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Systematic Review
- Digital Technologies in Hospital Pharmacy: A Systematic Review of Their Impact on Efficiency, Safety, and Inventory Management
- Eka Pranata Bagus Abimanyu, Satibi , Dwi Endarti
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(1):1-11. Published online October 5, 2025
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.495
- 6,526 View
- 531 Download
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Abstract
Summary
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Supplementary Material - Objectives
Digital transformation in hospital pharmacies is a strategic priority to improve medication safety, optimize inventory management, and streamline dispensing. Although healthcare digitalization has been widely studied, evidence of its impact on key performance indicators within hospital pharmacy operations remains limited. This review consolidates available evidence on how digital technologies affect hospital pharmacy performance, focusing on dispensing time, medication safety, and inventory practices.
Methods
A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus were searched for English-language studies (2014–2024) conducted in general, academic, or tertiary hospitals. Eligible interventions included automation technologies (e.g., automated dispensing cabinets, robotic dispensing), digital systems (e.g., computerized physician order entry, electronic prescribing), or hybrid platforms. Outcomes included measures of dispensing efficiency, medication safety, and inventory management. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data.
Results
Of 319 records, 9 studies met the inclusion criteria, spanning Saudi Arabia, the United States, Denmark, Iran, Jordan, Australia, and France. Most reported improvements in dispensing efficiency, safety (through lower error rates), and inventory control. Secondary gains included streamlined workflows and higher staff satisfaction. Challenges included resource-intensive implementation, workflow disruption, technological downtime, interoperability issues, and reliance on user compliance. Operational gains did not always yield measurable clinical benefits such as reduced morbidity or length of stay.
Conclusions
Digital technologies can improve efficiency, safety, and inventory control in hospital pharmacies; however, their success depends on institutional readiness, infrastructure, and human factors. Robust studies are needed to evaluate long-term impacts, cost-effectiveness, and implementation strategies. -
SummaryKey Message
Digital technologies such as automated dispensing cabinets, electronic prescribing, barcode medication administration, and robotic systems can substantially improve dispensing efficiency, medication safety, and inventory control in hospital pharmacies. This systematic review shows consistent reductions in dispensing time, medication errors, stock-outs, and expired drugs across diverse healthcare settings. However, the benefits of digitalization depend on institutional readiness, adequate infrastructure, staff training, and sustained user compliance, highlighting the need for context-sensitive implementation strategies.Original Article- Development and Validation of an Instrument to Assess the Safe Use of Antidiabetic Medication to Prevent Hypoglycemia Requiring Hospitalization Among Ambulatory Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Bali, Indonesia
- Made Krisna Adi Jaya, Fita Rahmawati, Nanang Munif Yasin, Zullies Ikawati
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(1):52-59. Published online October 24, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.424
- 3,692 View
- 576 Download
- 2 Web of Science
- 2 Crossref
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Abstract
Summary
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- Objectives
Ambulatory patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) require special attention when being discharged from the hospital with anti-diabetes medication. This necessity stems primarily from the risk of adverse drug reactions, particularly hypoglycemia. However, this risk is significantly influenced by the patients’ knowledge and behavior regarding their medication use. This study aimed to develop instrument to assess the risk of medication-related hypoglycemia in ambulatory T2DM patients by clinical pharmacists.
Methods
The study was conducted using an observational design that included multiple stages. These stages involved item development through focus group discussions (FGDs), content validation by clinical pharmacists, and criterion and construct validation by ambulatory T2DM patients using a cross-sectional approach.
Results
A total of 10 question items were developed for assessment by clinical pharmacists following FGDs and content validation. Criterion and construct validation identified 8 valid question items through multivariate analysis (p<0.05). The scoring system developed demonstrated a linear relationship between the score and the number of items at risk in the instrument (p<0.05, R²=0.988). Additionally, the instrument was named “Medication-related Hypoglycemia Risk Score Assessment Tools (HYPOGLYRISK).”
