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- Relationship Between Pesticide Exposure Factors and Health Symptoms Among Chili Farmers in Northeast Thailand
- Ratchadaporn Pengpan, Kulthida Y. Kopolrat, Sribud Srichaijaroonpong, Nutta Taneepanichskul, Patiwat Yasaka, Ratanee Kammoolkon
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(1):73-82. Published online December 20, 2023
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.353
- 9,094 View
- 409 Download
- 7 Web of Science
- 9 Crossref
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Abstract
Summary
PDF - Objectives
The unsafe use of pesticides in agriculture represents a major hazard to human health. This study was conducted to investigate the association between pesticide exposure and health symptoms among chili farmers in northeast Thailand.
Methods
This cross-sectional analytic study included 141 chili farmers in Sakon Nakhon Province, in northeast Thailand. Data regarding health symptoms were gathered using a self-report questionnaire. A medical technician tested blood cholinesterase activity using an erythrocyte method, and an occupational medicine specialist at Ramathibodi Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand reviewed the results. Associations between personal characteristics, pesticide exposure factors, and health symptoms were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.
Results
Of the 141 chili farmers studied, 66.7% experienced pesticide poisoning, as indicated by below-normal cholinesterase levels. Fatigue was the most frequently reported symptom associated with pesticide exposure, affecting 37.6% of participants. This was followed by nausea and vomiting (31.9%), dizziness (14.9%), and dry throat (14.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that several factors were significantly associated with adverse symptoms: amount of work experience, volume of pesticides used, use of chemical pesticides, use of leaking containers during spraying, direct pesticide exposure while working, contact with pesticide-soaked clothing, consumption of food and drinks in the fields, and blood cholinesterase level indicating risk.
Conclusions
This study suggests potential health risks for chili farmers stemming from exposure to and contamination by pesticides used in agricultural practices. To mitigate these risks, it is essential to supply personal protective equipment and to implement educational programs aimed at improving protective behaviors among farmers. -
SummaryKey Message
This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of pesticide exposure on health symptoms. In a cross-sectional study, the effects of pesticide exposure on acetylcholinesterase erythrocyte activity in blood during agricultural practices were examined as potential health risks for chili farmers. It is crucial to provide personal protective equipment and to implement educational initiatives targeted at encouraging farmers to adopt more protective behaviors to reduce these risks.Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Health risk assessment of glyphosate exposure among rubber farmers in Northeast Thailand
Piyapong Chaiyasarn, Kulthida Y. Kopolrat, Patiwat Yasaka, Sribud Srichaijaroonpong, Birabongse Hardthakwong, Pathanan Suwannaboon, Chavanakorn Krueakaew, Ratanee Kammoolkon
Journal of Environmental Exposure Assessment.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Developmental inequity and the impact of pesticide exposure on gut and brain health in developing nations – a Brazilian perspective
Jessica Gama, Bianca Cruz Neves, Antonio Pereira
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Fatigability and Long-Term Pesticide Exposure in Organic and Conventional Farmers
Talita Regina Coelho, Maurício Bedim dos Santos, Hugo M. Pereira, Ana Tereza Bittencourt Guimarães
Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Occupational health risk of farmers: A qualitative study with the agriculture society of trinidad and tobago and the ministry of agriculture, land and fisheries
Barry Parasram, Avishek Choudhury, Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
PLOS One.2025; 20(7): e0327283. CrossRef - Health Literacy and Associated Factors Influencing Pesticide Protective Behaviors Among Cassava Farmers in an Eastern Thailand Province: A Cross-Sectional Study
Chaninan Praserttai, Phannathat Tanthanapanyakorn, Nonlapan Khantikulanon, Sootthikarn Mungkhunthod, Kunlaphatcha Maoon
Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research.2025; 29(4): 892. CrossRef - Pesticide exposure and health risk assessment in Durian farmers from Southern of Thailand
Pattama Senthong, Sivasit Wittayasilp
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2025; 98(9-10): 821. CrossRef - Pesticide poisoning as an occupational and environmentally determined disease: modern approaches to diagnosis in accordance with the recommendations of the international labour organization (part I)
A.V. Basanets, M.G. Prodanchuk, N.V. Kurdil, Т.О. Yastrub
Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects.2025; 99(2): 28. CrossRef - Emerging diseases: trend research and omics-based analysis reveals mechanisms of endophytes modulate Chilli plant resilience
Wiwiek Harsonowati, Evy Latifah, Arinal Haq Izzawati Nurrahma, Jati Purwani, Rashid Iqbal, Javid Ahmad Parray, Ashish D. Patel
Symbiosis.2024; 93(3): 241. CrossRef - An Analysis of Occupational Hazards Based on the Physical Ergonomics Dimension to Improve the Occupational Health of Agricultural Workers: The Case in Mayo Valley, Mexico
Víctor Manuel Ramos-García, Josué Aarón López-Leyva, Ana Paola Balderrama-Carmona, Iván Ochoa-Vázquez, Juan José García-Ochoa, Manuel de Jesús Espinoza-Espino
Safety.2024; 10(3): 61. CrossRef
- Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prediction of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in Farmers: A Korean Nationwide Population-based Study
- Solam Lee, Hunju Lee, Hye Sim Kim, Sang Baek Koh
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(5):313-322. Published online July 14, 2020
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.156
- 8,660 View
- 253 Download
- 12 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
This study was conducted to determine the incidence and risk factors of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke in farmers compared to the general population and to establish 5-year prediction models.
