In epidemiology, the basic reproduction number (R0) is a term that describes the expected number of infections generated by 1 case in a susceptible population. At the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, R0 was frequently referenced by the public health community and the wider public. However, this metric is often misused or misinterpreted. Moreover, the complexity of the process of estimating R0 has caused difficulties for a substantial number of researchers. In this article, in order to increase the accessibility of this concept, we address several misconceptions related to the threshold characteristics of R0 and the effective reproduction number (Rt). Moreover, the appropriate interpretation of the metrics is discussed. R0 should be considered as a population-averaged value that pools the contact structure according to a stochastic transmission process. Furthermore, it is necessary to understand the unavoidable time lag for Rt due to the incubation period of the disease.
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Risk perceptions and behaviors concerning rural tourism and economic-political drivers of COVID-19 policy in 2020 Brandon Lieberthal, Sarah Jackson, Sandra de Urioste-Stone, Mumtaz Alam PLOS ONE.2024; 19(4): e0299841. CrossRef
Exploring data sources and mathematical approaches for estimating human mobility rates and implications for understanding COVID-19 dynamics: a systematic literature review Yogesh Bali, Vijay Pal Bajiya, Jai Prakash Tripathi, Anuj Mubayi Journal of Mathematical Biology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Hepatitis C Virus Dynamic Transmission Models Among People Who Inject Drugs Shiferaw Bekele Woyesa, Kellemuwa Desalegn Amente Infection and Drug Resistance.2023; Volume 16: 1061. CrossRef
Modeling the time-dependent transmission rate using gaussian pulses for analyzing the COVID-19 outbreaks in the world Setianto Setianto, Darmawan Hidayat Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A review on COVID-19 transmission, epidemiological features, prevention and vaccination Yuqin Zhang, Gonghua Wu, Shirui Chen, Xu Ju, Wumitijiang Yimaer, Wangjian Zhang, Shao Lin, Yuantao Hao, Jing Gu, Jinghua Li Medical Review.2022; 2(1): 23. CrossRef
A measure to estimate the risk of imported COVID-19 cases and its application for evaluating travel-related control measures Heewon Kang, Kyung-Duk Min, Seonghee Jeon, Ju-Yeun Lee, Sung-il Cho Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Study on the interaction between different pathogens of Hand, foot and mouth disease in five regions of China Zimei Yang, Jia Rui, Li Qi, Wenjing Ye, Yan Niu, Kaiwei Luo, Bin Deng, Shi Zhang, Shanshan Yu, Chan Liu, Peihua Li, Rui Wang, Hongjie Wei, Hesong Zhang, Lijin Huang, Simiao Zuo, Lexin Zhang, Shurui Zhang, Shiting Yang, Yichao Guo, Qinglong Zhao, Shenggen Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Transmission dynamics and control of two epidemic waves of SARS-CoV-2 in South Korea Sukhyun Ryu, Sheikh Taslim Ali, Eunbi Noh, Dasom Kim, Eric H. Y. Lau, Benjamin J. Cowling BMC Infectious Diseases.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Basic reproduction number of African swine fever in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and its spatiotemporal heterogeneity in South Korea Jun-Sik Lim, Eutteum Kim, Pan-Dong Ryu, Son-Il Pak Journal of Veterinary Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The detection of the epidemic phase of COVID-19 and the timing of social distancing policies in Korea Woohyeon Kim Public Health.2021; 201: 89. CrossRef
Antimicrobial resistance and emerging infectious diseases, including avian influenza, Ebola virus disease, and Zika virus disease have significantly affected humankind in recent years. In the premodern era, no distinction was made between animal and human medicine. However, as medical science developed, the gap between human and animal science grew deeper. Cooperation among human, animal, and environmental sciences to combat emerging public health threats has become an important issue under the One Health Initiative. Herein, we presented the history of One Health, reviewed current public health threats, and suggested opportunities for the field of public health through better understanding of the One Health paradigm.
