Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Brief Report

Primary Healthcare Utilization of Undocumented Migrants in Busan, South Korea: A Retrospective Chart Review of a Free Clinic From 2020 to 2024: Yujin Lee, Hyunjin Moon, Saerom Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(4):421-427. Published online July 9, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.26.037

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Objectives
This study examined healthcare utilization patterns and health needs among undocumented migrants attending a free clinic in Busan, South Korea.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed clinical records from 750 undocumented migrants who made 2111 clinic visits between 2020 and 2024. The primary outcome was the number of clinic visits. Diagnoses were classified using the International Classification of Primary Care, Second Edition. Mixed-effects negative binomial regression, with nationality specified as a random intercept, was used to model visit counts and to assess interaction effects between gender and other variables.
Results
Cardiovascular and endocrine diseases were the most prevalent conditions, with chronic diseases accounting for a substantial proportion of clinic visits. In multivariable analysis accounting for gender-based effect modification (model 2), older age was significantly associated with increased visit frequency (β=0.030; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.014 to 0.045, p<0.001). The association between chronic disease and visit frequency differed significantly by gender (gender×chronic disease interaction, β=0.488; 95% CI, 0.053 to 0.924, p=0.028). Linear combination testing indicated that men with chronic diseases visited the clinic 1.9 times as frequently as men without chronic disease, whereas chronic disease status showed little association with visit frequency among women.
Conclusions
Undocumented migrants attending the free clinic experienced a substantial burden of chronic disease, and healthcare utilization patterns differed by gender. These findings highlight the need for inclusive healthcare policies and targeted interventions for this population.; Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 2020?2024년 부산 소재 무료진료소를 방문한 미등록 이주민 750명의 진료기록 2111건을 후향적으로 분석하여 일차의료 이용 양상을 파악했다. 고혈압·당뇨병·이상지질혈증 등 만성질환이 전체 방문 사유의 45.5%를 차지했으며, 혼합효과 음이항 회귀분석 결과 연령이 높을수록 방문 빈도가 증가했고 성별과 만성질환 간 상호작용이 유의했다. 공적 의료보장에서 배제된 미등록 이주민의 의료필요를 파악하는 데에 단일 진료소의 의료이용 분석은 제한적인 정보를 제공할 뿐이며, 한국에서 함께 살아가는 이주민들의 건강과 의료접근성 개선을 위한 학술적 노력이 지속되어야 할 것으로 보인다.

Key Message
This retrospective study analyzed 2111 visits by 750 undocumented migrants attending a free clinic in Busan, South Korea (2020–2024). Chronic diseases—hypertension, diabetes, and lipid disorder—accounted for 45.5% of visit reasons, and mixed-effects negative binomial regression showed that visit frequency increased with age, with a significant interaction between gender and chronic disease. Although analysis of healthcare utilization at a single clinic provides only limited information on the healthcare needs of undocumented migrants excluded from public healthcare coverage, continued scholarly efforts appear warranted to improve the health and healthcare access of migrants living as part of Korean society.

Original Articles

Exposure to Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes and Risk of Depression: A Cross-sectional Study of a National Sample of Korean Adults: Hyun-Wook Park, Byung-Sun Choi, Bomi Park, Wanhyung Lee, Weon-Young Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2026;59(1):95-104. Published online November 6, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.522

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) are co-occurring neurotoxicants that are structurally similar aromatic hydrocarbons sharing common metabolic pathways and mechanisms of toxicity. This study investigated the effects of BTEX exposure on depression and aimed to identify the primary contributors to depression risk.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 1733 adults from the 2020–2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. BTEX exposure was quantified based on urinary metabolite concentrations: S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) for benzene, benzylmercapturic acid for toluene, the sum of phenylglyoxylic acid and mandelic acid for ethylbenzene, and methylhippuric acid for xylenes. Depression was defined according to self-reported physician diagnosis. Logistic regression was used to estimate the risk associated with individual chemicals, while weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression was employed to assess mixture effects and identify the primary toxicant. Sensitivity analyses were performed to address potential confounding by tobacco smoke.
Results
Urinary SPMA concentrations were significantly higher in individuals with depression. Logistic regression revealed a significant association between SPMA levels and depression (odds ratio, 2.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.34 to 5.13). Although the overall BTEX mixture was not significantly associated with depression after covariate adjustment in WQS models, SPMA consistently emerged as the major contributor. The association between SPMA and depression remained robust in sensitivity analyses excluding participants exposed to tobacco smoke.
Conclusions
Benzene exposure was associated with an increased risk of depression in the general Korean adult population. Therefore, strengthened environmental regulations on benzene could help reduce the public health burden of depression.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 2020–2021년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용하여 한국 성인에서 요중 벤젠, 톨루엔, 에틸벤젠, 자일렌 대사체 농도와 우울증 위험 간의 연관성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 벤젠의 대사체인 요중 S-phenyl-mercapturic acid는 우울증 위험 증가와 연관성을 보였다. 흡연 요인을 제외한 민감도 분석에서도 연관성은 일관되게 유지되어, 벤젠 노출 저감을 위한 환경적 관리 강화가 우울증 예방에 기여할 수 있음을 시사한다.

Key Message
This study investigated the association between urinary metabolites of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene and depression risk among Korean adults, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2020–2021. The findings indicated a significant association between urinary S-phenyl-mercapturic acid, a metabolite of benzene, and an increased risk of depression. This association remained robust after excluding smoking factors, underscoring the potential benefits of improved environmental management in reducing benzene exposure to prevent depression.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Sensitivity of Urinary Toxicant Co-Exposure Patterns to Demographic Adjustment and Marker Type: A Methodological Analysis
Basant K. Puri, Jean A. Monro
Toxics.2026; 14(7): 546. CrossRef

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy: Perceptions in Kerala, the Indian State With the Highest Literacy: Dhanya Muralidharan, Arun Paul, Suhaila Panangadanakath, Sreelakshmi T. Nandakumar, Shana S. Poothotill, Rahila A. MoiduKunhi, Zainul Ameen; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(5):527-537. Published online June 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.137

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Public acceptance of a vaccine determines whether pandemic control is successful. Most studies assessing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine acceptance were conducted before the vaccine became publicly available, whereas the actual intent to be vaccinated often differs once the vaccine is accessible. Therefore, this study investigated COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and associated determinants among the general population of Kerala, India, after the vaccine became available.
Methods
A cross-sectional descriptive online survey was conducted using a structured and validated questionnaire in both English and Malayalam. It collected information on contextual influences, individual perceptions, group influences, COVID-19 vaccine-specific factors, and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination.
Results
Of the 1078 participants, 85.0% (n=916) accepted the COVID-19 vaccine, while 15.0% (n=162) were hesitant. Factors predicting vaccine hesitancy included male sex, younger age, lower educational attainment (school level), lower income, being unmarried, and not having children. Key determinants of vaccine hesitancy identified were concerns regarding vaccine safety and effectiveness, lack of trust in the government, insufficient information provided through the vaccination program, disbelief in vaccination’s protective role against COVID-19, and perception of the vaccination process as complicated and inconvenient.
Conclusions
Vaccine-hesitant individuals do not perceive COVID-19 vaccination as a social responsibility to their community. Digitization of the vaccination process may not be suitable for all segments of society, indicating that additional support for persons from lower socioeconomic statuses may be necessary to enhance acceptance. The newly identified areas of concern can guide government and healthcare workers, both nationally and globally, in effectively addressing and mitigating vaccine hesitancy.

Summary

Key Message
Real intent to vaccinate varies following availability of newly introduced vaccines. Most studies assessing determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy were performed prior to vaccine availability in India. None have assessed the degree of acceptance after vaccine was available for the general public above 18 years. The study findings provide more valid and meaningful understanding of determinants of vaccine hesitancy, emphasizing the need for identifying and educating hesitant individuals, highlighting need for greater involvement of health care workers. Newer focus areas identified will aid Government and Health care workers nationally and globally in preventing a rise in vaccine hesitancy.

