Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

Associations Between Thyroid Hormone Levels and Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol A, F, and S in 6-Year-old Children in Korea: Yoonyoung Jang, Yoon-Jung Choi, Youn-Hee Lim, Kyung-Shin Lee, Bung-Nyun Kim, Choong Ho Shin, Young Ah Lee, Johanna Inhyang Kim, Yun-Chul Hong; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(1):37-45. Published online November 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.310

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the electrical, mechanical, medical, and food industries. Previous studies have suggested that BPA is an endocrine disruptor. Regulation of BPA has led to increased use of bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS). However, few studies have investigated the associations of BPF and BPS with thyroid dysfunction in children. Our study investigated the associations of prenatal BPA and early childhood BPA, BPF, and BPS exposure with thyroid function in 6-year-old children.
Methods
Prenatal BPA concentrations were measured during the second trimester of pregnancy in an established prospective birth cohort. We measured urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations and thyroid hormone levels (thyroid-stimulating hormone, total T₃, and free T₄) in 6-year-old children (n=574). We examined the associations between urinary bisphenol concentrations and percentage change of thyroid hormone concentrations using multivariate linear regression. We also compared thyroid hormone levels by dividing the cohort according to BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations.
Results
The associations between prenatal BPA and total T₃ levels were statistically significant in all models, except for girls when using a crude model. The associations between urinary BPA and BPS concentrations and levels of all thyroid hormones were not statistically significant. However, we observed that lower free T₄ levels (-1.94%; 95% confidence interval, -3.82 to -0.03) were associated with higher urinary BPF concentrations in girls only.
Conclusions
Our findings identified significant associations between prenatal BPA exposure and total T₃ levels in all children and between BPF exposure and free T₄ levels in girls only.

Summary

Korean summary
비스페놀 A의 건강위해성에 대한 역학적 근거들이 축적되어 비스페놀 A 대신 BPF와 BPS와 같은 대체물질이 사용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 어머니의 산전 비스페놀 A 노출과 6세 어린이의 비스페놀 A, 비스페놀 F, 비스페놀 S 노출 정도에 따라 어린이의 갑상선호르몬 농도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가 보고자 하였다. 어머니의 산전 비스페놀 A 노출은 어린이의 total T3 농도에 유의하게 영향을 미쳤으며, 특히 여자아이에게서 비스페놀 F 노출이 한 단위 증가할수록 free T4 농도가 유의하게 감소하는 것을 관찰하였다. 본 논문의 의의는 비스페놀 F, S가 어린이의 갑상선기능에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 역학적 근거를 제시하였다는 점이나, 인과적 연관성을 위해서는 시간적 선후관계를 고려한 더 많은 연구가 필요하다.

Citations

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Ning Yuan, Jianbin Sun, Xin Zhao, Wei Li
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Francis Manyori Bigambo, Zhaofang Chen, Wentao Yang, Qian Huang, Xu Wang
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Maternal bisphenols exposure and thyroid function in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jiani Liu, Min Tian, Haiyue Qin, Danrong Chen, Sabitina Mrisho Mzava, Xu Wang, Francis Manyori Bigambo
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Temporal trends in risk of bisphenol A, benzophenone-3 and triclosan exposure among U.S. children and adolescents aged 6–19 years: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2016
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Environmental Research.2023; 216: 114474. CrossRef
A case-control study of urinary concentrations of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S and the risk of papillary thyroid cancer
Lei Zhang, Jiahuai Zhang, Sai Fan, Yuxin Zhong, Jingguang Li, Yunfeng Zhao, Song Ni, Jiaying Liu, Yongning Wu
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Transient developmental exposure to low doses of bisphenol F negatively affects neurogliogenesis and olfactory behaviour in adult mice
Pieter Vancamp, Lucile Butruille, Anni Herranen, Anita Boelen, Jean-Baptiste Fini, Barbara A. Demeneix, Sylvie Remaud
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Risk Assessment of Bisphenol A in the Korean General Population
Myungsil Hwang, Seon-Joo Park, Hae-Jeung Lee
Applied Sciences.2023; 13(6): 3587. CrossRef
The Joint Effects of Bisphenols and Iodine Exposure on Thyroid during Pregnancy
Wei Lu, Zhuo Sun, Zhengyuan Wang, Mengying Qu, Zehuan Shi, Qi Song, Liping Shen, Shupeng Mai, Yuan Wang, Xinyu Hong, Jiajie Zang
Nutrients.2023; 15(15): 3422. CrossRef
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Zhuanning Xia, Cheng Lv, Yan Zhang, Rong Shi, Qi Lu, Ying Tian, Xiaoning Lei, Yu Gao
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Yang Hu, Shiming Lai, Ying Li, Xiaodong Wu, Mingluan Xing, Xueqing Li, Dandan Xu, Yuan Chen, Jie Xiang, Ping Cheng, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhijian Chen, Hao Ding, Peiwei Xu, Xiaoming Lou
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Associations of Urinary Bisphenol a, Bisphenol F, and Bisphenol S with the Risk of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Case-Control Study
Lei Zhang, Jiahuai Zhang, Sai Fan, Yuxin Zhong, Jingguang Li, Yunfeng Zhao, Song Ni, Jiaying Liu, Yong-Ning Wu
SSRN Electronic Journal .2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact of Bisphenol A on Thyroid Function in Neonates and Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Diamanto Koutaki, George Paltoglou, Aikaterini Vourdoumpa, Evangelia Charmandari
Nutrients.2021; 14(1): 168. CrossRef