Methods
The farmer cohort and the control cohort were generated using the customized database of the National Health Insurance Service of Korea database and the National Sample Cohort, respectively. The participants were followed from the day of the index general health examination until the events of MI, stroke, or death (up to 5 years).
Results
In total, 734 744 participants from the farmer cohort and 238 311 from the control cohort aged between 40 and 70 were included. The age-adjusted incidence of MI was 0.766 and 0.585 per 1000 person-years in the farmer and control cohorts, respectively. That of stroke was 0.559 and 0.321 per 1000 person-years in both cohorts, respectively. In farmers, the risk factors for MI included male sex, age, personal history of hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, creatinine, metabolic syndrome components (blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Those for stroke included male sex, age, personal history of hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, high γ-glutamyl transferase, and metabolic syndrome components (blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). The prediction model showed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.735 and 0.760 for MI and stroke, respectively, in the farmer cohort.
Conclusions
Farmers had a higher age-adjusted incidence of MI and stroke. They also showed distinct patterns in cardiovascular risk factors compared to the general population. -
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Understanding risk factors of post-stroke mortality
David Castro, Nuno Antonio, Ana Marreiros, Hipólito Nzwalo
Neuroscience Informatics.2025; 5(1): 100181. CrossRef - List of occupational diseases among farmers in Korea: a literature review
Hansoo Song, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Ki Soo Park, Joo Hyun Sung, Sang Jin Park, Seong-yong Yoon, Kyeongsoo Kim, Dong-phil Choi, Hye-min Kim, Bounggyun Ju, Kanwoo Youn
Ann Occup Environ Med.2025; 37: e2. CrossRef - Lowering Barriers to Health Risk Assessments in Promoting Personalized Health Management
Hayoung Park, Se Young Jung, Min Kyu Han, Yeonhoon Jang, Yeo Rae Moon, Taewook Kim, Soo-Yong Shin, Hee Hwang
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(3): 316. CrossRef - Ischemic heart disease and stroke in male couriers: a cohort study using the national health insurance data and national employment insurance data
Jiyoung Yoon, Jeehee Min, Eun Mi Kim, Jaiyong Kim, Inah Kim
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 rs671 G/A and a/A Genotypes are Associated with the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Youqian Li, Wei Zhong, Zhidong Liu, Changjing Huang, Junyin Peng, Hanlin Li
International Journal of General Medicine.2024; Volume 17: 3591. CrossRef - Is Farming a Risk Occupation for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases? A Scoping Review on Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease Risk in Farmers
Hyeonjun Kim, Wongeon Jung, Sunjin Jung, Seunghyeon Cho, Inho Jung, Hansoo Song, Ki-Soo Park, Seong-Yong Yoon, Joo Hyun Sung, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(6): 521. CrossRef - Development of rapid and effective risk prediction models for stroke in the Chinese population: a cross-sectional study
Yuexin Qiu, Shiqi Cheng, Yuhang Wu, Wei Yan, Songbo Hu, Yiying Chen, Yan Xu, Xiaona Chen, Junsai Yang, Xiaoyun Chen, Huilie Zheng
BMJ Open.2023; 13(3): e068045. CrossRef - Varying combination of feature extraction and modified support vector machines based prediction of myocardial infarction
A. Razia Sulthana, A. K. Jaithunbi
Evolving Systems.2022; 13(6): 777. CrossRef - Binary cutpoint and the combined effect of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on cardiovascular disease mortality: A community-based cohort study
Ju-Yeun Lee, Ji Hoon Hong, Sangjun Lee, Seokyung An, Aesun Shin, Sue K. Park, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(6): e0270510. CrossRef - Relationship Between Agricultural Crop Handling and Health Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Mitsuhiro NOSE, Yumi KIMURA, Ryota SAKAMOTO
JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE ASSOCIATION OF RURAL MEDICINE.2022; 71(1): 31. CrossRef - Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in Korea
Hyeon Chang Kim
Global Health & Medicine.2021; 3(3): 134. CrossRef - Presence of Thrombectomy-capable Stroke Centers Within Hospital Service Areas Explains Regional Variation in the Case Fatality Rate of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Korea
Eun Hye Park, Yong Jin Gil, Chanki Kim, Beom Joon Kim, Seung-sik Hwang
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2021; 54(6): 385. CrossRef
- Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Dairy Farmers in Gyeonggi Province, Korea.