Citations

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A multi-cognitive approach to empowering secondary school teachers' self-efficacy and practices related to education for sustainable development
Sijo Varghese, P.M. Mathew
Asian Education and Development Studies.2026; : 1. CrossRef
VACINAÇÃO COVID-19 E INFODEMIA: DESAFIOS PARA A ENFERMAGEM NA PROMOÇÃO DA LITERACIA EM SAÚDE
João Pedro Correia Fernandes, Liliana Rodrigues, Gregório Magno Freitas
Revista de Geopolítica.2026; 17(6): e2611. CrossRef
Underreporting of Adverse Events Following COVID-19 Vaccination Among Healthcare Professionals in Poland: Potential Implications for Vaccine Hesitancy
Jakub Grabowski, Anna Niebrzydowska, Aleksandra Brzozowska, Przemysław Waszak, Paweł Zagożdżon, Shan Ali, Tomasz Brancewicz, Monika Wolff, Aleksandra Macul-Sanewska, Leszek Bidzan
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2025; 10(11): 320. CrossRef

Exposure of Volunteer Traffic Assistants to PM_2.5 From Transportation in Indonesia: An Environmental Health Risk Analysis: Iwan Suryadi, Juherah Juherah, Siti Rachmawati, Nurlaila Fitriani, Muhammad Kahfi, Syahrul Basri; J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(4):379-387. Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.25.004

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM_2.5) from motor vehicle emissions has increased air pollution, negatively affecting both the environment and human health. This study aims to evaluate the concentration of fine particulate matter, assess associated health risks, and simulate the spatial distribution of PM_2.5.
Methods
PM_2.5 samples were collected from 36 key congestion points along the main roads of Makassar City. Measurements were taken for one hour during the morning, afternoon, and evening sessions. The hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated to estimate non-carcinogenic health risks. A total of 175 volunteer traffic assistants participated in the study. Spatial analysis was performed using the kriging method.
Results
The highest recorded PM_2.5 concentration was 65 µg/m³ on Hertasning Street, while the lowest was 2 µg/m³ on AP Pettarani Street. The average concentration across all locations was 23.20 µg/m³. Although PM_2.5 levels remained below Indonesia’s regulatory limit of 65 µg/m³, they exceeded the World Health Organization guideline of 15 µg/m³. The highest HQ value was 12.94, and the lowest was 0.22. The spatial analysis showed a direct correlation between higher pollutant concentrations and congested areas.
Conclusions
The findings indicate that the HQ for PM_2.5 exceeds the acceptable standard (HQ>1), signifying a health risk that increases with frequent exposure. Effective air quality management strategies—including the use of masks, promotion of green transportation, and expansion of green open spaces—are essential to reduce pollutants and minimize health risks, especially for individuals with regular exposure.

Summary

Key Message
This study evaluates the exposure of volunteer traffic assistants to PM2.5 pollution from transportation in Makassar, Indonesia, highlighting significant health risks. PM2.5 concentrations in high-traffic areas exceed WHO guidelines, leading to increased risks of respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and neurological disorders. The research underscores the importance of air pollution control measures, such as adopting cleaner transportation, increasing green spaces, and promoting public awareness. Effective strategies are crucial to preserving quality of life, protecting heart health, and reducing long-term health impacts, particularly for individuals regularly exposed to high levels of urban pollution.

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Management of Urban Air Quality: Evaluating the Sequestration Potential of Green Infrastructure Against Domestic Transportation Emissions
Muhammad Mahfuzh Huda, Susana Elmira Uba Lamadoken, Wahyu Atiq Widiantoro, Dwi Fitrianingsih, Raely Harza Wiltianza Wiltianza
Industrial and Domestic Waste Management.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

Incidence and Influencing Factors of Avoidable Mortality in Korea From 2013-2022: Analysis of Cause-of-death Statistics: Jeong Min Yang, Jieun Hwang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(6):540-551. Published online September 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.232

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study aimed to identify trends in avoidable mortality (AVM) in 16 provincial and metropolitan regions of Korea and determine the factors influencing AVM.
Methods
First, the avoidable mortality rate (AVMR) was calculated using the Statistics Korea cause-of-death and population data by age and region from 2013 to 2022. Second, a health determinants model was built, and we identified the factors influencing AVM using generalized estimating equations analysis.
Results
Although the AVMR per 100 000 people displayed a steadily decreasing trend from 2013 to 2020, it began to increase in 2021. Meanwhile, Jeonnam, Jeonbuk, Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, Chungnam, Chungbuk, and Gangwon Provinces showed a higher AVMR than the national average. The analysis revealed that each 1-unit increase in the older adult population, smoking, perceived stress, or non-local medical utilization was associated with an increase in the AVMR. Conversely, 1-unit increases in the male-to-female ratio, marriage rate, positive self-rated health, local medical utilization, doctor population, influenza vaccination rate, cancer screening rate, or financial independence were associated with decrease in the AVMR.
Conclusions
This study established that the AVMR, which had been continuously decreasing across the 16 regions, shifted to an increasing trend in 2021. We also identified several factors influencing AVM. Further studies are needed to confirm the reasons for this shift in the AVMR and explore the factors that influence AVM across Korea’s 16 provincial and metropolitan regions.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 전국 및 16개 시도의 회피가능사망률 추이를 파악하고 건강결정요인 모형을 통해 영향요인을 파악하기 위함이다. 분석 결과, 전반적으로 2013년부터 2020년까지 회피가능사망률은 감소 추세를 보였으나, 2021년을 기점으로 회피가능사망률이 증가하였으며, 지역별 회피가능사망률의 편차가 존재하였다. 본 연구를 통해 우리나라의 회피가능사망 현황을 파악할 수 있으며, 향후 조기사망 감소를 위한 기초 근거로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단한다.

Key Message
This study examines trends in avoidable mortality (AVM) rates across Korea and its 16 provinces, identifying factors using a health determinant model. From 2013 to 2020, AVM rates declined, but an increase was observed from 2021. These findings highlight the current state of AVM in Korea and offer key insights for strategies to reduce premature deaths.

Citations

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Exploring the association between community-level factors and health literacy using multilevel analysis
Inhyung Cho, Sung-il Cho
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Alleviation of PM_2.5-associated Risk of Daily Influenza Hospitalization by COVID-19 Lockdown Measures: A Time-series Study in Northeastern Thailand: Benjawan Roudreo, Sitthichok Puangthongthub; J Prev Med Public Health. 2024;57(2):108-119. Published online January 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.349

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Abrupt changes in air pollution levels associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak present a unique opportunity to evaluate the effects of air pollution on influenza risk, at a time when emission sources were less active and personal hygiene practices were more rigorous.
Methods
This time-series study examined the relationship between influenza cases (n=22 874) and air pollutant concentrations from 2018 to 2021, comparing the timeframes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in and around Thailand’s Khon Kaen province. Poisson generalized additive modeling was employed to estimate the relative risk of hospitalization for influenza associated with air pollutant levels.
Results
Before the COVID-19 outbreak, both the average daily number of influenza hospitalizations and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM_2.5) concentration exceeded those later observed during the pandemic (p<0.001). In single-pollutant models, a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 before COVID-19 was significantly associated with increased influenza risk upon exposure to cumulative-day lags, specifically lags 0-5 and 0-6 (p<0.01). After adjustment for co-pollutants, PM_2.5 demonstrated the strongest effects at lags 0 and 4, with elevated risk found across all cumulative-day lags (0-1, 0-2, 0-3, 0-4, 0-5, and 0-6) and significantly greater risk in the winter and summer at lag 0-5 (p<0.01). However, the PM_2.5 level was not significantly associated with influenza risk during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Conclusions
Lockdown measures implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic could mitigate the risk of PM_2.5-induced influenza. Effective regulatory actions in the context of COVID-19 may decrease PM_2.5 emissions and improve hygiene practices, thereby reducing influenza hospitalizations.

Summary

Key Message
In the present research, both single- and multi-pollutant models indicated that the level of PM2.5 was significantly related to the daily number of influenza cases in Khon Kaen, Thailand, prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. Additionally, a significant risk difference was observed between the pre-outbreak and the pandemic periods due to the reduction in air pollutant concentrations because of lockdown measures to control the spread of COVID-19. These findings could be useful for developing environmental policies and strategies accordingly to mitigate respiratory health issues.

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Global association between air pollution and risk of influenza-related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiaoke Gao, Sujuan Chen, Zijie Zhong, Junjie Li, Jinjian Chen, Bixia Li, Kaili Lin, Qiuhan Hua, Rong Zhang, Di Liu, Jun Yang
International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2026; 36(5): 798. CrossRef
Weekly extremes of PM2.5-attributable cardiovascular mortality in Northeastern Thailand: Extreme-value return levels and 26-week forecasts
Wirat Parntrasri, Sitthichok Puangthongthub
City and Environment Interactions.2026; 29: 100313. CrossRef
Associations of air pollution and pediatric influenza and the effect modification of temperature
Li Wu, Hui Liao, Maohong Hu, Yu Luo, Jingxiu Shen, Bo Zhang, Qianqian Si, Weijie Fu, Zhiqiang Deng
International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2026; : 1. CrossRef
High spatiotemporal resolution assessment of PM2.5 and NO2 exposure and respiratory health inequality in Thailand
Yuxiao Jiang, Manlika Sukitpaneenit, Xingcheng Lu, Yuan Xu, Cui Guo, Frankie K.K. Wong, Pannee Cheewinsiriwat
Journal of Hazardous Materials.2026; 514: 142660. CrossRef
When climate meets particles: joint effects of meteorology and fine and ultrafine particles on cardiorespiratory mortality in a tropical megacity region
Panuwat Vittayapraparat, Phichet Khunthong, Sitthichok Puangthongthub
Environmental Advances.2026; 25: 100732. CrossRef
Cross-lag interaction between temperature and PM2.5 reveals hidden windows of cardiovascular mortality risk in a tropical megacity
Phichet Khunthong, Sitthichok Puangthongthub
Science of The Total Environment.2026; 1047: 182036. CrossRef
Environmental Impact by Particulate Material and Meteorological Parameters on the Incidence of Positive Cases of COVID-19 During the First Year of the Pandemic in a High Andean City
Ivan Cesar Miranda Hankgo, Bruce Stephen Warthon Olarte, Ariatna Isabel Zamalloa Ponce de Leon, Julio Lucas Warthon Ascarza, Amanda Olarte Perez, Greg Lucas Warthon Olarte, Victor Fernando Ramos Salcedo
Earth Systems and Environment.2024; 8(4): 1267. CrossRef