Acute Testis Toxicity of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether in Sprague-Dawley Rats.: Yun Jung Yang, Shin Young Lee, Kyung Yong Kim, Yeon Pyo Hong; J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(2):131-137.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.2.131

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is a liquid compound obtained by condensation of two molecules of epichlorohydrin with one molecule of bisphenol A. General and reproductive toxicity with BADGE has been reported higher than 1000 mg/kg/day. This study was performed to show the effects of acute exposure to BADGE below 1000 mg/kg/day on the testis in adult male rats. METHODS: BADGE was administered by gastric lavage in a single dose of 500, 750, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day in 8-week old male SPF Sprague-Dawley rats. The right testis was processed for light microscopic analysis. The left testis was homogenized and spermatids were counted to determine the daily sperm production and daily abnormal sperm production. The sperm count, sperm motility, and incidence of abnormal sperm were estimated in the epididymis. In testicular sections, the seminiferous tubules were observed for qualitative changes. The progression of spermatogenesis was arbitrarily classified as full-matured, maturing, and immature. The specimen slide was observed at 3 points and 10 seminiferous tubules were evaluated at each point. RESULTS: The male rats exposed to single oral dose of BADGE at 750, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day were significantly increased the number of immature and maturing sperm on the testis. There were no significant differences with respect to sperm head count, sperm motility, and sperm abnormality in the BADGE treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that single oral exposure of BADGE 750 mg/kg/day can affect adult male testis development.

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Citations

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Hesham A. El-Beshbishy, Dania S. Waggas, Rabab A. Ali
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Subacute exposure to bisphenol F diglycidyl‐ether induces chronic dermatitis characterized by psoriasis‐like skin inflammation in mice
Kyoko Kitagawa, Eiji Shibata, Megumi Yamamoto, Hiroshi Harada, Kiyoshi Yoshino, Toshihide Iwashita, Masanobu Oshima, Mayumi Tsuji
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Toxics.2023; 11(11): 923. CrossRef
A comprehensive review on the analytical method, occurrence, transformation and toxicity of a reactive pollutant: BADGE
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Bisphenol A Modulates Autophagy and Exacerbates Chronic Kidney Damage in Mice
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Substitution of bisphenol A: a review of the carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and endocrine disruption potential of alternative substances
Shalenie P. den Braver-Sewradj, Rob van Spronsen, Ellen V. S. Hessel
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Ana Cristina Kalb, Ana Luiza Kalb, Tainã Figueiredo Cardoso, Cristina Gevehr Fernandes, Carine Dahl Corcini, Antonio Sergio Varela Junior, Pablo Elías Martínez
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Lipoic acid mitigates bisphenol A-induced testicular mitochondrial toxicity in rats
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The Exposure Status and Biomarkers of Bisphenol A in Shipyard Workers.: Sang Baek Koh, Cheong Sik Kim, Jun Ho Park, Bong Suk Cha, Jong Ku Park, Heon Kim, Soung Hoon Chang; Korean J Prev Med. 2003;36(2):93-100.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
Because shipyard workers are involved with various manufacturing process, they are exposed to many kinds of hazardous materials. Welders especially, are exposed to bisphenol-A (BPA) during the welding and flame cutting of coated steel. This study was conducted to assess the exposure status of the endocrine disruptor based on the job-exposure matrix. The effects of the genetic polymorphism of xenobiotic enzyme metabolisms involved in the metabolism of BPA on the levels of urinary metabolite were investigated. METHODS: The study population was recruited from a shipyard company in the K province. A total of 84 shipbuilding workers 47 and 37 in the exposed and control groups, respectively, were recruited for this study. The questionnaire variables included, age, sex, use of personal protective equipment, smoking, drinking and work duration. The urinary metabolite was collected in the afternoon and correction made for the urinary creatinine concentration. The of the CYP1A1, CYP2E1 and UGT1A6 genotypes were investigated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods with the DNA extracted from venous blood. RESULTS: The urinary BPA level in the welders group was significantly higher than in the control group (p< 0.05). The urinary BPA concentration with the wild type UGT1A6 was higher than the other UGT1A6 genotypes, but with no statistical significant. From themultiple regression analysis of the urinary BPA, the regression coefficient for job grade was statistically significant (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The grade of exposure to BPA affected the urinary BPA concentration was statistically significant. However, the genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotics enzyme metabolism were not statistically significant. Further investigation of the genetic polymorphisms with a larger sample size is needed.; Summary