Summary
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
One health initiative to mitigate the challenge of antimicrobial resistance in the perspectives of developing countries Misganu Yadesa Tesema, Alemayehu Godana Birhanu Bulletin of the National Research Centre.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
DETECTION OF SARS-COV-2 IN A SQUIRREL MONKEY (SAIMIRI SCIUREUS): A ONE HEALTH INVESTIGATION AND RESPONSE Hayley D. Yaglom, Alexis Roth, Carolina Alvarez, Elaine Corbus, Ria R. Ghai, Sylvia Ferguson, Jana M. Ritter, Gavriella Hecht, Steven Rekant, David M. Engelthaler, Heather Venkat, Sue Tygielski Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Viral diseases and the environment relationship Caio Gonçalves do Amaral, Eduardo Pinto André, Eduardo Maffud Cilli, Vivaldo Gomes da Costa, Paulo Ricardo S. Sanches Environmental Pollution.2024; 362: 124845. CrossRef
One Health practices across key agencies in Sweden – Uncovering barriers to cooperation, communication and coordination Sarah Humboldt-Dachroeden Scandinavian Journal of Public Health.2023; 51(4): 535. CrossRef
Limiting the spillover of zoonotic pathogens from traditional food markets in developing countries and a new market design for risk-proofing Sandeep Ghatak, Kandhan Srinivas, Arockiasamy Arun Prince Milton, Govindarajan Bhuvana Priya, Samir Das, Johanna F. Lindahl Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023097. CrossRef
A retrospective analysis of schistosomiasis related literature from 2011-2020: Focusing on the next decade Qingkai Xue, Yao Deng, Yiyun Liu, Yuyan Wang, Wenjun Hu, Yuzheng Huang, Kun Yang Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106750. CrossRef
Justifying the More Restrictive Alternative: Ethical Justifications for One Health AMR Policies Rely on Empirical Evidence Tess Johnson, William Matlock Public Health Ethics.2023; 16(1): 22. CrossRef
Cytopathic and Genomic Characteristics of a Human-Originated Pseudorabies Virus Zhong Peng, Qingyun Liu, Yibo Zhang, Bin Wu, Huanchun Chen, Xiangru Wang Viruses.2023; 15(1): 170. CrossRef
Diversity of viral communities in faecal samples of farmed red foxes Dianqi Zhang, Yan Wang, Xu Chen, Yumin He, Min Zhao, Xiang Lu, Juan Lu, Likai Ji, Quan Shen, Xiaochun Wang, Shixing Yang, Wen Zhang Heliyon.2023; 9(1): e12826. CrossRef
Awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practices (A-KAP) assessment of the One Health approach in health sciences education webinar series participants in select universities in the Philippines Kristine R. Vigilla-Montecillo, Jules Christian P. Rivera, Andrew D. Montecillo, Maria Kristina G. Almonte, Maria Fe S. Bulao, John Daniel P. Ong, Domini Theresa M. Pecundo, Romeo S. Gundran, Roderick T. Salvador, Renard M. Jamora, Michael L. Tee Journal of Global Health Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of a One Health Intervention for Brucellosis in Jordan Using System Dynamics Modelling Haitham Taha, Carl Smith, Jo Durham, Simon Reid Systems.2023; 11(11): 542. CrossRef
One Health and Engineering: using engineering to further pave the roadmap towards global health security, pandemic preparedness, and personalized medicine Juan P. Hernández-Ortiz, Jorge E. Osorio DYNA.2023; 90(230): 22. CrossRef
Molecular detection ofMetastrongylus salmieggs from pigs in low-resource communities in the state of Piauí, northeastern Brazil Polyanna A. A. Bacelar, Lauren H. Jaeger, Deiviane A. Calegar, Jéssica P. Santos, Beatriz Coronato-Nunes, Elis R. C. Reis, Márcio N. Bóia, Kerla J. L. Monteiro, Filipe A. Carvalho-Costa Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation.2022; 34(4): 689. CrossRef