Brief Report

Characteristics and Health Care Spending of Persistently and Transiently High-cost Older Adults in Korea: Sungchul Park, Giryeon Bae; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(5):475-480. Published online September 4, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.270

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Objectives
This study examined differences in health care spending and characteristics among older adults in Korea by high-cost status (persistently, transiently, and never high-cost).
Methods
We identified 1 364 119 older adults using data from the Korean National Insurance Claims Database for 2017-2019. Outcomes included average annual total health care spending and high-cost status for 2017-2019. Linear regression was used to estimate differences in the outcomes while adjusting for individual-level characteristics.
Results
Persistently and transiently high-cost older adults had higher health care spending than never high-cost older adults, but the difference in health care spending was greater among persistently high-cost older adults than among transiently high-cost older adults (US$20 437 vs. 5486). Despite demographic and socioeconomic differences between transiently high-cost and never high-cost older adults, the presence of comorbid conditions remained the most significant factor. However, there were no or small differences in the prevalence of comorbid conditions between persistently high-cost and transiently high-cost older adults. Rather, notable differences were observed in socioeconomic status, including disability and receipt of Medical Aid.
Conclusions
Medical risk factors contribute to high health care spending to some extent, but social risk factors may be a source of persistent high-cost status among older adults in Korea.

Summary

Korean summary
- 한국에서 65세 이상의 고령층 고비용 환자 그룹 내에서 두 개의 이질적인 그룹을 발견하였다. - 지속적으로 고비용인 환자는 일시적으로 고비용인 환자보다 의료비 지출이 유의미하게 더 많았다. - 두 그룹의 특성을 비교한 결과, 건강요인의 차이도 있었지만 그보다는 사회적 요인의 차이가 더 컸다.

Key Message
- High-cost older adults are heterogeneous in terms of health care spending and sample characteristics in Korea. - Persistently high-cost older adults had significantly higher health care spending than transiently high-cost older adults. - Medical risk factors contribute to high health care spending to some extent, but social risk factors may be a source of persistent high-cost status among older adults.

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Post-discharge healthcare utilization and costs in musculoskeletal surgery patients: A cohort study in Korea
Boyoung Jeon, Boyoung Jung, Yun-Kyung Song, Vasuki Rajaguru
PLOS One.2026; 21(2): e0342252. CrossRef
Does point-of-care testing offer a positive economic impact on primary healthcare? A systematic review
Salih Adil Berktaş, Hakan Tüzün, Mehmet Ali Ergün, Mustafa Necmi İlhan
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Factors Associated with Health Care Spending Among Adults in South Korea
Giryeon Bae, Sungchul Park
Journal of General Internal Medicine.2025; 40(10): 2462. CrossRef
Health Care Spending Increases and Value in South Korea
Sungchul Park, Joseph L. Dieleman, Marcia R. Weaver, Giryeon Bae, Karen Eggleston
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Original Articles

Non-vaccination Against COVID-19 Among Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants Adults in Peru: A Cross-sectional Study, 2022: Akram Hernández-Vásquez, Rodrigo Vargas-Fernández; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(5):397-406. Published online August 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.078

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with non-vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among the Venezuelan immigrant population residing in Peru.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using data obtained from the Second Survey of the Venezuelan Population Residing in Peru in 2022. The dependent variable was vaccination status against COVID-19. The independent variables included socio-demographic, economic, and migratory characteristics of the included population. Crude and adjusted generalized linear Poisson-family models were used to calculate prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
A total of 7739 Venezuelan migrants aged 18 years or older were included. The proportion of non-vaccination against COVID-19 was 5.7%. Regarding associated factors, unemployment (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.65) was linked to an increased likelihood of not being vaccinated against COVID-19. In contrast, women (aPR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.95), possessing a migration permit (aPR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.54), and having health insurance (aPR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.81) were associated with a decreased likelihood of being unvaccinated.
Conclusions
The primary governmental and non-governmental institutions responsible for supporting and protecting the Venezuelan migrant and refugee population should improve vaccination access by issuing migration permits and providing health insurance.

Summary

Key Message
• Vaccination against COVID-19 is a strategy that should be provided equitably to the entire population. However, there are vulnerable groups such as Venezuelan migrants who have structural, cultural and socioeconomic barriers that limit access to this prevention system. • In Peru, about 6% of Venezuelan migrants have not received the complete vaccination schedule against COVID-19 due to the lack of employment in this population. In fact, the majority (61.9%) of Venezuelan migrants have only received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine by February 2022.

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Health Conditions of Immigrant, Refugee, and Asylum-Seeking Men During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Sidiane Rodrigues Bacelo, Vagner Ferreira do Nascimento, Anderson Reis de Sousa, Sabrina Viegas Beloni Borchhardt, Luciano Garcia Lourenção
COVID.2026; 6(1): 18. CrossRef
A scoping review of the available literature on the epidemiologic profile of migrants in-transit through South America, Central America, and Mexico from 2013-2025
Rachel Gittinger, Emma Halper, Nushrat Nur, Audrey Kennar, Hannah Thomas, Samantha Loh, Katrina M. Byrd, Daniel Ehlman, Nirma D. Bustamante
Journal of Migration and Health.2026; 14: 100422. CrossRef

Identifying, Measuring, and Ranking Social Determinants of Health for Health Promotion Interventions Targeting Informal Settlement Residents: Farhad Nosrati Nejad, Mohammad Reza Ghamari, Seyed Hossein Mohaqeqi Kamal, Seyed Saeed Tabatabaee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(4):327-337. Published online June 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.23.059

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Considering the importance of social determinants of health (SDHs) in promoting the health of residents of informal settlements and their diversity, abundance, and breadth, this study aimed to identify, measure, and rank SDHs for health promotion interventions targeting informal settlement residents in a metropolitan area in Iran.
Methods
Using a hybrid method, this study was conducted in 3 phases from 2019 to 2020. SDHs were identified by reviewing studies and using the Delphi method. To examine the SDHs among informal settlement residents, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted using researcher-made questionnaires. Multilayer perceptron analysis using an artificial neural network was used to rank the SDHs by priority.
Results
Of the 96 determinants identified in the first phase of the study, 43 were examined, and 15 were identified as high-priority SDHs for use in health-promotion interventions for informal settlement residents in the study area. They included individual health literacy, nutrition, occupational factors, housing-related factors, and access to public resources.
Conclusions
Since identifying and addressing SDHs could improve health justice and mitigate the poor health status of settlement residents, ranking these determinants by priority using artificial intelligence will enable policymakers to improve the health of settlement residents through interventions targeting the most important SDHs.

Summary

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The data scientist as a mainstay of the tumor board: global implications and opportunities for the global south
Myles Joshua Toledo Tan, Daniel Andrew Lichlyter, Nicholle Mae Amor Tan Maravilla, Weston John Schrock, Frederic Ivan Leong Ting, Joanna Marie Choa-Go, Kishi Kobe Francisco, Mickael Cavanaugh Byers, Hezerul Abdul Karim, Nouar AlDahoul
Frontiers in Digital Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Adverse Events Following Immunizations in Infants Under 1 Year of Age in Lorestan Province, Western Iran: Anbari khatereh, Ghanadi Koruosh, Toulabipour Alireza, Jamebozuorghi Daryuosh, Baharvand Parastoo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2023;56(2):172-179. Published online March 14, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.22.540

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Vaccination is an important intervention for preventing disease and reducing disease severity. Universal vaccination programs have significantly reduced the incidence of many dangerous diseases among children worldwide. This study investigated the side effects after immunization in infants under 1 year of age in Lorestan Province, western Iran.
Methods
This descriptive analytical study included data from all children <1 year old in Lorestan Province, Iran who were vaccinated according to the national schedule in 2020 and had an adverse event following immunization (AEFI). Data were extracted from 1084 forms on age, sex, birth weight, type of birth, AEFI type, vaccine type, and time of vaccination. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage) were calculated, and the chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to assess differences in AEFIs according to the abovelisted variables.
Results
The most frequent AEFIs were high fever (n=386, 35.6%), mild local reaction (n=341, 31.5%), and swelling and pain (n=121, 11.2%). The least common AEFIs were encephalitis (n=1, 0.1%), convulsion (n=2, 0.2%), and nodules (n=3, 0.3%). Girls and boys only showed significant differences in mild local reactions (p=0.044) and skin allergies (p=0.002). The incidence of lymphadenitis (p<0.001), severe local reaction (p<0.001), mild local reaction (p=0.007), fainting (p=0.032), swelling and pain (p=0.006), high fever (p=0.005), and nodules (p<0.001) showed significant differences based on age at vaccination.
Conclusions
Immunization is a fundamental public health policy for controlling vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Although vaccines such as the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine, oral poliovirus vaccine, and pentavalent vaccine are well-researched and reliable, AEFIs are inevitable.