Respiratory Health of Foundry Workers Exposed to Binding Resin.: Jung Keun Choi, Chang Ok Rhee, Do Myung Paek, Byung Soon Choi, Yong Chul Shin, Ho Keun Chung; Korean J Prev Med. 1994;27(2):274-285.

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Abstract PDF: The effects of resin on the respiratory health have been investigated in 309 workers from four iron and steel foundries and the results compared with those from 122 workers who were not significantly exposed to resin gas and silica dust at the same industries. Phenol-formaldehyde resin was used in the core making and molding processes and workers were exposed to their decomposition products as well as to silica dist containing particulates The subjects were grouped according to formaldehyde, dust and other gas exposures, and smoking habits were considered also in the analysis. Standardized respiratory symptom questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers. Chest radiograph, pulmonary function tests, and methacholine challenge tests were done. Environmental measurements at the breathing zone were carried out to determine levels of formaldehyde, respirable dust and total dust. Foundry workers had a higher prevalence of symptoms of chronic bronchitis with chronic phlegm and chronic cough when exposed to dust. Exposure to gas was significantly associated with lowered FEV1 and obstructive pulmonary function changes. Exposure to formaldehyde and phenol gas was associated with wheezing symptom among workers, but FEV1 changes after methacholine challenge were not significantly different among different exposure groups. When asthma was defined as the presence of bronchial hyperreactivity with more than 20% decrease in FEV1 after methacholine challenge, 17 workers out of 222 tested had asthma. Fewer asthmatic workers were found among groups exposed to for maldehyde, gas and dust, which indicates a healthy worker effects in a cross-sectional study. The concentration of formaldehyde gas ranged from 0.24 to 0.43 ppm among studied foundries. The authors conclude that fornaldehyde and phenol gas from combust resin is probably the cause of asthmatic symptoms and also a selection force of those with higher bronchial reactivity away from exposures.; Summary

Assessment of the Naktong river pollution after phenol spillage from the Kumi industrial estates II, Korea.: Doo Hie Kim, Bong Ki Jang, Sung Chul Hong, Hyo Jung Moon, Duck Hee Lee, Hae Ju Oh; Korean J Prev Med. 1993;26(2):268-281.

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Abstract PDF: The aquatic quality of the Naktong river after two of three months in June, 1991 with phenol spillage from a electrical factory in Kumi was investigated. The samples were collected at six sites of the Naktong river basin and Kachang and Kongsan lakes. Phenol was not detected from all water samples. Turbidity was very much increased to the down stream in the Naktong river. The BOD and COD values exceeded the 2nd grade(3 mg/l) of the Korean standard quality of Environmental Water Act at the all sampling sites of the Naktong river. Especially, the value of COD at Kaejin (12.5 mg/l) was poorly classified as to the 5th grade of water class for the environmental quality standards. Organophosphorous pesticides such as parathion, malathion, fenitrothion and diazinon were investigated but not detected. Diazinon was only detected at the Ilson bridge(1.42 ppb), Okkye stream(6.95 ppb), Waekwan bridge(0.32 ppb), Gangjung reservior(0.13 ppb), Kaejin(0.05 ppb). Of the carbamates such as carbanyl, isoprocarb and cabofuran, the carbofuran was detected all sites except tap water, and Kachang and Kongsan lakes. The content of heavy metals such ans Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Hg were not exceeding for drinking water standards at the all sampling region, but only mecury was detected from Okkye stream(0.018ppb) and Kaejin(0.09ppb). In the regions of Kachang and Kongsan lakes, the content of heavy metals were lower than that of reservoir of Naktong river.; Summary

Illness Associated With Contamination Of Drinking Water Supplies With Phenol.: Doo Hie Kim, Sung Kook Lee, Byung Yeol Chun, Duk Hee Lee, Sung Chul Hong, Bong Ki Jang; Korean J Prev Med. 1993;26(2):202-209.