Anti-Sporothrix Antibody Detection in Domestic Cats as an Indicator of a Possible New Occurrence Area for Sporotrichosis in North Brazil Andréa Reis Bernardes-Engemann, Marcos de Abreu Almeida, Ividy Bison, Vanessa Brito de Souza Rabello, Mariana Lucy Mesquita Ramos, Sandro Antonio Pereira, Rodrigo Almeida-Paes, Arthur Willian de Lima Brasil, Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira Mycopathologia.2022; 187(4): 375. CrossRef
Emerging Infectious Diseases and One Health: Implication for Public Health Kow-Tong Chen International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(15): 9081. CrossRef
Examination of One Health Studies with Science Mapping Technique İsmail ŞİMŞİR, Buse METE Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.2022; 7(3): 425. CrossRef
Detection and molecular characterization of Salmonella species on U.S. goat operations Stephanie C. Hempstead, Catherine A. Gensler, Shivaramu Keelara, Matthew Brennan, Natalie J. Urie, Alyson M. Wiedenheft, Katherine L. Marshall, Brenda Morningstar-Shaw, Kristina Lantz, Paula J. Fedorka-Cray, Megan E. Jacob Preventive Veterinary Medicine.2022; 208: 105766. CrossRef
Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of Infectious Diseases and Control Measures Sukhyun Ryu, June Young Chun, Sunmi Lee, Daesung Yoo, Yongdai Kim, Sheikh Taslim Ali, Byung Chul Chun Viruses.2022; 14(11): 2510. CrossRef
Molecular diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis on postmortem carcasses during routine meat inspection in Benin: GeneXpert® testing to improve diagnostic scheme Cyrille K. Boko, Ange-Régis Zoclanclounon, Camus M. Adoligbe, Hebert Dedehouanou, Marguéritte M'Po, Samuel Mantip, Souaïbou Farougou Veterinary World.2022; : 2506. CrossRef
Potential Role of Intensive Bird Growing during Outbreaks of Viral Zoonosis in Ukraine, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan and Belarus (on the Model Viruses Highly Pathogenic Influenza and Newcastle Diseases): Systematic Review Olha Chechet, Leonid Korniienko, Vitalii Ukhovskyi, Olexandr Dovgal, Sergyii Bilyk, Taras Tsarenko Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology.2022; 16(4): 2363. CrossRef
Detection and Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Species on U.S. Goat Operations Stephanie C. Hempstead, Catherine A. Gensler, Shivaramu Keelara, Matthew Branan, Natalie J. Urie, Alyson M. Wiedenheft, Katherine L. Marshall, Brenda Morningstar-Shaw, Kristina Lantz, Paula J. Fedorka Cray, Megan E. Jacob SSRN Electronic Journal .2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The pig as an amplifying host for new and emerging zoonotic viruses Rebecca K. McLean, Simon P. Graham One Health.2022; 14: 100384. CrossRef
A one health investigation of pathogenic trypanosomes of cattle in Malawi Elizabeth T. Chimera, Geoffrey T. Fosgate, Eric M.C. Etter, Alain Boulangé, Ilse Vorster, Luis Neves Preventive Veterinary Medicine.2021; 188: 105255. CrossRef
Prevalence, Virulence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes in European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Hunted in Tuscany (Central Italy) Giovanni Cilia, Barbara Turchi, Filippo Fratini, Stefano Bilei, Teresa Bossù, Maria Laura De Marchis, Domenico Cerri, Maria Irene Pacini, Fabrizio Bertelloni Pathogens.2021; 10(2): 93. CrossRef
Single-cell resolution landscape of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals diverse cell types including T-bet+ B cells Roosheel S. Patel, Joy E. Tomlinson, Thomas J. Divers, Gerlinde R. Van de Walle, Brad R. Rosenberg BMC Biology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Pathogenesis and Immune Response of Ebinur Lake Virus: A Newly Identified Orthobunyavirus That Exhibited Strong Virulence in Mice Lu Zhao, Huanle Luo, Doudou Huang, Ping Yu, Qiannan Dong, Caroline Mwaliko, Evans Atoni, Raphael Nyaruaba, Jiangling Yuan, Guilin Zhang, Dennis Bente, Zhiming Yuan, Han Xia Frontiers in Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Alertas infecciosas del siglo xxi, ¿estamos preparados? M. José Álvarez Pasquín, José Javier Gómez Marco FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria.2021; 28(6): 52. CrossRef