Summary

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A comprehensive evaluation of the AEFI surveillance system in Ethiopia: An insight from a national study
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Social and Policy Determinants of COVID-19 Infection Across 23 Countries: An Ecological Study: Kyungsik Kim, Young-Do Jeung, Jeoungbin Choi, Sue K. Park; J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(2):144-152. Published online February 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.396

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study aimed to identify the social and policy determinants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection across 23 countries.
Methods
COVID-19 indicators (incidence, mortality, and fatality) for each country were calculated by direct and indirect standardization. Multivariable regression analyses were used to identify the social and policy determinants of COVID-19 infection.
Results
A higher number of doctors per population was related to lower incidence, mortality, and fatality rates of COVID-19 in 23 countries (β=-0.672, -0.445, and -0.564, respectively). The number of nurses/midwives per population was associated with lower mortality and fatality rates of COVID-19 in 23 countries (β=-0.215 and -0.372, respectively). Strengthening of policy restriction indicators, such as restrictions of public gatherings, was related to lower COVID-19 incidence (β=-0.423). A national Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination policy conducted among special groups or in the past was associated with a higher incidence of COVID-19 in 23 countries (β=0.341). The proportion of the elderly population (aged over 70 years) was related to higher mortality and fatality rates (β=0.209 and 0.350, respectively), and income support was associated with mortality and fatality rates (β=-0.362 and -0.449, respectively).
Conclusions
These findings do not imply causality because this was a country-based correlation study. However, COVID-19 transmission can be influenced by social and policy determinants such as integrated health systems and policy responses to COVID-19. Various social and policy determinants should be considered when planning responses to COVID-19.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 23개국의 코로나 19 감염 지표 (발생, 사망, 치명)과 관련있는 사회적, 정책적 요소를 확인하고자 하는생태학적 연구이다. 이는 코로나 19 감염 지표에 대한 인과성을 제시하는 연구가 아니기에 주의 깊은 해석이 필요하며 본 연구에서 제시한 사회적, 정책적 요소를 통해 코로나 19 감염에 대한 국가적인 정책을 고려할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

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Scoping Review

The Most Important Social Determinants of Slum Dwellers’ Health: A Scoping Review: Farhad Nosrati Nejad, Mohammad Reza Ghamari, Seyed Hossein Mohaqeqi Kamal, Seyed Saeed Tabatabaee, Raheleh Ganjali; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(4):265-274. Published online July 8, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.073

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Given the importance of social determinants of health in promoting the health of slum residents, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the main dimensions and components of these determinants.
Methods
This scoping review study was conducted according to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews). A comprehensive search was performed of PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles conducted from 2010 to the end of 2019. Studies were selected based on inclusion criteria, with a special focus on studies dealing with the social determinants of physical and mental health or illness.
Results
Thirty-three articles were selected to extract information on the social determinants of health. After reviewing the articles, 7 main dimensions (housing, socioeconomic status of the family, nutrition, neighborhood characteristics, social support and social capital, occupational factors, and health behaviors) and 87 components were extracted as social determinants of health among slum dwellers.
Conclusions
This framework could be used by planners, managers, and policy-makers when making decisions affecting the health of these settlements’ residents due to the common characteristics of slums around the world, especially in developing countries.

Summary

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COVID-19: Perspective

Unconventional Answers to Unprecedented Challenges: The Swedish Experience During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Giuseppe Valeriani, Iris Sarajlic Vukovic, Richard Mollica; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(4):233-235. Published online July 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.235

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Abstract PDF

Since its early stages, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed immense challenges in meeting the public health and healthcare and social care needs of migrants. In line with other reports from United Kingdom and United States, data from Sweden’s health authority show that migrants have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19. Following the World Health Organization’s statements, as well as the European Public Health Association’s call for action, several centres in Sweden’s most populated areas have activated tools to implement national plans for community outreach through initiatives targeting migrants and ethnic minority groups. Unconventional means should be promoted to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on migrants and the health of the public at large.

Summary

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COVID-19: Original Article

Social Determinants of COVID-19 in Massachusetts, United States: An Ecological Study: Devan Hawkins; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(4):220-227. Published online June 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.256

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess how different social determinants of health (SDoH) may be related to variability in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rates in cities and towns in Massachusetts (MA).
Methods
Data about the total number of cases, tests, and rates of COVID-19 as of June 10, 2020 were obtained for cities and towns in MA. The data on COVID-19 were matched with data on various SDoH variables at the city and town level from the American Community Survey. These variables included information about income, poverty, employment, renting, and insurance coverage. We compared COVID-19 rates according to these SDoH variables.
Results
There were clear gradients in the rates of COVID-19 according to SDoH variables. Communities with more poverty, lower income, lower insurance coverage, more unemployment, and a higher percentage of the workforce employed in essential services, including healthcare, had higher rates of COVID-19. Most of these differences were not accounted for by different rates of testing in these cities and towns.
Conclusions
SDoH variables may explain some of the variability in the risk of COVID-19 across cities and towns in MA. Data about SDoH should be part of the standard surveillance for COVID-19. Efforts should be made to address social factors that may be putting communities at an elevated risk.

Summary

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Original Articles

Contextual and Individual Determinants of Mental Health: A Cross-sectional Multilevel Study in Tehran, Iran: Homeira Sajjadi, Gholamreza Ghaedamini Harouni, Hassan Rafiey, Mohammadreza Vaez-Mahdavi, Meroe Vameghi, Seyed Hossein Mohaqeqi Kamal; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(3):189-197. Published online April 14, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.150

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168 Download
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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Our aim was to answer the following questions: (1) Can mental health variance be partitioned to individual and higher levels (e.g., neighborhood and district); (2) How much (as a percentage) do individual-level determinants explain the variability of mental health at the individual-level; and (3) How much do determinants at the neighborhood- or district-level explain the variability of mental health at the neighborhood- or district-level?
Methods
We used raw data from the second round of the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool in Tehran (in 2012-2013, n=34 700 samples nested in 368 neighborhoods nested in 22 districts) and the results of the official report of Tehran’s Center of Studies and Planning (in 2012-2013, n=22 districts). Multilevel linear regression models were used to answer the study questions.
Results
Approximately 40% of Tehran residents provided responses suggestive of having mental health disorders (30-52%). According to estimates of residual variance, 7% of mental health variance was determined to be at the neighborhood-level and 93% at the individual-level. Approximately 21% of mental health variance at the individual-level and 49% of the remaining mental health variance at the neighborhood-level were determined by determinants at the individual-level and neighborhood-level, respectively.
Conclusions
If we want to make the most effective decisions about the determinants of mental health, in addition to considering the therapeutic perspective, we should have a systemic or contextual view of the determinants of mental health.

Summary

Citations

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Association Between Dental Implants and Cognitive Function in Community-dwelling Older Adults in Korea: Seungkook Ki, Jihye Yun, Jinhee Kim, Yunhwan Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(5):333-343. Published online September 20, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.163

11,413 View
222 Download
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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the association between dental implants and cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults.
Methods
Data were collected from the baseline survey (2016-2017) of the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. The study sample comprised 1115 community-dwelling people aged 70 years to 84 years who had 0-19 natural teeth. Dental implants and natural teeth were identified by panoramic radiography, while the cognitive function was assessed by the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-KC). The association between dental implants and cognitive function was analyzed by multiple linear regression. Sensitivity analysis was performed to test for potential bias.
Results
The mean number of natural teeth in the study population was 9.50 (standard deviation [SD], 6.42), and the mean MMSE-KC score was 24.93 (SD, 3.55). In the simple univariate analysis, tooth replacement, age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, osteoporosis, number of natural teeth, periodontitis, chewing discomfort, tooth-brushing frequency, education level, monthly household income, participation in economic activity, living alone, and marital status had a significant impact on the association. After adjusting for confounders, the association between dental implants and cognitive function remained significant (B, 0.85; standard error, 0.40; p<0.05). Age, body mass index, periodontitis, tooth-brushing frequency, and education level were also significantly associated with cognitive function. The results of the sensitivity analyses were consistent with those of the primary analysis.
Conclusions
Dental implants were associated with cognitive function in older adults living in the community. Dental implants as tooth replacements may play a role in preserving cognitive function.

