Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

Risk and Protective Factors for Child Sexual Abuse in Indonesia: Cross-sectional Findings From the 2024 National Survey on Child and Adolescent Life Experiences (SNPHAR 2024): Kinanthi Estu Linadi, Dian Ayubi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(3):278-288. Published online May 13, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.777

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
Child sexual abuse is the most frequently reported form of violence against children in Indonesia, with reported cases increasing over the past 5 years. This study aimed to identify risk and protective factors associated with sexual abuse among adolescents aged 13–17 years in Indonesia.
Methods
The analysis used data from the 2024 National Survey of Children’s and Adolescents’ Life Experiences (SNPHAR), including 6811 respondents. Bivariate analyses were conducted using chi-square tests to identify variables associated with sexual abuse. Variables with p-values less than 0.25 in binary logistic regression were included in multivariable logistic regression. Odds ratios, adjusted odds ratios (aORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to identify risk and protective factors associated with the experience of sexual abuse.
Results
Overall, 8.7% of respondents reported experiencing sexual abuse. Protective factors included never having worked (aOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.99; p<0.05), never having witnessed violence (aOR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.24; p<0.001), and no history of sexual intercourse (aOR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.15; p<0.001). Conversely, positive gender attitudes (aOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.29 to 1.87; p<0.001) and knowledge of child protection services (aOR, 3.85; 95% CI, 3.15 to 4.72; p<0.001) were unexpectedly associated with elevated risk.
Conclusions
Violence-free environments and limited exposure to early sexual experiences appear to represent critical protective factors. Counterintuitive associations suggest potential influences of cultural norms, patriarchy, and limited access to services.; Summary

Key Message
This study found that 7% of Indonesian adolescents aged 13–17 years reported experiencing child sexual abuse, based on the 2024 SNPHAR data. Protective factors included never having worked, never witnessing violence, and no prior sexual intercourse, while positive gender attitudes and awareness of child protection services were associated with higher reported odds of abuse. These findings highlight the need for safe environments, early prevention of violence and sexual exposure, and culturally sensitive, accessible child protection services for adolescents.

Socioeconomic and Regional Disparities in Under-five Mortality in Indonesia: Insights From Indonesia’s 2020 Census: Asep Hermawan; J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(3):258-266. Published online March 20, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.763

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This study examined district-level and municipality-level socioeconomic determinants of the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) to inform equitable policies aimed at achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.2.
Methods
An ecological cross-sectional study was conducted using data from 514 districts and municipalities in Indonesia. U5MR estimates were obtained from Statistics Indonesia and calculated using the indirect Trussell method based on the 2020 Population Census Long Form. Poverty rate, mean years of schooling, gross regional domestic product per capita, and total fertility rate (TFR) were analyzed using bivariate and multivariable ordinary least squares regression with robust standard errors. To account for spatial dependence, a spatial autoregressive (SAR) model was additionally applied. Spatial mapping was used to illustrate geographic variation.
Results
U5MR ranged from 10.7 to 75.8 deaths per 1000 live births across districts and municipalities. Higher TFR (β=13.21, p<0.001) and higher poverty rates (β=0.61, p<0.001) were associated with higher U5MR, whereas higher educational attainment was associated with lower U5MR (β=−0.79, p=0.001). The association between poverty and mortality was stronger in rural districts than in municipalities (interaction β=−0.30, p=0.06). The SAR model identified significant spatial dependence and demonstrated improved model fit. Spatial clustering revealed an east-west divide, with the highest mortality observed in Papua and East Nusa Tenggara.
Conclusions
Fertility, poverty, and educational attainment are key predictors of child survival in Indonesia, with districts in eastern regions bearing disproportionate burdens. Policy efforts should prioritize family planning, maternal education, and targeted support for socioeconomically disadvantaged districts to accelerate progress toward achieving SDG 3.2 by 2030.; Summary

Key Message
Socioeconomic inequalities remain important determinants of under-five mortality in Indonesia at the district and municipality levels. Higher poverty and fertility rates were associated with increased mortality, whereas higher educational attainment was associated with lower mortality. Equity-oriented and geographically targeted interventions, particularly in disadvantaged eastern districts, are essential to accelerate progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 3.2.