- Ji Hyuk Park, Hyun Sul Lim, Kwan Lee
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(3):205-212.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.3.205
- 6,846 View
- 105 Download
- 15 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVES
The prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms (WMS) among Korean dairy farmers has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of WMS and to evaluate the relationship between WMS and risk factors. METHODS: Self-developed questionnaires including the questionnaire developed by the Korean Occupational Safety and Health agency (KOSHA) were used to investigate WMS among dairy farmers in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. We informed selected dairy farmers about the study and sent the questionnaires by registered mail. They visited a public health center nearby or a branch of public health center on the appointed date and skillful researchers identified or conducted the questionnaires by interview. We analyzed 598 (32.8%) of the 1824 dairy farmers. Multiple logistic regression was implemented to estimate the odds ratios of risk factors. RESULTS: The mean age of the respondents was 50.4 +/- 8.7 years and the proportion of males was 63.0%. The prevalence of WMS at any site was 33.3%. The prevalence of neck WMS was 2.2%, shoulders 10.0%, arms/elbows 5.0%, hands/wrists/fingers 4.2%, low back 11.5%, and legs/feet 11.7%. The adjusted odds ratio of low back WMS for milking 4 or more hours per day was 4.231 (95% CI = 1.124 - 15.932) and statistically significant. Low back WMS (2.827, 95% CI = 1.545 - 5.174) was significantly decreased by education. CONCLUSIONS: Low back WMS increased with milking hours and milking 4 or more hours per day was significantly associated with low back WMS. Low back WMS was significantly reduced with education. We hope that there will be increased attention about WMS in dairy farmers and the subject of future investigations. -
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Investigation of prevalence and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders among tea harvesting farmers: A systematic review
Bahram Kouhnavard, Mojtaba Khosravi Danesh, Mansour Shamsipour, Adel Mazloumi
WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation.2025; 80(1): 10. CrossRef - Acute Effects of a Warm-Up Intervention on Pain, Productivity, Physical Capacities and Psychological Perceptions Among Vineyard Workers: a Cluster Randomized Trial
Nicolas Larinier, Nicolas Vuillerme, Alexandre Jadaud, Solène Malherbe, Eymeric Giraud, Romain Balaguier
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation.2024; 34(1): 100. CrossRef - Prevalence of shoulder pain and its correlates in Jeju agricultural population: A retrospective cross-sectional study
Hyun Jung Lee, Jung-Hwan Oh, Jeong Rae Yoo, Seo Young Ko, Jeong Ho Kang, Sung Kgun Lee, Wooseong Jeong, Gil Myeong Seong, Chul-Hoo Kang, Chaemoon Lim, In Seok Son, Hyun Ju Yang, Min-su Oh, Sung Wook Song
Medicine.2024; 103(8): e37043. CrossRef - Evaluation of working conditions, work postures, musculoskeletal disorders and low back pain among sugar production workers
Mehrdad Hassani, Reza Hesampour, Joanna Bartnicka, Nasim Monjezi, Sahebeh Mirzaei Ezbarami
Work.2022; 73(1): 273. CrossRef - Agricultural Risk Factors Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Older Farmers in Pathum Thani Province, Thailand
Teeraphun Kaewdok, Sanpatchaya Sirisawasd, Sasitorn Taptagaporn
Journal of Agromedicine.2021; 26(2): 185. CrossRef - Investigation of Ergonomic Conditions and the Relationship between the Severity of Discomfort and Working Postures among Date Palm Farmers
Maryam Nourollahi Darabad, Davod Afshari, Javad Nosrati Amirabadi, Gholam abbas Shirali, Ali Sahraneshin Samani
Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering.2021; 8(3): 59. CrossRef - Prevalence and Risk-Factors of Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Provincial High School Teachers in the Philippines