Summary

Korean summary
임플란트 내지 임플란터블 디바이스는 생활 양식에 미치는 영향이 적고 직접적인 행동이나 복잡한 기술을 덜 필요로 하므로 임플란트는 라이프스타일 변경보다 더 수정성이 있는 효과적인 개입이 될 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 임플란터블 디바이스의 일종인 치아 임플란트와 인지 기능 사이의 관계를 조사하였다. 연구 결과 70세 이상의 지역사회 거주 노인에 있어 치아 탈락의 치료로서 치아 임플란트가 인지 기능과 연관성이 있음을 보여주었다. 치아 임플란트는 인지 예비능력의 보존에 기여하는 것으로 생각되며, 지역 사회 거주 노인에서 인지 저하의 예방으로서 치아 임플란트 치료를 충분히 고려해볼 수 있을 것이다.

Citations

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Microbusinesses and Occupational Stress: Emotional Demands, Job Resources, and Depression Among Korean Immigrant Microbusiness Owners in Toronto, Canada: Il-Ho Kim, Samuel Noh, Cyu-Chul Choi, Kwame McKenzie; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(5):299-307. Published online August 16, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.134

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
While occupational stress has long been a central focus of psychological research, few studies have investigated how immigrant microbusiness owners (MBOs) respond to their unusually demanding occupation, or how their unresolved occupational stress manifests in psychological distress. Based on the job demands-resources model, this study compared MBOs to employees with regard to the relationships among emotional demands, job resources, and depressive symptoms.
Methods
Data were derived from a cross-sectional survey of 1288 Korean immigrant workers (MBOs, professionals, office workers, and manual workers) aged 30 to 70, living in Toronto and surrounding areas. Face-to-face interviews were conducted between March 2013 and November 2013.
Results
Among the four occupational groups, MBOs appeared to endure the greatest level of emotional demands, while reporting relatively lower levels of job satisfaction and job security; but MBOs reported the greatest job autonomy. The effect of emotional demands on depressive symptoms was greater for MBOs than for professionals. However, an inspection of stress-resource interactions indicated that though MBOs enjoyed the greatest autonomy, the protective effects of job satisfaction and security on the psychological risk of emotional demands appeared to be more pronounced for MBOs than for any of the employee groups.
Conclusions
One in two Korean immigrants choose self-employment, most typically in family-owned microbusinesses that involve emotionally taxing dealings with clients and suppliers. However, the benefits of job satisfaction and security may protect MBOs from the adverse mental health effects of job stress.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구는 고용직(전문직, 사무직, 육체직)에 비교하여 영세사업자의 감정노동이 우울 수준에 미치는 영향과 직무자원(직업자율성, 직업만족도, 직업안정성)의 조절효과를 분석하였다. 연구결과 영세사업자가 전문직에 비하여 감정노동이 우울감에 미치는 영향이 유의하게 높았다. 또한 전문직에 비하여 영세사업자에서 직업만족도와 직업안정성이 감정노동의 우울 영향을 유의하게 감소시켰으나, 직업자율성은 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다.

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Interaction Between Persistent Organic Pollutants and C-reactive Protein in Estimating Insulin Resistance Among Non-diabetic Adults: Ki-Su Kim, Nam-Soo Hong, David R Jacobs, Duk-Hee Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(2):62-69. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.2.62

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

Chronic inflammation is now thought to play a key pathogenetic role in the associations of obesity with insulin resistance and diabetes. Based on our recent findings on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including the lack of an association between obesity and either insulin resistance or diabetes prevalence among subjects with very low concentrations of POPs, we hypothesized that POP concentrations may be associated with inflammation and modify the associations between inflammation and insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects.

Methods

Cross-sectional associations among serum POPs, C-reactive protein (CRP), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were investigated in 748 non-diabetic participants aged ≥20 years. Nineteen types of POPs in 5 subclasses were selected because the POPs were detectable in ≥60% of the participants.

Results

Among the five subclasses of POPs, only organochlorine (OC) pesticides showed positive associations with CRP concentrations, while polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) showed inverse associations with CRP concentrations. There were statistically significant interactions between CRP and OC pesticides and between CRP and PCBs, in estimating HOMA-IR (P for interaction <0.01 and <0.01, respectively). CRP was not associated with HOMA-IR among subjects with low concentrations of OC pesticides or PCBs, while CRP was strongly associated with HOMA-IR among subjects with high concentrations of these POPs.

Conclusions

In the current study, OC pesticides were associated with increased levels of CRP, a marker of inflammation, and both OC pesticides and PCBs may also modify the associations between CRP and insulin resistance.

Summary

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Social Network Effects on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Female North Korean Immigrants: Byungkyu Lee, Yoosik Youm; J Prev Med Public Health. 2011;44(5):191-200. Published online September 28, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2011.44.5.191

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Abstract PDF

Objectives

The goal of this paper is to examine the social network effects on post-traumatic sdress disorder (PTSD) in female North Korean immigrants who entered South Korea in 2007. Specifically, it attempts to verify if the density and composition of networks make a difference after controlling for the network size.

Methods

A multivariate logistic regression is used to probe the effects of social networks using the North Korean Immigrant Panel data set. Because the data set had only completed its initial survey when this paper was written, the analysis was cross-sectional.

Results

The size of the support networks was systematically related to PTSD. Female North Korean immigrants with more supporting ties were less likely to develop PTSD, even after controlling for other risk factors (odds-ratio for one more tie was 0.8). However, once we control for the size of the network, neither the density nor the composition of the networks remains statistically significant.

Conclusions

The prevalence of the PTSD among female North Korean immigrants is alarmingly high, and regardless of the characteristics of supporting network members, the size of the supporting networks provides substantial protection. This implies that a simple strategy that focuses on increasing the number of supporting ties will be effective among North Korean immigrants who entered South Korea in recent years.

Summary

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Participation Determinants in the DRG Payment System of Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics in South Korea.: Jung Kook Song, Chang yup Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(2):117-124.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.2.117

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) payment system, which has been implemented in Korea since 1997, is based on voluntary participation. Hence, the positive impact of this system depends on the participation of physicians. This study examined the factors determining participation of Korean obstetrics & gynecology (OBGYN) clinics in the DRG-based payment system. METHODS: The demographic information, practice-related variables of OBGYN clinics and participation information in the DRG-based payment system were acquired from the nationwide data from 2002 to 2007 produced by the National Health Insurance Corporation and the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service. The subjects were 336 OBGYN clinics consisting of 43 DRG clinics that had maintained their participation in 2003-2007 and 293 no-DRG (fee-for-service) clinics that had never been a DRG clinic during the same period. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the factors associated with the participation of OBGYN clinics in the DRG-based payment system. RESULTS: The factors affecting participation of OBGYN clinics in the DRG-based payment system were as follows (p<0.05): (1) a larger number of caesarian section (c/sec) claims, (2) higher cost of a c/sec, (3) less variation in the price of a c/sec, (4) fewer days of admission for a c/sec, and (5) younger pregnant women undergoing a c/sec. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that OBGYN clinics with an economic practice pattern under a fee-for-service system are more likely to participate in the DRG-based payment system. Therefore, to ensure adequate participation of physicians, a payment system with a stronger financial incentive might be more suitable in Korea.

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Relationship Between Serum Concentrations of Organochlorine Pesticides and Metabolic Syndrome Among Non-Diabetic Adults.: Sun Kyun Park, Hyo Kyung Son, Sung Kook Lee, Jung Ho Kang, Yoon Seok Chang, David R Jacobs, Duk Hee Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(1):1-8.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.1.1

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Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate if organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance among non-diabetes. METHODS: Among subjects who participated in a community-based health survey, 50 non-diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome and 50 normal controls were selected. Insulin resistance was measured by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Eight OCPs were selected. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders except for body mass index (BMI), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) and heptachlor epoxide were positively associated with metabolic syndrome. Odds ratios across tertiles of beta-HCH and heptachlor epoxide were 1.0, 3.2 and 4.4, and 1.0, 4.0 and 6.0, respectively (p for trend = 0.01 and <0.01). After additional adjustment for body mass index (BMI), heptachlor epoxide still showed an increasing trend with adjusted odds ratios of 1.0, 4.1, and 4.6 (p for trend = 0.10). When the five components of metabolic syndrome (with the definition of high fasting glucose (> or =100 mg/dL)) were separately analyzed, all components were positively, but not significantly, associated with heptachlor epoxide. As the serum concentration of heptachlor epoxide increased, HOMA-IR increased significantly in subjects with metabolic syndrome even after adjusting for BMI (p value <0.05 and <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the small sample size, this study suggests that the background exposure to some OCPs may be associated with metabolic syndrome.