Income-related Inequalities in Cancer Screening Among Korean Adults Aged 40 and Above: A Cross-sectional Analysis of the Age-varying Mediation of Health Literacy: Hyejin Hong, Hyun-Jin Goo, Hyebin Choi, Sin Kam, Jong-Yeon Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(2):184-193. Published online March 12, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.866

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study investigated how the mediating effect of health literacy (HL) on the association between income and cancer screening participation varies by age among Korean adults aged 40 years and older, with the aim of identifying the optimal timing for HL interventions.
Methods
Data from 4171 adults aged ≥40 years in the 2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed using moderated mediation analysis implemented with the lavaan.survey package, accounting for the complex sampling design. The Johnson–Neyman technique was used to identify age thresholds at which the mediation effect became statistically significant, and the number needed to benefit (NNB) was calculated to estimate the potential efficiency of interventions targeting this pathway.
Results
Each 1-quintile increase in income was associated with a 16.0% higher likelihood of undergoing cancer screening (odds ratio=1.16, p<0.001). The mediating effect of HL increased significantly with age (index of moderated mediation=0.000438, p=0.048). Mediation became statistically significant from age 54.2 years (Johnson–Neyman threshold), with the proportion of the total effect mediated rising from 0.1% among adults aged 40–49 years to 8.1% among those aged ≥70 years. The NNB for this pathway indicated substantial intervention efficiency in older adults (NNB=372 for ages ≥70), whereas the mediation effect was not statistically significant in the 50–59 age group.
Conclusions
HL significantly mediated the relationship between income and cancer screening participation from the mid-50s onward, with progressively greater contributions at older ages. These findings support age-differentiated strategies, including structural accessibility improvements for adults in their 40s and early 50s and integrated income–HL interventions for individuals aged ≥55 years. Experimental studies are warranted to confirm these associations.; Summary

Korean summary
40세 이상 한국 성인에서 소득과 암검진 참여 간 건강문해력의 매개효과는 54.2세부터 유의해지기 시작하여 연령 증가에 따라 점진적으로 강화되었다. 70세 이상에서 매개 비율은 8.1%, 중재효율(NNB=372)이 가장 높았다. 이는 55세 이상에서 소득 지원과 건강문해력 향상을 결합한 연령별 맞춤형 중재가 필요함을 시사한다.

Key Message
Health literacy mediation of the income–cancer screening relationship became statistically significant from age 54.2 years and strengthened progressively with age among Korean adults aged ≥40 years. Among adults aged ≥70 years, health literacy accounted for 8.1% of the total income effect, with the highest intervention efficiency (NNB=372). These findings suggest that integrated income support and health literacy interventions are warranted for adults aged ≥55 years.

From Rich to Poor: A Decomposition Analysis of Socioeconomic Inequality in Health-related Quality of Life in Iran: Satar Rezaei; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(5):538-547. Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.383

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-established predictor of health outcomes across an individual’s lifespan. People from lower socioeconomic backgrounds generally have shorter life expectancies and lower levels of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) compared with those from higher-income groups. This study aimed to quantify income-related inequalities in HRQoL among adults in Iran.
Methods
A total of 3518 adults aged 18 years and older were selected using a convenience sampling method across 9 provinces in Iran. HRQoL was assessed with the EuroQoL 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) instrument, which evaluates 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. The concentration index (CI) approach was used to measure income-related inequality in worse HRQoL (disutility=1–utility value) and to identify the socioeconomic factors contributing to the observed inequality.
Results
The CI for worse HRQoL was -0.116, while the CI for the EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) score was 0.027. The CIs for reporting any problems in the EQ-5D-5L dimensions were: mobility (-0.122), self-care (-0.070), usual activities (-0.074), pain/discomfort (-0.139), and anxiety/depression (-0.139). Decomposition analysis showed that income (38.00%), educational level (31.53%), age (8.05%), and physical activity (7.30%) were the main factors contributing to socioeconomic inequality in poorer HRQoL in Iran.
Conclusions
This study identified a pro-poor distribution of poorer HRQoL and reported problems across all dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L in Iran. Targeted interventions should focus on reducing disparities in income, education, and physical activity levels.