Lito M AMIT, Gerald T MALABARBAS
Journal of UOEH.2020; 42(2): 151. CrossRef - Association of knee pain with working position and other factors among dairy farmers: A study in West Java, Indonesia
I M Rachmi, R A Werdhani, I N Murdana
Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2018; 1073: 042011. CrossRef - Prevalence and Characteristics of Musculoskeletal Pain in Korean Farmers
David Min, Sora Baek, Hee-won Park, Sang-Ah Lee, Jiyoung Moon, Jae E. Yang, Ki Sung Kim, Jee Yong Kim, Eun Kyoung Kang
Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2016; 40(1): 1. CrossRef - Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Farmers
Md Monoarul Haque
MOJ Orthopedics & Rheumatology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - Musculoskeletal Disorder Symptoms and Its Related Factors among Male Workers in Manufacturing Industries
Seung-Hyun Lee, Young-Chae Cho
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2015; 16(10): 6627. CrossRef - Patterns of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Workers in Palm Plantation Occupation
Leonard Joseph Henry, Ali Jafarzadeh Esfehani, Ayiesah Ramli, Ismarulyusda Ishak, Maria Justine, Vikram Mohan
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2015; 27(2): NP1785. CrossRef - Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Its Related Factors among Male Workers in a Nonferrous Manufacturing Industry
Yeon-Ok Jeong, Young-Chae Cho
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(8): 3552. CrossRef - Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among farmers: A systematic review
Aoife Osborne, Catherine Blake, Brona M. Fullen, David Meredith, James Phelan, John McNamara, Caitriona Cunningham
American Journal of Industrial Medicine.2012; 55(2): 143. CrossRef - Musculoskeletal Disorder Symptoms and Related Factors among Male Workers in Small-scale Manufacturing Industries
Seung-Hyun Lee, Ju-Yeon Lee, Young-Chae Cho
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society.2012; 13(9): 4025. CrossRef
TOP- Immunotoxicity among Farmers Exposed to Pesticides.
- Wonjin Lee, Chae Sung Lim, Kun Sei Lee, Soung Hoon Chang
- Korean J Prev Med. 1999;32(3):347-354.
- 2,597 View
- 36 Download
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Abstract
PDF
- OBJECTIVE
This paper examines the possible toxicity to immune system in farmers chronically exposed to pesticides. METHODS: We compared 43 male farmers exposed to pesticides with 29 male residents who had neither past nor current pesticides exposure. The selected variables for studying immunotoxicity were WBC, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD56, IgG, IgA, IgM, and IL-2. As part of the baseline questionnaires for the immunotoxicity, subjects were asked about kinds of farming, pesticides exposure and medical history. RESULTS: None of the variables for studying immunotoxicity showed statistically significant difference between the two groups. Although the results were not statistically significant, CD4 and the CD4/CD8 ratio decreased and CD8 increased. These effects showed a dose response change with exposure level. In the exposed group, the values of CD3, CD4, CD4/CD8 and CD19 decreased and those of the CD8 and CD56 increased compared to the non-exposed group. Also there was higher prevalence of self-reported disease in the exposed group compared to the non-exposed group. CONCLUSIONS: Although statistically significant differences in indices of immunotoxicity in farmers exposed to pesticides were not shown, the results suggest that pesticides may decrease immune function. More advanced test methods for immunotoxicity need to be developed and tested in larger population to detect immunotoxic effects of pesticides. -
Summary
- A Survey on Physical Complaints Related with Farmers' Syndrome of Vinylhouse and Non-vinylhouse Farmers.
- Ju Young Lee, Jung Han Park, Doohie Kim
- Korean J Prev Med. 1994;27(2):258-273.