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English Abstract

Determinants of Sterilization among Married Couples in Korea.: Ju Hee Kim, Woojin Chung, Sunmi Lee, Moonhee Suh, Dae Ryong Kang; J Prev Med Public Health. 2007;40(6):461-466.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2007.40.6.461

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of sterilization in South Korea. METHODS: This study was based on the data from the Korea National Fertility Survey carried out in the year 2000 by the Korea Institute of Health and Social Affairs. The subjects of the analysis were 4,604 women and their husbands who were in their first marriage, in the age group of 15-49 years. The data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Consistent with the findings of previous studies, the woman's age and the number of total children increased the likelihood of sterilization. In addition, the year of marriage had a strong positive association with sterilization. Interestingly, the number of surviving sons tended to increase the likelihood of sterilization, whereas the woman's education level and age at the time of marriage showed a negative association with sterilization. Religion, place of residence, son preference, and the husband's education level, age and type of occupation were not significant determinants of sterilization. CONCLUSIONS: The sex of previous children and lower level of education are distinct determinants of sterilization among women in South Korea. More studies are needed in order to determine the associations between sterilization rate and decreased fertility.; Summary

Original Articles

Predictors of Smoking Cessation in Outpatients.: Yune Sik Kang, Jang Rak Kim, Joung Soon Jang, Young Sil Hwang, Dae Yong Hong; Korean J Prev Med. 2003;36(3):248-254.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted in order to investigate predictors of smoking cessation in outpatients. METHOD: Subjects were 401 adult smoking patients who saw their doctors in the outpatient setting at a university hospital, regardless of their willingness of otherwise in smoking cessation. Physicians delivered a brief, stop smoking prompt to all patients who smoked one or more cigarettes a day. Then they referred to on-site counselors who provided a brief, nurse assisted intervention with a survey to a randomly assigned intervention group (200 smoking patients), whom the counselors telephoned later to prevent relapse or promote the motivation to quit, or gave only a survey to a control group (201 smoking patients). After at least 5 months, self-reported current smoking cessation was confirmed later using cut-off values of 7 ppm or less in expired alveolar air after breath holding portable CO analyzer. RESULTS: After 5 months, subjects in the intervention group were 1.56 times (95% C.I. 0.89-2.73) more likely to quit smoking than those in the non-intervention group (14.0% vs. 9.0%). Willingness to quit smoking in a month, scheduled admission in a month, self efficacy score and FTND (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence) score were all significantly related with smoking cessation. In stepwise multiple logistic regression, previous attempts to quit smoking were significant instead of self efficacy score. In the intervention group who had willingness to quit smoking in a month (132 smoking patients), FTND score, whether quit date was today, and whether quit promise paper was submitting were all significantly related with smoking cessation. In stepwise multiple logistic regression, scheduled admission in a month and whether quit date was today were significant predictor variables. Smoking cessation treatment should be tailored to individual smoking patients considering these predictors.; Summary

Physician Utilization and its Determinants in Rural and Urban Slun Areas.: Jin Hee Lee, Kee Ho Ko, Yong Sik Kim, Jung Ae Rhee; Korean J Prev Med. 1988;21(2):404-418.

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Abstract PDF: The household survey was performed in a urban slum and a rural Chonnam areas to measure the level of illness and medical care utilization and to find the determinants of physician utilization. The data revealed that age-adjusted prevalence rates of acute and chronic diseases were much the same in both areas ranged between 10.0 to 11.3%. But medical care utilization was more frequent in urban slum than in rural area. The facility of the first medical contact was also different. Some personal and disease related variables including disease severity and activity restricted day were significantly, but somewhat differently by area, associated with physician utilization pattern. When applying Anderson model, the medical need factors explained 42.2 and 40.4% of physician utilization in urban slum and in rural areas respectively, while the enabling factors explained 18.0 and 12.2% and the predisposing factors explained 17.1 and 8.9% correspondingly.; Summary

Study on the Attitude to Home Attendants System and Home Nursing Education of the Housewives in the City.: Ki Jung Kim, Im Won Chang; Korean J Prev Med. 1988;21(2):380-389.

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Abstract PDF: This study was conducted in order to find out the attitude of housewives toward the home attendants system, the type of institute managing home attendants, the education for home attendants, the basic requisites for home attendants, and home nursing education, and identify the factors influencing on the housewives's attitude. The data were collected through questionnaires obtained from 401 housewives from March 1 to March 31, 1988. The results summarized were as follows; 1) 90.2 percent of total housewives favored the home attendants system, and housewives who had have their family member with health problem especially showed favorable response. 2) The favored types of institution managing home attendants appeared to be private social work agency(33.0%), half-private and half-public agency(32.2%), government agency(19.9%) and profit agency(2.2%). In particular, housewives who had experienced nursing favored half-private and half-public agency(37.6%). 3) As the basic requisites for home attendants, housewives wanted service attitude(37.2%), nursing education(34.4%) and nursing experience(28.4%). But, housewives with nursing experience favored nursing education rather than service attitude. 4) 91.1% of total housewives favored the home nursing education. In particular, housewives of high education level and nursing experience showed more favorable response to the home nursing education.; Summary

Health Risk of Organic Pollutants in the Suspended Particulates in a Traffic Area of Seoul.: Dong Chun Shin, Yong Chung, Jong Man Kim, Seong Eun Park, Yong Wook Lim; Korean J Prev Med. 1994;27(2):326-336.

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Abstract PDF: Due to rapid industrialization and economic development since 1970's, Seoul has become known as one of the most heavily polluted cities in the world. This is especially because of its air pollution. This study was conducted to characterize the cancer risk from organic pollutants in the suspended particulates of Seoul. Extractable organic matter(EOM)and PAHs in Shinchon, a major traffic area, were measured monthly in two periods of Aug. 1987-Sep. 1988, and Sep. 1990-Aug. 1991. While the differences both of EOM and benzo(a)pyrene concentrations between these two periods were not significant(P>0.05), the differences between heating and non-heating seasons were significant(P<0.01). The estimated mean concentrations of EOM and benzo(a)pyrene in fine particles in non-heating season were 3.98 microgram/m3 and 0.51ng/m3 respectively, and in heating season were 6.75 microgram/m3 and 2.96 ng/m3 respectively, in these two periods combined. The calculated risk from EOM was compared with that from benzo(a)pyrene and also these values were compared with the level of acceptable risk.; Summary

Determinanats of Health Care Utilization of the Physically Disabled.: Keon Yeop Kim, Young Sook Lee, Ki Soo Park, Jae Hee Son, Sin Kam, Byung Yeol Chun, Jae Yong Park, Min Hae Yeh; Korean J Prev Med. 1998;31(2):323-334.

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Abstract PDF: To investigate determinants of health care utilization of the physically, disabled over 20 years old in age living in Taegu city, a self-administered questionnaire survey was carried out for 337 disabled persons with chronic illness from April to July, 1997. Health care utilization rate was 81.9%(69.l% for hospital or clinic and 12.8% for pharmacy). Marital status, job, health concern, and response to illness showed statistically, significant relationship with health care utilization(p<0.05). By, path analysis, job, economic status, medical security type and response to illness had a significant direct effect on health care utilization(p<0.05), however, health concern and regular source of care had an indirect effect. The reasons of no health utilization were due to economic problem(31.l%), no symptom(18.0%), inconvenience to seek care or no accompanying persons to be helped(14.8%), unseriousness of the severity of the illness(14.8%), too busy to be treated or no free time(8.2%), hopeless prognosis to be treated(6.6%) in order. In conclusion, it is recommended that the program for expanding medicaid, improving socioeconomic status by getting a job and health education to increase the health Concern toward physically disabled should be implemented to increase health care utilization rate.; Summary

Epidemiologic Investigation on an Outbreak of Cholera in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, 2001.: Jun Ho Lee, Hyun Sul Lim, Kwan Lee, Jun Chul Kim, Sang Won Lee, Un Yeong Go, Byung Kuk Yang, Jong Koo Lee, Moon Sik Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(4):295-304.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to investigate the cause, magnitude and transmission route of the cholera outbreak in 2001. METHODS: The study population were those persons who ingested foods at the restaurant, were confirmed as cholera patients, had symptoms of diarrhea and served as workers at the restaurant. A questionnaire survey and microbiological examinations on the microbes isolated from rectal swabs were conducted. Of the cases, 316 food histories were surveyed by an analysis of the restaurant menu. RESUJLTS: There were 139 confirmed cases of cholera reported in Korea in 2001. Of these, 104 were related to the restaurant. By region, Gyeongsangbuk-do had the highest incidence with 91 cases. Of these 91 cases, 74 had ingested foods at the restaurant, 2 were employees and 3 were secondary infection cases within the families. The results of the odds ratio analysis of the 316 persons having ingested foods at the restaurant were as follows: sandwiches 5.07 (95% CI, 1.85-14.59), soybean curd 2.45 (95% CI, 1.09-5.56), noodles 2.34 (95% CI, 1.24-4.42), steamed squid 2.01 (95% CI, 1.17-3.47) and vinegared rice 1.82 (95% CI, 1.08-3.09). It was certain the restaurant in question was the cause of the 2001 outbreak. CONCLUSIONS: We suspected that more than one restaurant employee contaminated foods served at the restaurant. In addition, eating raw fishes purchased at the Pohang Fisheries infected the employees of the restaurant. There is a possibility that these raw fishes were themselves contaminated by cholera bacilli in the sea.; Summary