Conclusions
The findings of this study suggest that HYPOGLYRISK may serve as a useful tool for clinical pharmacists to evaluate the risk of medication-related hypoglycemia in ambulatory T2DM patients. Additionally, this instrument could assist clinical pharmacists in identifying priority patients and tailoring educational services to meet their specific goals and needs. -
SummaryKey Message
- HYPOGLYRISK is an instrument that can be used to assess the risk of hypoglycemia requiring hospitalization in T2DM patients. This instrument met all the requirements for psychometric properties testing in this study. - Patients discharged on antidiabetic medications can be screened for risk of severe hypoglycemia using HYPOGLYRISK, specifically by pharmacists, during drug dispensing. - Patients with T2DM must be ensured to have knowledge related to the five dimensions of medication safety to avoid the risk of hypoglycemia requiring hospitalization.Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Determination, Validation, and Development of Prediction Scores Related to Hypoglycemia Risk Factors Among Ambulatory Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Bali, Indonesia
Made Krisna Adi Jaya, Fita Rahmawati, Nanang Munif Yasin, Zullies Ikawati
Current Diabetes Reviews.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Pharmacist-led interventions for optimizing type 2 diabetes mellitus management and medication safety in Southeast Asian countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Made Krisna Adi Jaya, Fita Rahmawati, Nanang Munif Yasin, Zullies Ikawati
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
PerspectiveTOP- Polypharmacy and Therapeutic Inertia in Extreme Longevity: A Potential Clinical Ageism Scenario Secondary to Important Gaps in Clinical Evidence
- María Viviana Pantoja, Ivan David Lozada-Martinez
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(5):508-510. Published online September 27, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.364
- 4,146 View
- 192 Download
- 2 Web of Science
- 2 Crossref
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Abstract
Summary
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- Population aging is a global health priority due to the dramatic increase in the proportion of older persons worldwide. It is also expected that both global life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy will increase, leading to a significant rise in the proportion of individuals with extreme longevity, such as non-agenarians and centenarians. The inaccuracy of clinical evidence on therapeutic interventions for this demographic could lead to biased decision-making, influenced by age-related beliefs or misperceptions about their therapeutic needs. This represents a potential clinical ageism scenario stemming from gaps in clinical evidence. Such biases can result in 2 significant issues that adversely affect the health status and prognosis of older persons: polypharmacy and therapeutic inertia. To date, documents on polypharmacy in non-agenarians and centenarians account for less than 0.35% of the overall available evidence on polypharmacy. Furthermore, evidence regarding therapeutic inertia is non-existent. The purpose of this letter is to discuss polypharmacy and therapeutic inertia as potential clinical ageism scenarios resulting from the clinical evidence gaps in extreme longevity.
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SummaryKey Message
The inaccuracy of clinical evidence on therapeutic interventions for extreme longevity (nonagenarians and centenarians) could lead to biased decision-making, influenced by age-related beliefs or misperceptions about their therapeutic needs: polypharmacy and therapeutic inertia. To date, documents on polypharmacy in nonagenarians and centenarians account for less than 0.35% of the overall available evidence on polypharmacy. Furthermore, evidence regarding therapeutic inertia is non-existent. This letter discusses polypharmacy and therapeutic inertia as potential clinical ageism scenarios resulting from the clinical evidence gaps in extreme longevity.Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Health status characteristics and aging determinants of centenarians in Colombia: a real-life expanded cohort profile description
Ivan David Lozada-Martinez, Sandra Milena Castelblanco-Toro, Juan Carlos Salazar-Uribe, Vanessa García Rudas, María José Diaz Gutiérrez, Ledys Daniela Montaño Vega, Juan-Manuel Anaya
BMC Geriatrics.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between home care and health phenotype of centenarians: Is it a necessary new criterion in home health care?