Summary

Key Message
The study of 3518 adults across 9 Iranian provinces revealed significant pro-poor socioeconomic inequality in health-related quality of life (HRQoL), with worse HRQoL concentrated among lower-income groups (concentration index: -0.116). Income (38%) and education level (31.53%) were the largest contributors to this inequality, followed by age (8.05%) and physical activity (7.30%) based on decomposition analysis. All five EQ-5D-5L health dimensions showed more reported problems in lower socioeconomic groups, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions addressing income, education, and lifestyle factors to reduce HRQoL disparities in Iran.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Environmental injustice, marginalization and resistance: an intersectional analysis from Iran
Elham Hoominfar
Local Environment.2026; : 1. CrossRef

The Role of Hydrometeorological Factors in Leptospirosis Transmission in Central Java, Indonesia: Yoerdy Agusmal Saputra, Ladyka Viola Aulia Armawan, Mona Lisa, Disa Hijratul Muharramah, Laura Dwi Pratiwi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(6):553-562. Published online June 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.114

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Abstract Summary PDF: Objectives
This study investigates the relationship between hydrometeorological factors and leptospirosis cases in Central Java to elucidate disease spread patterns.
Methods
An ecological study design was utilized, incorporating spatial elements by integrating geographic information systems (GIS) with statistical techniques. The analysis included data on temperature, humidity, rainfall, solar radiation, flooding, and monthly leptospirosis cases recorded from 2018 to 2022. Data sources comprised the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency, and the Central Java Provincial Water Resources Management Center. The study employed correlation tests, multiple linear regression, and spatial data visualization.
Results
Correlation analysis indicated that monthly leptospirosis cases were significantly and positively correlated with minimum temperature (r=0.423; p=0.001), humidity (r=0.589; p<0.001), and rainfall (r=0.413; p=0.001). In contrast, maximum temperature (r=-0.355; p=0.005) and solar radiation (r=-0.431; p=0.001) showed significant negative correlations. Subsequent multiple linear regression showed that higher monthly leptospirosis was associated with higher humidity.
Conclusions
The findings offer essential insights for developing a comprehensive, science-based leptospirosis management strategy. A recommended approach is to establish a spatial monitoring system aimed at identifying high-risk areas, especially those with increased humidity and frequent flooding.; Summary

Key Message
This ecological GIS-based study analyzed monthly leptospirosis cases and hydrometeorological variables (2018–2022) across Central Java to identify the hydrometeorological role in leptospirosis transmission. Correlation and multiple linear regression found humidity as the only statistically significant predictor—each 1% increase associated with 0.07 additional monthly cases—while minimum temperature and rainfall showed positive correlations and maximum temperature and solar radiation showed negative correlations. Spatial overlays highlighted higher burdens in humid, flood-prone districts and support using spatial monitoring and hydrometeorology-informed early warning systems.

Prognostic Scoring Model for the Transition From Acute to Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain in Primary Health Care Units in Indonesia: Djoko Kuswanto, Riva Satya Radiansyah, Dwinka Syafira Eljatin, Muhammad Nazhif Haykal, Rumman Karimah, Ratri Dwi Indriani, Zain Budi Syulthoni, Erna Furaidah, Andiva Satrio Rinaldi, Hafira Nushifa Putri, Jessica Felina Adi, Anak Agung Bagus Wirayuda; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(4):422-430. Published online April 12, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.581

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) is a prevalent health issue that can progress from acute to chronic, resulting in prolonged disability and diminished quality of life. This study aimed to develop a prognostic scoring model to predict the transition from acute to chronic NSLBP in primary care settings.
Methods
This prospective cohort study enrolled 112 adults with acute NSLBP from primary health care units in Indonesia. Participants were assessed at baseline and at a 3-month follow-up visit. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify significant predictors of chronicity. A scoring system was then developed based on the final logistic regression model.
Results
Three factors were found to be significant predictors of the transition to chronic NSLBP: age above 30 years, low education level, and moderate to severe pain intensity. The prognostic scoring model demonstrated good discrimination, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.705, 70.8% sensitivity, and 62.5% specificity at the optimal cut-off score of 2.5.
Conclusions
This simple prognostic scoring model can help clinicians identify patients at high-risk of developing chronic NSLBP. Early identification of at-risk patients could guide targeted interventions to prevent chronicity. Further validation in diverse populations is necessary to confirm the broader applicability of this model.