English Abstract

Public Perceptions of the Risk of Asian Dust Storms in Seoul and its Metropolitan Area.: Hyoung June Im, Ho Jang Kwon, Mina Ha, Sang Gyu Lee, Seung Sik Hwang, Eun Hee Ha, Soo Hun Cho; J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(3):205-212.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
In spite of the recent increased concern for Asian dust storms, there are few studies concerning how dangerous the general public recognizes these dust storms to be. This study examined the public's perceptions of the risk of the Asian dust storms and also the source of the information concerning the risk. METHODS: A telephone interview survey using a standardized questionnaire was done for the adults living in Seoul and its metropolitan area from May 15th, 2003 to May 16th, 2003. The contents of the questionnaire were the sociodemographic characteristics, the perceptions of risk to the Asian dust storms, and the coping strategy of the study participants. RESULTS: The study participants get their information on Asian dust storms mainly from TV newscasts and they have a good knowledge of them. They regard it as one of the most dangerous health risks, along with dioxin. They think that it is associated with allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis and bronchial asthma, etc. Of the 500 study participants, 201(40.2%) persons suffered bodily discomforts during the Asian dust storm period. CONCLUSIONS: Although there are uncertainties about the health risks of Asian dust storms, the public thinks these dust storms are very dangerous to health in many ways. This negative perception will not disappear easily. To fill the gap of the public's perceptions of the risk and the objective evidence of its health effects, more studies about its health effects and the methods to reduce exposure are required.; Summary

Original Articles

A SMR study of Korean public servants.: Hyun Kyung Kim, Yong Chul Kim, Do Myung Paek; Korean J Prev Med. 1997;30(2):293-307.

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Abstract PDF: In Korea, sudden deaths of middle-aged and older male workers who are the responsible persons at home as well as workplace, have aroused social concern. Besides, U.N. has reported recently that mortality of Korea male in 40-50's was one of the highest among newly developed countries in 1992. Not much is, however, known about the nature of the work contributing to the mortality of different groups of workers. Therefore, this study was done to examine mortality of public servants, comprising about 5% of all the employed in Korea, according to their job titles and grades. The datas of 1753 official deaths, comprised 323 (only disease-oriented deaths) applicants of survivors' compensation, were used to examine age-adjusted Standardized Mortality Ratios(SMRs) according to their job titles, grades, tenures and cause of deaths. Controlling age and sex difference was conducted using 26,950,481 general population, 95,340 general deaths and 864,560 working public servants. All the groups were aged 20-64, who were being observed January - December in 1993, at the same time. Results and discussions are as follows. 1. SMRs standardized by general population was significantly low (SMR 44.9 CI 42.8-52.7) for all job titlses. Of public servants, 90.0% was graduated from high school, although 17.5% in general population. The distinction of social status such a education may produce a strong healthy worker effect. Besides, SMRs for different tenure groups showed a steady increase as tenure increases. This suggests that the magnitude of healthy-worker effect may be greater with increasing tenures. 2. SMRs standardized by own public servants was significantly elevated for workmen(SMR 121.0, CI 110.2-132.6) in solitue. When SMRs for different grade of workmen was examined, 9th(SMR 124.2, CI 104.4-146.7) and 10th(SMR 137.9 CI 120.8-156.8)grade, lower grade in workmen, showed significantly elevated SMRs. Of workmen, 57.0% were graduated from high school and 50.1% in 9th grade, as well. These mean that low economic states made up social class, education may increase mortality rate. 3. Of SMRs according to all causes of death, only policemen on 'cause of death related hypertensive disease'(SMR 282.5, CI 121.6-556.7) was significantly high except for 'cause of death related other signs, symptoms and ill-defined conditions'. 4. When SMRs on cause of death related hypertensive disease for different grade of policemen was examined, senior policemen(SMR 241.9), in charge of the front service, showed elevated SMR, in spite of statistical no significance. Especially, the working hour of senior policemen is quite long and also the work schedule is even more irregular for policemen. The results of this study showed that mortality for different jobs differed, and it differed also for different grades in the same job. This difference in mortality may reflect the difference in the nature of job contents, and further studies are warranted to elucidate which job characteristics are responsible.; Summary

Regional Variations in the Cesarean Section Rate and It's Determinants in Korea.: Hye Kyung Kim, Jeon Un Lee, Kang Won Park, Ok Ryun Moon; Korean J Prev Med. 1992;25(3):312-329.

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Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to estimate cesarean section rate in Korea and analyze the socioeconomic variables and health resources which affect regional variation in the rate. Samples were drawn from the record of vaginal and cesarean section deliveries based upon insurance claim bills which have been submitted to the National Federation of Medical Insurance for the first three months, January through March, 1991. The results are obtained as follows: It was found that, cesarean section rate was increasing rapidly up to 23.1% in 1991. Cesarean section per 10 thousand insured people was 4.8 and the number of cesarean section per 10 thousand insured eligible(15-49 years old) female was 7.6. The fee for normal delivery was 109,489 won and that for cesarean section was 390,024 won. The average days of hospitalization in normal delivery was 2.3 days, and those in cesarean section was 7.6 days. On the average cesarean section has a longer of stay as much as by 4.3 days and cost 3.6 times more than normal deliveries. Cesarean section rates vary among medical facilities: 19.8% at clinics 37.6% in small-scale hospitals, and 29.1% in general hospitals. The regional variation of cesarean section rates was also fairly prominent. The South Cheju Gun has the highest rate of cesarean section, 56.2%. Meanwhile no cesarean section cases has been reported in Sunchang Gun during the period of this study. The variation is noted among provinces. The rate for Cheju province has been 3.4 times higher than that for Chunnam. The number of cesarean section per 10 thousand insured people vary greatly among regions, too. This study has found that there exists significant regional variations among various geographic units in terms of average length of stay, average cost, number of obsretricians and number of beds. Multiple regression analysis was done to identify factors explaining the regional variance of various cesarean section rates: In the urban areas, no significant explaining variables were noted except the number of beds for the dependent variable of cesarean section cases per 10 thousand insured eligible females. The smaller the number of bed, the more cases of cesarean section was noted for an urban area. The is mostly because the rate of cesarean section is higher in medium-size hospitals than in large general hospitals. In the rural areas, the factor of education has been found significant for all three dependent variables. The higher the educational level, the rate of cesarean section is most likely to rise. An income variable measured by the amount of monthly insurance contribution has been identified a powerful predictor in explaining the variance of cesarean section rates. The same has been noted for the number of obstetricians. Similar findings are observed for the country as a whole. The income level has been found as the most powerful explaining factor in the regional variance of cesarean section rates. In general the rate is higher in the urban areas, and lower in the area with more small hospitals. As this is the initial attempt to identify the factors relevant to the regional difference in the rates of cesarean section, more elaborated study is urgently required.; Summary

Validation Studies

A Proposal of Study Designs and Methods for Evaluating the Adverse Health Effects of Agent Orange among Korean Vietnam Veterans.: Sang Wook Yi, Jong Uk Won, Jae Seok Hong, Heechoul Ohrr; Korean J Prev Med. 2001;34(3):228-236.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To propose a feasible, valid and appropriate study designs and epidemiologic methods for evaluating the adverse health effects of Agent Orange-chemical defoliants used in Vietnam- in Korea. METHODS: A literature study was performed on Agent Orange, herbicides, pesticides and dioxins. The study subjects, study design, exposure assessment and health outcomes assessment were examined in each study. The potential data sources for the study subjects, study design, exposure assessment and health outcomes assessment in Korea were investigated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In earlier Korean studies, research subjects for studying the effects of Agent Orange were identified from the patients or persons who claimed to have Agent Orange-related diseases due to the difficulties in identifying the entire population of Vietnam veterans in Korea. In this study, an attempt was made to identify the total number of Vietnam veterans in Korea. As a result, the addresses of 20,000 Vietnam veterans were obtained. It is proposed that a retrospective cohort design on a sample of the total number of Vietnam veterans is a feasible and appropriate study design. Self report questionnaires and military records were proposed to assess the exposure level. It is believed that measuring the plasma or tissue TCDD should be used only for a validation study assessing the level of exposure. For the health outcomes assessment, it is possible to obtain the mortality, cancer frequency, physical examination, screening and medical insurance record data.; Summary

Original Articles

Drug Abuse Status and Its Determinants of Male High School Students in Taegu.: Jung Rak Nam, Sin Kam, Jae Yong Park, Chang Hyun Han, Young Ae Ha; Korean J Prev Med. 1996;29(3):451-470.

