Kyung-Eun Lee, Kyung-Ho Choi, Young-Hee Kim
J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(1):27-35.   Published online January 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.1.27
  • 12,526 View
  • 108 Download
  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

Exposure factors based on the Korean population are required for making appropriate risk assessment. It is expected that handbooks for exposure factors will be applied in many fields, as well as by health department risk assessors. The present article describes the development of an exposure factors handbook that specifically focuses on human activities in situations involving the possible risk of exposure to environmental contaminants. We define majour exposure factors that represent behavioral patterns for risk assessment, including time spent on routine activities, in different places, on using transportation, and engaged in activities related to water contact including swimming, bathing and washing. Duration of residence and employment are also defined. National survey data were used to identify recommended levels of exposure factors in terms of time spent on routine activities and period of residence and employment. An online survey was conducted with 2073 subjects who were selected using a stratified random sampling method in order to develop a list of exposure factors for the time spent in different places and in performing water-related activities. We provide the statistical distribution of the variables, and report reference levels of average exposure based on the reliable data in our exposure factors handbook.

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Food Ingestion Factors of the Korean Exposure Factors Handbook
Jae-Yeon Jang, Soo-Nam Jo, Sun-Ja Kim, Hyung-Nam Myung, Cho-Il Kim
J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(1):18-26.   Published online January 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.1.18
  • 12,687 View
  • 79 Download
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to establish food ingestion factors needed to assess exposure to contaminants through food ingestion. The study reclassified the raw data of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2001 into 12 subcategories including grain products, meat products, fish and shellfish, and vegetables for international comparability of exposure evaluation. The criteria for food intake calculation were unified according to the characteristics of food groups, and recommended values for food ingestion factors were calculated through moisture correction and recategorization of cooked, processed, and mixed foods for each group. The average intake rate for grain and grain products was 6.25 g/kg-d per capita and the men's intake rate was approximately 8% higher than that of the women. The average intake rate of meat and meat products was 1.62 g/kg-d per capita and the men's intake rate was 30% higher than that of the women, on average. The average intake rate of fish and shellfish was 1.53 g/kg-d per capita, and the age groups of 1 to 2 and 3 to 6 recorded higher capita intake rates than other age groups, 2.62 g/kg-d and 2.25 g/kg-d, respectively. The average intake rate of vegetables was 6.47 g/kg-d per capita, with the age group of 1 to 2 recording the highest per capita intake rate of 9.79 g/kg-d and that of 13 to 19 recording the lowest mean. The study also offers recommended values for food ingestion factors of other food groups by gender, age, and region. The food ingestion exposure factors will need future updates in consideration of ongoing changes in food consumption behavior.

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Overview of the Development of the Korean Exposure Factors Handbook
Jae-Yeon Jang, Soo-Nam Jo, So-Yeon Kim, Hyung-Nam Myung
J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(1):1-6.   Published online January 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.1.1
  • 14,544 View
  • 98 Download
  • 13 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

A set of exposure factors that reflects the characteristics of individual behavior capable of influencing exposure is essential for risk and exposure assessment. In 2007, the Korean Exposure Factors Handbook was, therefore, issued, driven by the need to develop reliable exposure factors representing the Korean population. The purpose of this study was to overview the development process of the Korean Exposure Factors Handbook and major recommended exposure values for the Korean population to allow information exchanges and comparison of recommended values among nations. The researchers reviewed the domestic data that could be used in the development of exposure factors, confirmed a knowledge gap, and set a priority of development by phases. A methodology to measure exposure factors was established to develop measuring techniques and test their validity. Data were processed or a survey was conducted according to the availability of data. The study thus produced recommended values for 24 exposure factors grouped by general exposure factors, food ingestion factors, and activity factors by setting up a database of exposure factors and carrying out statistical analysis. The study has significantly contributed to reducing the potential uncertainty of the risk and exposure assessment derived by the application of foreign data or research findings lacking representativeness or grounds by developing a set of exposure factors reflecting the characteristics of the Korean people. It will be necessary to conduct revisions in light of the changing statistical values of national data and the exposure factors based on Korean characteristics.

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Original Article
Drinking Patterns Among Korean Adults: Results of the 2009 Korean Community Health Survey
So Yeon Ryu, Catherine M. Crespi, Annette E. Maxwell
J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(4):183-191.   Published online July 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.4.183
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives

In Korea, the proportion of deaths due to alcohol is estimated at 8.9%, far exceeding the global estimate of 3.8%. Therefore, this study was performed to examine the factors associated with low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk drinking patterns in Korean adults and to identify target populations for prevention and control of alcohol-related diseases and deaths.

Methods

We analyzed data from 230 715 Korean adults aged 19 years and older who participated in the 2009 Korean Community Health Survey. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations between socio-demographic and health-related factors and patterns of alcohol use.

Results

A substantially larger proportion of men than women engaged in high risk (21.2% vs. 3.4%) and moderate-risk alcohol use (15.5% vs. 8.2%). In both sexes, moderate- and high-risk uses were associated with younger age, higher income, being currently employed, smoking, being overweight/obese, and good self-rated health.

Conclusions

Given the large proportion of the population that is engaging in moderate- and high-risk drinking and given the social norms that support this behavior, public health policies and campaigns to reduce alcohol consumption targeting the entire population are indicated.