Summary

Key Message
This prospective cohort study developed a prognostic scoring model to predict the transition from acute to chronic non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) in primary care settings in Indonesia. The study identified three significant predictors: age above 30 years, low education level, and moderate to severe pain intensity, which formed a simple scoring system with good discrimination ability (AUC = 0.705, sensitivity 70.8%, specificity 62.5%). This practical tool enables clinicians to identify high-risk patients early and implement targeted interventions to prevent chronicity in primary healthcare settings.

Citations

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The Role of Dexketoprofen/Tramadol in Multimodal Therapy to Prevent Acute Postsurgical and Acute Low Back Pain from Developing into Chronic Pain: A Delphi Consensus Study
Giustino Varrassi, Maria Dolma Gudez-Santos, Magdi Hanna, Magdalena Kocot-Kępska, Antonio Montero Matamala, Marco Antonio Narvaez Tamayo, Serge Perrot, Jose Luis Aguilar, Omar Al Hamad, Lu’i Al-Husinat, Raad Al-Khafaji, Abdallah Allam, Ezio Amorizzo, Nadi
Pain and Therapy.2026; 15(1): 175. CrossRef

Factors Associated With Post-term Birth and Its Relationship to Neonatal Mortality in Japan: An Analysis of National Data From 2017 to 2022: Tasuku Okui, Naoki Nakashima; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(6):564-571. Published online September 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.355

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
Prior research has not yet examined the relationship between post-term birth and neonatal mortality in Japan, along with factors associated with post-term birth. We investigated these associations utilizing nationwide birth data from Japan.
Methods
Birth and mortality data were obtained from the Vital Statistics of Japan for the years 2017 to 2022. The post-term birth rate was calculated by birth characteristics, and the neonatal mortality rates for post-term and term births were computed. Additionally, log-binomial regression analysis was employed to explore the associations between post-term birth and neonatal mortality, as well as between various characteristics and post-term birth. The characteristics considered included infant sex, maternal age group, parity, maternal nationality, maternal marital status, and household occupation.
Results
This study analyzed data from 4 698 905 singleton infants born at 37 weeks of gestational age or later. Regression analysis revealed that post-term birth was positively associated with neonatal mortality. The adjusted risk ratio for neonatal mortality in post-term compared to term births was 8.07 (95% confidence interval, 5.06 to 12.86). Factors positively associated with post-term birth included female infant sex, older maternal age, primiparity, non-Japanese maternal nationality, unmarried status, and various household occupations, including farmer, full-time worker at a smaller company, other type of worker, and unemployed. Younger maternal age was inversely associated with post-term birth.
Conclusions
In Japan, post-term birth represents a risk factor for neonatal mortality. Additionally, socio-demographic characteristics, such as maternal marital status, nationality, and parity were found to be predictors of post-term birth.; Summary

Key Message
This study investigated the relationship between post-term birth and neonatal mortality in Japan, along with factors associated with post-term birth. Regression analysis revealed that post-term birth was significantly and positively associated with neonatal mortality. Additionally, socio-demographic characteristics, such as older maternal age, primiparity, non-Japanese maternal nationality, and unmarried status were found to be predictors of post-term birth.