Public Policies and One Health in Brazil: The Challenge of the Disarticulation Isis de Freitas Espeschit, Clara Marques Santana, Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status of major foodborne and waterborne viral infections and their prevention strategies Ahmet Gökhan Coşkun, Ayşegül Demircioğlu, Seran Temelli, Ayşegül Eyigör Food and Health.2021; 7(3): 227. CrossRef
Critical Evaluation of Cross-Sectoral Collaborations to Inform the Implementation of the “One Health” Approach in Guadeloupe Gaëlle Gruel, Mame Boucar Diouf, Catherine Abadie, Yolande Chilin-Charles, Eric Marcel Charles Etter, Mariana Geffroy, Cécile Herrmann Storck, Damien F. Meyer, Nonito Pagès, Gersende Pressat, Pierre-Yves Teycheney, Marie Umber, Anubis Vega-Rúa, Jennifer P Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization of a novel reassortment Tibet orbivirus isolated from Culicoides spp. in Yunnan, PR China Nanjie Ren, Xiaoyu Wang, Mengying Liang, Shen Tian, Christabel Ochieng, Lu Zhao, Doudou Huang, Qianfeng Xia, Zhiming Yuan, Han Xia
Journal of General Virology
.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Notifiable Scrub Typhus in Taiwan during the Period 2010–2019 Fu-Huang Lin, Yu-Ching Chou, Wu-Chien Chien, Chi-Hsiang Chung, Chi-Jeng Hsieh, Chia-Peng Yu Healthcare.2021; 9(12): 1619. CrossRef
Emergency preparedness for public health threats, surveillance, modelling & forecasting JasbirSingh Bedi, Deepthi Vijay, Pankaj Dhaka, JatinderPaul Singh Gill, SukhadeoB Barbuddhe Indian Journal of Medical Research.2021; 153(3): 287. CrossRef
HPLC-DAD phenolics screening and in vitro investigation of haemostatic, antidiabetic, antioxidant and photoprotective properties of Centaurea tougourensis Boiss. & Reut. Mohamed Sabri Bensaad, Saliha Dassamiour, Leila Hambaba, Chawki Bensouici, Ouffroukh Karima, Mohamed Amine Kahoul Herba Polonica.2021; 67(4): 16. CrossRef
One health in India: Time to act together PANKAJ DHAKA, J S BEDI, YASHPAL SINGH MALIK The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Physicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practice concerning antimicrobial resistance & prescribing: a survey in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt Wafaa Y. Abdel Wahed, Eman I. Ahmed, Safaa K. Hassan, Enas G. Ibrahim, Hanaa M. Eid Journal of Public Health.2020; 28(4): 429. CrossRef
Biobanks for life sciences and personalized medicine: importance of standardization, biosafety, biosecurity, and data management Heimo Müller, Georges Dagher, Martina Loibner, Cornelia Stumptner, Penelope Kungl, Kurt Zatloukal Current Opinion in Biotechnology.2020; 65: 45. CrossRef
The One Health concept – the health of humans is intimately linked with the health of animals and a sustainable environment P. Stenvinkel Journal of Internal Medicine.2020; 287(3): 223. CrossRef
Antimicrobial Prescribing Practices in Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Sarah N. Robbins, Robert Goggs, Guillaume Lhermie, Denise F. Lalonde-Paul, Julie Menard Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Grand Challenges in Oral Infections and Microbes Georgios N. Belibasakis Frontiers in Oral Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Use of technology for public health surveillance reporting: opportunities, challenges and lessons learnt from Kenya Ian Njeru, David Kareko, Ngina Kisangau, Daniel Langat, Nzisa Liku, George Owiso, Samantha Dolan, Peter Rabinowitz, Daniel Macharia, Chinyere Ekechi, Marc-Alain Widdowson BMC Public Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiologic Characteristics of Domestic Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Taiwan: A 19-Year Retrospective Study Chi-Jeng Hsieh, Chuan-Wang Li, Chun-An Cheng, Ding-Chung Wu, Wen-Chih Wu, Fu-Huang Lin, Yu-Ching Chou, Chia-Peng Yu International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(15): 5291. CrossRef