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Abstract PDF: To identify the drug abuse status and its determinant factors in high school boys in Taegu, the study was performed from April to May, 1995. Study population were selected by cluster sampling method and total 5,665 students replied to the self-administered questionnaire survey(2,207 in academic high school, 3,458 in business high school). The major findings were as follows; The proportion of drinking, smoking experience was 55.0%, 45.8%, respectively, and the proportion of current drinker, current smoker was 27.2%, 27.5%. The drinking, smoking experience rate of second grade students was higher than first grade and it was higher in business high school boys. The proportion of a stimulant, a hallucinogen, hemp leaf cigarets experience was 3.2%, 1.6%, 0.1%, respectively. Drug abuse had significant association with home environment(lower economic status, frequent move, death of father or mother, apart from family), parents environment(parents' indifference, parents' drinking and smoking, etc.), school life(lower school grades, intimate friend's drug abuse, etc.), generous attitude to drug abuse, higher level of stress. Students who replied that the law prohibited immature person(students) from drinking and smoking showed lower drug abuse rate. In multiple logistic regression analysis, second grade students, business high school students, parents' indifference, lower school grades, intimate friend's drug abuse, no recognition of the fact that the law prohibits high school students from drinking and smoking, generous attitude to drug abuse, higher level of stress were significantly related with alcohol abuse and smoking. Other drugs abuse were related with above factors. On consideration of above findings, to prevent students from drug abuse, we have to try together in house, school, and society.; Summary

A Comparative Study on Medical Utilization between Urban and Rural Korea.: Kyungshik Joo, Hanjoong Kim, Sunhee Lee, Hyeyoung Min; Korean J Prev Med. 1996;29(2):311-330.

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Abstract PDF: This study was designed to compare the level of medical utilization between the urban and rural areas of Korea and to explain the differences between the two regions. Data from the National Health Interview survey performed by the korean Institute of Health & social Affairs in 1992 were used for this study utilizing a sample size of 21,841 people. The level of medical utilization such as the number of physician visits and the number of hospital admissions was compared between the regions with ANOVA. Various determinants for medical use were also compared by univariate analysis. Statistical models which included enabling factors, predisposing factors, need factors and region were constructed for bivariate analysis in order to further elucidate the level of medical utilization. The results were as follows: 1. There was greater medical use, both in terms of physician visits and inpatient care in the rural areas in spite of insufficient health resources. The particular reasons for higher medical utilization in rural areas were attributed to a higher number of initial physician visits as well as a longer the length of stay per hospital admission. Therefore, indicators representing the degree of met need (utilization/need) showed no significant difference between rural and urban areas in spite of the fact that the medical need is larger in rural areas. 2. Use of public health facilities received a significant portion of physician visits in the rural area. The government's effort to enhance primary health care through health centers, health subcenters and the nurse practitioner's post in rural areas has contributed to the increase of access to medical care in the rural areas. 3. There were some differences in the socio-demographic characteristics between two regions; There were more elderly people over the age of 65; unstable marital status, less education and lower incomes also characterized the rural areas. Therefore, among rural people, there were more predisposing factors for medical use. Additionally, need factors such as poor self-reported health status and high morbidity level were also high in the rural area. 4. In contrast it was learned that, the supply of health resources was mostly concentrated in the urban areas except for public health facilities. Therefore, geographical access to medical care was lower in the rural area both in terms travel time and travel cost. 5. The coefficient of the region variable was insignificant in the regression model which controlled the supply factor only However, utilization was significantly higher in urban areas if the model included predisposing factors and need factors in addition to the supply factor. The results were interpreted as rural people have greater medical needs.; Summary

Respiratory Health of the Children Living near the Petrochemical Estate in Ulsan.: Choong Ryeol Lee, Cheol In Yoo, Ji Ho Lee, Yangho Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 2000;33(2):174-183.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the effect of low-level exposure of air pollutants on the respiratory tract of the children living near the petrochemical estate in Ulsan. METHODS: The study design was cross-sectional, and the study subjects consisted of 150 children(76 boys, 74 girls) living near the petrochemical estate and 100 children(53 boys, 47 girls) living in a suburban area. We investigated respiratory health using self-administered questionnaires(ATS-DLD-78), radiological examination, and pulmonary function test such as FVC and FEV1. RESULTS: There were higher prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms in the children living near the petrochemical estate than the children living in a suburban area. And the results of FVC and FEV1 of 11-years old children living near the petrochemical estate were lower than those of the children living in a suburban area. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic exposure of low-level air pollutants would affect respiratory health of the children. Therefore, further a longitudinal study of respiratory health will be needed for children living near the petrochemical estate in Ulsan.; Summary

Atmospheric concentration and mutagenicity of organic pollutants of suspended particulate in Seoul.: Dong Chun Shin, Yong Chung, Young Hahn Moon, Jae Hoon Roh; Korean J Prev Med. 1990;23(1):43-56.

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Abstract PDF: To evaluate the difference of concentration and mutagenicity of organic pollutants between residential and traffic area of Seoul, air samples were collected in Bulkwang (residential) and Shinchon (traffic) area. Samples were analyzed to measure the concentration of extractable organic matters (EOM) and their subfractions and mutagenicites were tested using Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also measured by gas-chromatography and compared between two areas. The results were as follows ; 1. While the concentration of total suspended particulate (TSP) in residental area was below the environmental standard in annual average, the concentration in traffic area was above the standard and was up to its maximum 256 microgram/m3 in November. The difference of TSP concentrations in both areas of each month was statistically significant (P<0.05). 2. The concentration of fine particle in traffic area was significantly higher compare to that in residential area and showed statistically significant monthly difference in both areas (P<0.05). The proportion of concentration of fine particle to TSP was 55-68%. 3. Mean concentrations of EOM in residential and traffic areas were 4.3 microgram/m3 and 5.3 microgram/m3 respectively. The proportion of amount of EOM from fine particle to EOM from TSP was 70-88%. 4. While the percentage of polar neutral organic compounds (POCN) of fine particle in Bulkwang's sample was higher compare to Shinchon's sample, the percentage of aliphatic compounds of fine particle in Shinchon's sample was higher compare to Bulkwang's sample. The percentages of PAH fraction were as low as 6-10% in both areas. 5. The mutagenic activity of unit concentration of organic matters extracted from fine particle was higher compare to that of coarse particle and was increased when metabolically activated with S9. Mutagenicities with metabolic activation calculated by unit air volume were significantly different between residential and traffic area, 17 revertants/m3 and 22 revertants/m3 respectively. 6. The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene in fine particle of traffic and residential areas were 3.10 microgram/m3 and 2.02 microgram/m3 respectively. Sixteen PAHs were higher in samples of traffic area compare to residential area and also concentrations of PAHs in fine particle were higher compare to coarse particle.; Summary

Epidemiologic Survey on Outbreak of Dermatosis Associated with Ants, Pachycondyla chinensis.: Geun Ryang Bae, Hyun Sul Lim, Byung Jin Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 1999;32(3):421-426.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
An outbreak of dermatosis occurred at a city gas manufacturing factory in Pohang in Aug, 1998. The authors conducted a study to find the cause and prevent the dermatosis. METHODS: We conducted a questionnaire survey of 73 workers in the factory twice, once on Aug. 14th and then Sept. 11th, 1998. Also, a dermatologist examined their skin lesions. We suspected ants as the cause, so we collected them for identification. RESULTS: Twelve cases of dermatosis were identified with an attack rate of 16.4%. The attack rates were not different by age, educational level or tenures. The attack rates were 66.6% among production workers, 2.0% among clerical workers, 16.7% among tank trailer drivers and 0% among guards. The attack rate among production workers was significantly higher than that of the others (p<0.01). There were no histories of the same dermatosis for the past one year. Histories of other skin diseases and allergies were very rare in both cases with skin diseases and control. Multiple, pruritic, rice-grained to bean sized erythematous macules or papules with a central biting point could be found after initial severe itching occurred. Three cases showed signs of dermatosis with an allergic nature. The onset of dermatosis was between July 30 and Aug 12 and the durations varied from 5 days to over a month. The most frequent sites of skin lesions were the chest and abdomen (66.6%), and they were also observed on the neck (33.3%), arms (33.3%), shoulders (16.7%) and back (16.7%). Over 10 ants with their wings were collected in the work place and identified as Pachycondyla chinensis, subfamily Ponerinae. CONCLUSIONS: We thought that the outbreak of dermatosis was brought about by the ants flying into the work place through the open windows. Further studies on the factors contributing to the prosperity of the ants in this area are needed.; Summary

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