Scoping Review

Is Farming a Risk Occupation for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases? A Scoping Review on Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease Risk in Farmers: Hyeonjun Kim, Wongeon Jung, Sunjin Jung, Seunghyeon Cho, Inho Jung, Hansoo Song, Ki-Soo Park, Seong-Yong Yoon, Joo Hyun Sung, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(6):521-529. Published online August 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.302

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
In Korea, cardio-cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) is recognized as an occupational disease when sufficient evidence of a work-related burden exists. In 2021, approximately 26.8% of the payments from occupational disease insurance under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act were allocated to CCVDs. However, due to the specific nature of insurance policies for farmers, CCVD is not acknowledged as an occupational disease in their case.
Methods
We reviewed studies on the differences in the incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of CCVDs between farmers and the general population or other occupations and described the exposure of farmers to risk factors for CCVDs.
Results
Several studies showed that farming is a high-risk occupation for CCVDs, with the following risk factors: long working hours, night work, lack of holidays, and strenuous physical labor; physical factors (noise, cold, heat, humidity, and vibration); exposure to hazardous gases (diesel exhaust, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, nitrogen oxides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), pesticides, and dust (particulate matter, silica, and organic dust); exposure to a hypoxic environment; and job-related stress. Social isolation and lack of accessible medical facilities also function as additional risk factors by preventing farmers from receiving early interventions.
Conclusions
Farmers are exposed to various risk factors for CCVDs and are an occupation at risk for CCVDs. More studies are needed in the future to elucidate this relationship. This study lays the groundwork for future research to develop guidelines for approving CCVDs as occupational diseases among farmers.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 농업이 뇌심혈관질환과 연관된 고위험 직업임을 입증하는 근거를 검토하였습니다. 농업인은 긴 근무 시간, 격렬한 신체 노동, 유해 가스 및 살충제 노출 등 다양한 위험 요인과 더불어 의료 접근성 부족과 같은 문제에 직면해 있습니다. 이는 뇌심혈관질환을 농업인의 업무 관련 질병으로 인정하기 위한 가이드라인 개발에 중요한 기초를 제공합니다.

Key Message
This study reviewed evidence supporting that farming is a high-risk occupation associated with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Farmers face various risk factors, including long working hours, strenuous physical labor, exposure to hazardous gases and pesticides, and challenges such as limited access to medical care. This provides an essential foundation for developing guidelines to recognize cardio-cerebrovascular diseases as work-related illnesses among farmers.

Citations

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Labour-type physical activity, alcohol use and hypertension in rural older adults in Northeast China
Yongheng Zhao, Gaixia Hou, Yimeng Gu, Zhuangzhuang Guo, Dehui Zhang, Xuefeng Xi, Limeng Liu, Lizhen Ning
Frontiers in Public Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
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JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2025; 11: e62939. CrossRef

Original Articles

Relationship Between Pesticide Exposure Factors and Health Symptoms Among Chili Farmers in Northeast Thailand: Ratchadaporn Pengpan, Kulthida Y. Kopolrat, Sribud Srichaijaroonpong, Nutta Taneepanichskul, Patiwat Yasaka, Ratanee Kammoolkon; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(1):73-82. Published online December 20, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.353

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
The unsafe use of pesticides in agriculture represents a major hazard to human health. This study was conducted to investigate the association between pesticide exposure and health symptoms among chili farmers in northeast Thailand.
Methods
This cross-sectional analytic study included 141 chili farmers in Sakon Nakhon Province, in northeast Thailand. Data regarding health symptoms were gathered using a self-report questionnaire. A medical technician tested blood cholinesterase activity using an erythrocyte method, and an occupational medicine specialist at Ramathibodi Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand reviewed the results. Associations between personal characteristics, pesticide exposure factors, and health symptoms were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.
Results
Of the 141 chili farmers studied, 66.7% experienced pesticide poisoning, as indicated by below-normal cholinesterase levels. Fatigue was the most frequently reported symptom associated with pesticide exposure, affecting 37.6% of participants. This was followed by nausea and vomiting (31.9%), dizziness (14.9%), and dry throat (14.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that several factors were significantly associated with adverse symptoms: amount of work experience, volume of pesticides used, use of chemical pesticides, use of leaking containers during spraying, direct pesticide exposure while working, contact with pesticide-soaked clothing, consumption of food and drinks in the fields, and blood cholinesterase level indicating risk.
Conclusions
This study suggests potential health risks for chili farmers stemming from exposure to and contamination by pesticides used in agricultural practices. To mitigate these risks, it is essential to supply personal protective equipment and to implement educational programs aimed at improving protective behaviors among farmers.