Ivan David Lozada‐Martinez, Paula Andrea Correa‐Diaz, Jorge Luis Correa‐Rosales, Juan‐Manuel Anaya
Australasian Journal on Ageing.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Scoping Review- The Role of Pharmacists’ Interventions in Increasing Medication Adherence of Patients With Epilepsy: A Scoping Review
- Iin Ernawati, Nanang Munif Yasin, Ismail Setyopranoto, Zullies Ikawati
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(3):212-222. Published online April 25, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.592
- 9,627 View
- 525 Download
- 8 Web of Science
- 10 Crossref
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Abstract
Summary
PDF
- Objectives
Epilepsy is a chronic disease that requires long-term treatment and intervention from health workers. Medication adherence is a factor that influences the success of therapy for patients with epilepsy. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the role of pharmacists in improving the clinical outcomes of epilepsy patients, focusing on medication adherence.
Methods
A scoping literature search was conducted through the ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The literature search included all original articles published in English until August 2023 for which the full text was available. This scoping review was carried out by a team consisting of pharmacists and neurologists following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews and the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, including 5 steps: identifying research questions, finding relevant articles, selecting articles, presenting data, and compiling the results.
Results
The literature search yielded 10 studies that discussed pharmacist interventions for patients with epilepsy. Five articles described educational interventions involving drug-related counseling with pharmacists. Two articles focused on similar pharmacist interventions through patient education, both verbal and written. Three articles discussed an epilepsy review service, a multidisciplinary intervention program involving pharmacists and other health workers, and a mixed intervention combining education and training with therapy-based behavioral interventions.
Conclusions
Pharmacist interventions have been shown to be effective in improving medication adherence in patients with epilepsy. Furthermore, these interventions play a crucial role in improving other therapeutic outcomes, including patients’ knowledge of self-management, perceptions of illness, the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in controlling seizures, and overall quality of life. -
SummaryKey Message
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease that requires long-term treatment and support from health workers, including pharmacists. Pharmacists can provide interventions independently or in collaboration with other health workers, including treatment education through counseling (essential information about the condition, insights into epilepsy, seizure triggers, and antiepileptic drugs) and education and training with therapy-based behavioral interventions (reminders and skill-based psychological support). Pharmacist intervention is known to increase medication adherence, which is an important factor in the success of therapy for epilepsy patients and can improve other therapy outcomes such as increasing knowledge of epilepsy, seizure control, and quality of life.Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Global burden shift from infectious to non-communicable neurological disorders in adolescents and young adults (10–24 years): findings from the global burden of disease study 1990–2021
Tao Gu, Ruiqi Jiang, Yue Tian, Zhigang Zhao, Li Wang, Mingnan Cao
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Knowledge of pharmacists about anti-epileptic drugs in Sudan: a cross-sectional analytical study
Fatima O. Abdelsalam, Shahd A. Mohamed, Asgad A. Altrafi, Doha E. Balla, Abdalrahman M. Abdalrahman, Awab K. Atta, Abdalfattah M. Abdelrahim, Salsabil A. SeedAhmed, Alhumaira Wedaa, Yousif B. Hamadalneel
Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - The Impact of Drug Delivery Systems on Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions in Neuropsychiatric Treatment
Mohammad Nammas
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Pharmacist-assessed medication adherence and quality of life in patients with epilepsy
Michael Petrides, Aliki Peletidi, Spyros Polyzois, Evangelia Nena, Theodoros Constantinidis, Christos Kontogiorgis
Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Community pharmacy services and patient quality of life in Lebanon's socioeconomic crisis: Findings from the IMPHACT-LB study
Aline Hajj, Marwan Akel, Rony M. Zeenny, Hala Sacre, Chadia Haddad, Jihan Safwan, Fouad Sakr, Pascale Salameh
Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy.2025; 20: 100659. CrossRef - Effective Education Methods to Improve Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Systematic Review
Ika Mustikaningtias, Anna Wahyuni Widayanti, Pugud Samodro, Nanang Munif Yasin
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2025; 58(5): 453. CrossRef - Practical aspects of antiseizure medication treatment in pediatric patients: A helpful guide for pharmacists counseling young patients with epilepsy and their parents
Uroš Pecikoza, Katarina Nastić
Arhiv za farmaciju.2025; 75(5): 423. CrossRef - Medication self-management in patients with epilepsy: a narrative review of current status, influencing factors, and intervention strategies
Huayuan Wang, Xinmin Liu
Frontiers in Neurology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Impact of the Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model Based Medication Literacy Intervention on Medication Self-Management Capacity in Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Linlin Ma, Zhimin Liu, Xueru Chen, Qian Zhang, Tianyu Chu, Xian Chen, Jiajia Zhang, Renjuan Sun, Yibo Wu
Patient Preference and Adherence.2025; Volume 19: 3785. CrossRef - Implementation, barriers, solving strategies and future perspectives of reimbursed community pharmacy services - a nationwide survey for community pharmacies in Germany
Ann-Christin Kroenert, Thilo Bertsche
BMC Health Services Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Original Article- Recognition and attitude to fundtional division between physicians and pharmacists of practising physicians and pharmacists in Taegu city.