What will it take to implement health and health-related sustainable development goals? Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Sameen Siddiqi, Wafa Aftab, Fahad Javaid Siddiqui, Luis Huicho, Roman Mogilevskii, Qamar Mahmood, Peter Friberg, Fawad Akbari BMJ Global Health.2020; 5(9): e002963. CrossRef
Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Multidrug-Resistant Aeromonads Isolated from Freshwater Ornamental Fish in Chiang Mai Province Banthita Saengsitthisak, Wasana Chaisri, Veerasak Punyapornwithaya, Raktham Mektrirat, Srikanjana Klayraung, John K. Bernard, Surachai Pikulkaew Pathogens.2020; 9(11): 973. CrossRef
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Microbiota Interactions Aly Kodio, Estelle Menu, Stéphane Ranque Microorganisms.2020; 8(12): 2018. CrossRef
One health approach and COVID-19: A perspective Pooja Jorwal, Swati Bharadwaj, Pankaj Jorwal Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2020; 9(12): 5888. CrossRef
Emerging Infectious Diseases Donna Behler McArthur Nursing Clinics of North America.2019; 54(2): 297. CrossRef
Spatial analysis to assess the relationship between human and bovine brucellosis in South Korea, 2005–2010 Jun-Sik Lim, Kyung-Duk Min, Sukhyun Ryu, Seung-Sik Hwang, Sung-Il Cho Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Deforestation Increases the Risk of Scrub Typhus in Korea Kyung-Duk Min, Ju-Yeun Lee, Yeonghwa So, Sung-il Cho International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(9): 1518. CrossRef
Occupational hazards and health problems among butchers in Uyo, Nigeria OfonimeEffiong Johnson, AniekanJumbo Etokidem Nigerian Medical Journal.2019; 60(3): 106. CrossRef
Sepsis and antimicrobial stewardship: two sides of the same coin Fidelma Fitzpatrick, Carolyn Tarrant, Vida Hamilton, Fiona M Kiernan, David Jenkins, Eva M Krockow BMJ Quality & Safety.2019; 28(9): 758. CrossRef
Thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda in Europe in the 21st century—A review Beatriz do Vale, Ana Patrícia Lopes, Maria da Conceição Fontes, Mário Silvestre, Luís Cardoso, Ana Cláudia Coelho Veterinary Parasitology.2019; 275: 108957. CrossRef
Environmental challenges for the nervous system and the brain in Japan J. Reis, H. Mizusawa Revue Neurologique.2019; 175(10): 693. CrossRef
Co-occurrence of Variants of mcr-3 and mcr-8 Genes in a Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolate From Laos Linda Hadjadj, Sophie Alexandra Baron, Abiola Olumuyiwa Olaitan, Serge Morand, Jean-Marc Rolain Frontiers in Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Emerging infectious diseases and their impact on emergency medical services Fahad Ghazi Almutairi, Sami Mohammed Alaoufi, Ahmed Abdulaziz A Albahouth, Hamad Marshud Alotaibi, Anood Fahad Alanazi, Bander Khalid Baurasien, Yussef Falah Alharbi, Fatimah Abdullah Alammar, Khalid Assaf Almutairi, Mohammed Rashed Al Otaibi, Moh International journal of health sciences.2019; 3(S1): 213. CrossRef
Mathematical Modeling for Scrub Typhus and Its Implications for Disease Control Kyung-Duk Min, Sung-il Cho Journal of Korean Medical Science.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Broadening perspectives of global health – Prospects for AYUSH and integrative medicine Unnikrishnan Payyappalli Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine.2018; 9(2): 87. CrossRef