Summary

Key Message
This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of pesticide exposure on health symptoms. In a cross-sectional study, the effects of pesticide exposure on acetylcholinesterase erythrocyte activity in blood during agricultural practices were examined as potential health risks for chili farmers. It is crucial to provide personal protective equipment and to implement educational initiatives targeted at encouraging farmers to adopt more protective behaviors to reduce these risks.

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Health risk assessment of glyphosate exposure among rubber farmers in Northeast Thailand
Piyapong Chaiyasarn, Kulthida Y. Kopolrat, Patiwat Yasaka, Sribud Srichaijaroonpong, Birabongse Hardthakwong, Pathanan Suwannaboon, Chavanakorn Krueakaew, Ratanee Kammoolkon
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Dual-Resource constrained flexible job-shop scheduling with ergonomic considerations in conventional and human-robot systems using an enhanced NSGA-II with teaching-learning effect
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Developmental inequity and the impact of pesticide exposure on gut and brain health in developing nations – a Brazilian perspective
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Fatigability and Long-Term Pesticide Exposure in Organic and Conventional Farmers
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Chaninan Praserttai, Phannathat Tanthanapanyakorn, Nonlapan Khantikulanon, Sootthikarn Mungkhunthod, Kunlaphatcha Maoon
Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research.2025; 29(4): 892. CrossRef
Pesticide exposure and health risk assessment in Durian farmers from Southern of Thailand
Pattama Senthong, Sivasit Wittayasilp
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health.2025; 98(9-10): 821. CrossRef
Pesticide poisoning as an occupational and environmentally determined disease: modern approaches to diagnosis in accordance with the recommendations of the international labour organization (part I)
A.V. Basanets, M.G. Prodanchuk, N.V. Kurdil, Т.О. Yastrub
Ukrainian Journal of Modern Problems of Toxicology.2025; 99(2): 28. CrossRef
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Wiwiek Harsonowati, Evy Latifah, Arinal Haq Izzawati Nurrahma, Jati Purwani, Rashid Iqbal, Javid Ahmad Parray, Ashish D. Patel
Symbiosis.2024; 93(3): 241. CrossRef
An Analysis of Occupational Hazards Based on the Physical Ergonomics Dimension to Improve the Occupational Health of Agricultural Workers: The Case in Mayo Valley, Mexico
Víctor Manuel Ramos-García, Josué Aarón López-Leyva, Ana Paola Balderrama-Carmona, Iván Ochoa-Vázquez, Juan José García-Ochoa, Manuel de Jesús Espinoza-Espino
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Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Factors of COVID-19 Prevention Behavior in Indonesia: A Mixed-methods Study: Putri Winda Lestari, Lina Agestika, Gusti Kumala Dewi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(1):21-30. Published online December 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.340

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Abstract PDF: Objectives
To prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), behaviors such as mask-wearing, social distancing, decreasing mobility, and avoiding crowds have been suggested, especially in high-risk countries such as Indonesia. Unfortunately, the level of compliance with those practices has been low. This study was conducted to determine the predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors of COVID-19 prevention behavior in Indonesia.
Methods
This cross-sectional study used a mixed-methods approach. The participants were 264 adults from 21 provinces in Indonesia recruited through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a Google Form and in-depth interviews. Statistical analysis included univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression. Furthermore, qualitative data analysis was done through content analysis and qualitative data management using Atlas.ti software.
Results
Overall, 44.32% of respondents were non-compliant with recommended COVID-19 prevention behaviors. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, low-to-medium education level, poor attitude, insufficient involvement of leaders, and insufficient regulation were also associated with decreased community compliance. Based on in-depth interviews with informants, the negligence of the Indonesian government in the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to the unpreparedness of the community to face the pandemic, as people were not aware of the importance of preventive practices.
Conclusions
Education level is not the only factor influencing community compliance with recommended COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Changing attitudes through health promotion to increase public awareness and encouraging voluntary community participation through active risk communication are necessary. Regulations and role leaders are also required to improve COVID-19 prevention behavior.; Summary

Special Article

Examining the Role of Psychosocial Stressors in Hypertension: Komal Marwaha; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(6):499-505. Published online November 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.266

28,634 View
545 Download
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