- Moo Sik Lee, Nung Ki Yoon, Suk Kwon Suh, Jae Yong Park
- Korean J Prev Med. 1993;26(1):1-19.
- 2,355 View
- 19 Download
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Abstract
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- Mail questionnaire was administrated to 370 practising physicians and 388 pharmacists in Taegu city selected by systematic sampling to examine utilization states and opinion of pharmacy under medical care insurance programme and the attitude to the functional division between physicians and pharmacists from April to May 1992. Regarding the opinion on the outcome of drug-store under medical insurance, 71.2 percent of practicing physician answered failure but 13.4 percent of practicing pharmacists answered failure in contrast. Fifty percent of practicing physician asserted introducing functional division between physician and pharmacist while 66.9 percent of practicing pharmacist answered drug-store under medical insurance itself is successful programme. Average daily numbers of preparation of medicine was 32.2 case. Percentage of utilization of drug-store under medical insurance to average daily cases of preparing of medicine was 20 percent, percentage of utilization with physician's prescription was 0.7 percent. And 58.7 percent of practicing physician experienced outside the institute prescription. Regarding the opinion on the pros and cons of enforcing functional division between physician and pharmacist, 59.2 percent of practicing physician preferred pros and 17.7 percent cons ,but 38 percent of practicing pharmacist preferred pros and 45.5 percent cons. And pharmacist know better the content of functional division between physician and pharmacist, practicing emphasized to prevent misuse or abuse of medicine but practicing pharmacist emphasized to display physician and pharmacist's professional ability. And as an opinion on implementation style of functional division between physician and pharmacist in pros respondents, practicing physician favored mandatory enforcement (52.3%), while practicing pharmacist favored partial incomplete functional division (81.7%). As the method of prescription if functional division between physician and pharmacist will be enforced, both practicing physician and pharmacist preferred generic name (44.0%, 89%) mostly, but physician preferred brand name (35.3%) secondly. Regarding the reason for not implementing functional division between physician and pharmacist up to date, both physician and pharmacist answered problem of business right between physician and pharmacist, followed by lack of recognition, and interest of people and lack of the governmental willness. Regarding the opinion on prior decision of condition for enforcing functional division between physician and pharmacist, practicing physician and pharmacist named uneven distribution of medical facilities and drug-store between rural and urban, inequality of physician and pharmacist manpower and the problem of manpower demand and supply mostly, and practicing physician pointed out establishing attitude of acceptance on the part of pharmacist and practicing pharmacist favored establishing attitude of acceptance on the part of physician, which was different attitudes between physician and pharmacist. Following conclusion was reached; 1. Current drug-store under medical insurance program yield insufficient outcome, so we should consider program conversion from drug-store under medical insurance program to functional division between physician and pharmacist. 2. There were problem of business right and conflicts between physician and pharmacist at enforcing functional division between physician and pharmacist, so the government should search for formulating plan to resolve the problem and have neutral willness for the protection of the national health.
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