- 2,737 View
- 26 Download
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Abstract
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- To compare the physical complaints of vinylhouse farmers with those of non-vinylhouse farmers, a personal interviews on 250 and 142 vinylhouse farmers were conducted in Sungjoo county in Kyungpook province selected by a random sampling from July 5 to July 10, 1993. Blood pressure of the subjects was also measured. Vinylhouse farmers had a higher average age, larger family size, shorter experience of farming, more working hours per day and working days per year and higher annual income than non-vinylhouse farmers. The frequency of preticide spray of the vinylhouse farmer was 3.4times on the average in June 1993 as compared with 2.0 times of non-vinylhouse farmers, and 16.7 times for the vinylhouse farmers during the last one year while it was 8.3 times for the non-vinylhouse farmers in the same period. While 39.6% of vinylhouse farmers experienced pesticide intoxication symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, itching, and skin irritation, etc. during the month of June, 25.4% of non-vinylhouse farmers experienced such symptoms. The most frequent symptoms among eight symptoms that constitute the farmers' syndrome were lumbago, numbness of hand or foot shoulder pain and dizziness regardless of sex and type of farming. Prevalence of the farmers' syndrome in male and female among vinylhouse farmers were 22.1%, 43.4%, respectively, and the prevalence in non-vinylhouse farmers was 23.2% for male and 50.7%for female. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of farmers' syndrome between vinylhouse and non-vinylhouse farmers. However, The prevalence on female was about 2 times higher than that of male When the effects of other factors were adjusted by multiple logistic regression for farmers' syndrome, the prevalence in female was 3.0 times higher than that of male. The prevalence of farmers' syndrome was increased as the age of farmers increased on both vinylhouse and non-vinylhouse farmers, and adjusted odds ratio of farmers' syndrome increased by 3% as the age increased by 1 year Adjusted odds ratio of Farmers' syndrome in farmers who experienced pesticide intoxication during the month of June was 3.7times higher than that of farmers who did not have such experience. While the prevalence of hypertension in male and female non-vinylhouse farmers were 22.4%, 13.7%, respectively, the prevalence in vinylhouse farmers were 13.5% for male and 12.0% for female. However, there was no association between farmers' syndrome and hypertension. It was found in this study that the vinylhouse farmers are at a high risk of pesticide intoxication, which is associated with the common physical complaints. To reduce such risk it is necessary to develop farming methods which do not require the pesticide of may use less pesticide, a safer method of pesticide spraying, and the protective equipments which can be worn at a high temperature and have a better protective effect. Also education of farmers for the correct methods of ventilation after pesticide spraying in the vinylhouse and wearing the protective equipments may be considered as a supportive method. Since inappropriate posture at work and intensive labor may cause farmers' syndrome, it is recommended to develop farming tools which reduce physical burden and take a rest and exercise periodically during work. It is necessary to strengthen the hypertension management program of the Kyungpook province, because the prevalence of hypertension was as high as about 15%.
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Summary
- The epidemiologic study of farmers' syndrome in Chonnam province.
- Gang Moon, Jin Su Choi, Seok Joon Sohn, Byong Woo Kim
- Korean J Prev Med. 1993;26(3):321-331.
- 2,320 View
- 19 Download
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Abstract
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- This survey was conducted to investigate Farmers' Syndrome and its related factors in Chonnam province. 5,920(men 6,148, women 6,722) persons in urban area and 12,870(men 6148, women 6,722) persons in rural area were selected in stratified cluster sampling manner, and interviewed individually with structured questionnaire in April, 1992. The results were summarized as follows: 1. In rural area of Chonnam province, the prevalence of Farmers' syndrome positive was 283 per 1,000 persons(203 in male, 355 in female). In urban area of Chonnam province, control area, the prevalence of Farmers' syndrome positive was 113(72 in male, 145 in female). The prevalence of Farmers' syndrome positive in rural area was 2.5 times higher that of urban area, and the prevalence in female was 1.7 times higher than that of male. The prevalence in total respondents was 256. 2. In rural area of Chonnam province, the age standardized prevalence of Farmers' syndrome positive was 209 per 1,000 persons(140 in male, 267 in female). In urban area of Chonnam province, control area, the age standardized prevalence of Farmers' syndrome positive was 122(79 in male, 158 in female). The age standardized prevalence in total respondents was 194. 3. The associated factors with Farmers' syndrome in univariate analysis were having illness during recent 15 days ,age, sex, occupation, area, monthly income, education, medical security status, family size and duration of farming. 4. When applying multiple logistic regression for Farmers' syndrome, the significant variables were having illness during recent 15 days, area, sex, age, education, medical security status, family size and duration of farming.
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