Summary

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Special Article
Noncommunicable Diseases: Current Status of Major Modifiable Risk Factors in Korea
Hyeon Chang Kim, Sun Min Oh
J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(4):165-172.   Published online July 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.4.165
  • 21,682 View
  • 278 Download
  • 91 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF

A noncommunicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is by definition non-infectious and non-transmissible among people. Currently, NCDs are the leading causes of death and disease burden worldwide. The four main types of NCDs, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes, result in more than 30 million deaths annually. To reduce the burden of NCDs on global health, current public health actions stress the importance of preventing, detecting, and correcting modifiable risk factors; controlling major modifiable risk factors has been shown to effectively reduce NCD mortality. The World Health Organization's World Health Report 2002 identified tobacco use, alcohol consumption, overweight, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol as the most important risk factors for NCDs. Accordingly, the present report set out to review the prevalence and trends of these modifiable risk factors in the Korean population. Over the past few decades, we observed significant risk factor modifications of improved blood pressure control and decreased smoking rate. However, hypertension and cigarette smoking remained the most contributable factors of NCDs in the Korean population. Moreover, other major modifiable risk factors show no improvement or even worsened. The current status and trends in major modifiable risk factors reinforce the importance of prevention, detection, and treatment of risk factors in reducing the burden of NCDs on individuals and society.

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Original Articles
Factors Related to Increasing Trends in Cigarette Smoking of Adolescent Males in Rural Areas of Korea
Nam Soo Hong, Sin Kam, Keon Yeop Kim
J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(3):139-146.   Published online May 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.3.139
  • 12,363 View
  • 109 Download
  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives

Cigarette smoking prevalence among adolescent males in rural areas of Korea has increased in recent years. The aim of this study was to explore the factors related to increasing trends in cigarette smoking among adolescent males living in rural areas.

Methods

The raw data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey from 2006 to 2009 were used. Data were analyzed by using the method of complex survey data analysis considering complex sampling design. Multiple logistic regression models were used to explore the factors affecting cigarette smoking. We evaluated the linear time trends in the prevalence of factors that were related to current smoking status and the linear time trends in cigarette smoking in groups stratified by the exposure to each factor using logistic regression models. Finally, we examined the contributions of the factors to the time trends in cigarette smoking by adjusting for each of those factors in the baseline regression models and changes in the adjusted odds ratio by survey year.

Results

A statistically significant increasing trend in smoking was observed after adjusting for the factors affecting cigarette smoking. Significant factors related to cigarette use were perceived stress, experience with depression, current alcohol drinking, exposure to secondhand smoke, and academic performance. The factor related to increasing trends in cigarette smoking was academic performance.

Conclusions

Stress about academic performance is an important factor affecting the increase in cigarette smoking among adolescent males in a rural area of Korea.

Summary

Citations

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Physical Activity in Adolescence Has a Positive Effect on Bone Mineral Density in Young Men
Jinhyun Kim, Moonki Jung, Yeon-pyo Hong, Jung-Duck Park, Byung-Sun Choi
J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(2):89-95.   Published online March 28, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.2.89
  • 14,313 View
  • 99 Download
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives

Little is yet known about the determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) in young adults. Thus, in this study, we aimed to determine the factors that have an impact on BMD in young men.

Methods

Questionnaires were sent out to 111 male medical students. Information on age, socio-economic status, medical history, lifestyle, physical activity during adolescence, school club participation, current physical activity, and dietary intake were collected by the survey. Height, weight, percent body fat and muscle mass were estimated by bioelectrical impedance, and BMD was obtained using calcaneal quantitative ultrasound. Using the Poisson regression model, prevalence ratios (PRs) were used to estimate the degree of association between risk factors and osteopenia.

Results

The height and current physical activity showed a correlation to the Osteoporosis Index. Among the categorized variables, past physical activity during adolescence (p=0.002) showed a positive effect on the bone mineral content. In the multivariate model, past physical activity (≥1 time/wk) had a protective effect on osteopenia (PR, 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18 to 0.75) and present physical activity (1000 metabolic equivalent of task-min/wk) decreased the risk of osteopenia (PR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.91).

Conclusions

Past physical activity during adolescence is as important as physical activity in the present for BMD in young men.

Summary

Citations

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Brief Report
Trends in Reports on Climate Change in 2009-2011 in the Korean Press Based on Daily Newspapers' Ownership Structure
Jihye Lee, Yeon-pyo Hong, Hyunsook Kim, Youngtak Hong, Weonyoung Lee
J Prev Med Public Health. 2013;46(2):105-110.   Published online March 28, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2013.46.2.105
Correction in: J Prev Med Public Health 2013;46(5):291
  • 11,129 View
  • 97 Download
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives

The mass media play a crucial role in risk communication regarding climate change. The aim of this study was to investigate the trend in journalistic reports on climate change in the daily newspapers of Korea.

Methods

We selected 9 daily newspapers in Korea, which according to the ABC Association, represented 77% of newspaper circulation, out of a total of 44 Korean daily newspapers. The collected articles were from 2009 to 2011. All of the articles were sorted into the following 8 categories: greenhouse gas, climate change conventions, sea level rise, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change synthesis reports, expected damage and effect, use of fossil fuels, global warming, and mitigation or adaptation. A chi-squared test was done on the articles, which were counted and classified into cause, effect, and measurement of climate change according to the newspaper's majority or minority ownership structure.

Results

From the 9 selected newspapers, the number of articles on climate change by month was greatest in December 2009. Generally, the articles vague about climate change (lack of precise data, negative or skeptical tone, and improper use of terminology) were much more common than the articles presenting accurate knowledge. A statistical difference was found based on ownership structure: the majority-owned newspapers addressed the cause of climate change, while the minority-owned newspapers referred more to climate change measurement.

Conclusions

Our investigation revealed that generally Korean daily newspapers did not deliver accurate information about climate change. The coverage of the newspapers showed significant differences according to the ownership structure.

Summary

Citations

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    Simone Pulver, Jaime Sainz-Santamaría
    Climate and Development.2018; 10(6): 538.     CrossRef
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    Marco Billi, Anahí Urquiza Gómez, Camilo Feres Klenner
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JPMPH : Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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