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Abstract PDF: A accidental spills of phenol(100%) to the river Nakdong with subsequent contamination of the tap water for about two million consumers in Taegu city of Korea were occurred in March 1991. A historical cohort study of 6,913 individuals was undertaken to determine the associated with illness. Population subjects were divided into two groups of exposed and unexposed. Exposed subjects were reported to be phenol associated symptoms significantly higher than those in a nearby unexposed area(39.6% vs 9.4%, p<0.01). Especially, in the related symptoms, highly significant differences were noted in the number of subjects reporting gastrointestinal illness such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. During the accident, study subjects who experienced peculiar taste or odor in the tap water were significantly higher in the exposed areas(92% vs 34.3%). Chlorophenols formed from chlorination of water may have aggravated the problem.; Summary

Effects of Multiple Exposures to Pesticides on Plasma Cholinesterase Activity and p-nitrophenol Excretion in Rats.: Bong Suk Cha, Jung Gyun Park, Jong Ku Park, Sei Jin Chang; Korean J Prev Med. 1992;25(2):180-188.

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Abstract PDF: The effects of multiple exposures to pesticides on plasma cholinesterase(ChE) activities and urinary p-nitrophenol excretion were evaluated in rats. Rats were received single dose i.p. with LD50/100(mg/kg) of organophosphorous(OP), organophosphorous-organochroline(OP-OC), organophosphorous-carbamate(OP-CAB), organophosphorous-organoarsenate(OP-OA) pesticides for 4 consecutive days. In repeated administration of pesticides, plasma ChE activities were decreased, but urinary p-nitrophenol were increased after the first injection and then decreased gradually. The recovery rates of ChE activities and p-nitrophenol excretion at 48 hours after the fourth infection were delayed in comparison with the baseline value of 24 hours before the first injection. Statistical significances were found between OP and other groups except OP-OA group after the second injection in plasma ChE activities, but in urinary p-nitrophenol excretion there was statistical significance only between OP and OP-CAB.; Summary

English Abstract

Effects of Bisphenol A on the Placental Function and Reproduction in Rats.: Chae Kwan Lee, Seog Hyun Kim, Deog Hwan Moon, Jeong Ho Kim, Byung Chul Son, Dae Hwan Kim, Chang Hee Lee, Hwi Dong Kim, Jung Won Kim, Jong Eun Kim, Chae Un Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2005;38(3):330-336.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogen-like environmental endocrine disrupter, on the placental function and reproduction in rats. The mRNA levels of the placental prolactin-growth hormone (PRL-GH) gene family, placental trophoblast cell frequency and reproductive data were analyzed. METHODS: The pregnancies of F344 Fisher rats (160 g +/- 20 g) were detected by the presence of the copulatory plug or sperm in the vaginal smear, which marked Day 0 of pregnancy. Pregnant rats were divided into three groups. The control group was intraperitoneally injected with a sesame oil vehicle. The two remaining groups were injected with 50 or 500 mg/kg B.W/day of BPA, resuspended in sesame oil, on either days 7 to 11 or 16 to 20 of pregnancy, with the rats sacrificed on either day 11 or 20, respectively. The mRNA levels of PRL-GH and Pit-1a and b isotype genes were analyzed by Northern blot hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The hormone concentrations were analyzed by radioimmunoassay, and the frequency of the placental trophoblast cells observed by a histochemical study. Reproductive data, such as the placental weight and litter size, were surveyed on day 20. The fetal weight was surveyed for 4 weeks after birth. A statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS program (version 8.1). RESULTS: The mRNA levels of the PRL-GH gene family, such as placental lactogen I, Iv and II, prolactin like protein A, C and Cv, and decidual prolactin-related protein were significantly reduced due to BPA exposure. The mRNA levels of the Pit-1a and b isotype genes, which induce the expression of the PRL-GH gene family in the rat placenta, were also reduced due to BPA exposure. The PL-Iv and PL-II concentrations were reduced in the BPA exposed group. During the middle to last stage of pregnancy (Days 11-20), a high dose of BPA exposure reduced the frequency of spongiotrophoblast cells, which are responsible for the secretion of the PRL-GH hormones. Reproductive data, such as the placental and fetal weights and the litter size, were reduced, but that of the pregnancy period was extended in the BPA exposed compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: BPA disrupts the placental functions in rats, which leads to reproductive disorders.; Summary

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