Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Original Articles

Associations Between Thyroid Hormone Levels and Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol A, F, and S in 6-Year-old Children in Korea: Yoonyoung Jang, Yoon-Jung Choi, Youn-Hee Lim, Kyung-Shin Lee, Bung-Nyun Kim, Choong Ho Shin, Young Ah Lee, Johanna Inhyang Kim, Yun-Chul Hong; J Prev Med Public Health. 2021;54(1):37-45. Published online November 23, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.310

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the electrical, mechanical, medical, and food industries. Previous studies have suggested that BPA is an endocrine disruptor. Regulation of BPA has led to increased use of bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS). However, few studies have investigated the associations of BPF and BPS with thyroid dysfunction in children. Our study investigated the associations of prenatal BPA and early childhood BPA, BPF, and BPS exposure with thyroid function in 6-year-old children.
Methods
Prenatal BPA concentrations were measured during the second trimester of pregnancy in an established prospective birth cohort. We measured urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations and thyroid hormone levels (thyroid-stimulating hormone, total T₃, and free T₄) in 6-year-old children (n=574). We examined the associations between urinary bisphenol concentrations and percentage change of thyroid hormone concentrations using multivariate linear regression. We also compared thyroid hormone levels by dividing the cohort according to BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations.
Results
The associations between prenatal BPA and total T₃ levels were statistically significant in all models, except for girls when using a crude model. The associations between urinary BPA and BPS concentrations and levels of all thyroid hormones were not statistically significant. However, we observed that lower free T₄ levels (-1.94%; 95% confidence interval, -3.82 to -0.03) were associated with higher urinary BPF concentrations in girls only.
Conclusions
Our findings identified significant associations between prenatal BPA exposure and total T₃ levels in all children and between BPF exposure and free T₄ levels in girls only.

Summary

Korean summary
비스페놀 A의 건강위해성에 대한 역학적 근거들이 축적되어 비스페놀 A 대신 BPF와 BPS와 같은 대체물질이 사용되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 어머니의 산전 비스페놀 A 노출과 6세 어린이의 비스페놀 A, 비스페놀 F, 비스페놀 S 노출 정도에 따라 어린이의 갑상선호르몬 농도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가 보고자 하였다. 어머니의 산전 비스페놀 A 노출은 어린이의 total T3 농도에 유의하게 영향을 미쳤으며, 특히 여자아이에게서 비스페놀 F 노출이 한 단위 증가할수록 free T4 농도가 유의하게 감소하는 것을 관찰하였다. 본 논문의 의의는 비스페놀 F, S가 어린이의 갑상선기능에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 역학적 근거를 제시하였다는 점이나, 인과적 연관성을 위해서는 시간적 선후관계를 고려한 더 많은 연구가 필요하다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Temporal and geographic variability of bisphenol levels in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis of international biomonitoring data
Jonathan M. Acevedo, Linda G. Kahn, Kristyn A. Pierce, Anna Carrasco, Marissa Singer Rosenberg, Leonardo Trasande
Environmental Research.2025; 264: 120341. CrossRef
The negative impacts of bisphenols on thyroid function in adults with bisphenol A exposure level exceeding the tolerable daily intake
Ziwei Pei, Lei Zhang, Yan Bao, Jingguang Li, Qin Zhuo
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2025; 290: 117790. CrossRef
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis is disrupted by exposure to a mix of tributyltin and bisphenol S
Francisca Diana Paiva-Melo, Denilson de Sousa Anselmo, Mariana Pires Teixeira, Marcelle Novaes Andrade, Jones Bernardes Graceli, Ana Paula Santos-Silva, Paula Soares, Denise Pires de Carvalho, Andrea Claudia Freitas Ferreira, Leandro Miranda-Alves
Environmental Pollution.2025; 368: 125754. CrossRef
Assessment of serum bisphenol a levels in autoimmune thyroiditis: A case-control study
Gokcen Ünal Kocabaş, Murat Akşit, Ilgın Yıldırım Şimşir, Füsun Saygılı, Banu Sarer Yürekli
Ege Tıp Dergisi.2025; 64(1): 15. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Relationship Between Thyroid Hormone Levels and Bisphenol A in Children Aged 6−14 Years
Pinar Altun Yildirim, Ersin Nazlican, Zeliha Haytoglu, İhsan Turan, Betul Kilincli, Asli Atasoy Aydin, Eda Mengen, Nebile Daglioglu
Clinical Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship between bisphenol A and autoimmune thyroid disease in women of childbearing age
Ning Yuan, Jianbin Sun, Xin Zhao, Wei Li
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The effect of bisphenols on sex and thyroid hormone concentrations in cord blood among newborns
Francis Manyori Bigambo, Zhaofang Chen, Wentao Yang, Qian Huang, Xu Wang
Food and Chemical Toxicology.2024; 189: 114750. CrossRef
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Jiani Liu, Min Tian, Haiyue Qin, Danrong Chen, Sabitina Mrisho Mzava, Xu Wang, Francis Manyori Bigambo
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Priscilla R. S. Rocha, Hadassa S. R. P. Moura, Nadyellem G. Silva, Francisco A. R. Neves, Fernando F. Sodré, Angélica A. Amato
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Ruiqiang Li, Wenqiang Zhan, Jingyi Ren, Fan Zhang, Xin Huang, Yuxia Ma
Environmental Research.2023; 216: 114474. CrossRef
A case-control study of urinary concentrations of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S and the risk of papillary thyroid cancer
Lei Zhang, Jiahuai Zhang, Sai Fan, Yuxin Zhong, Jingguang Li, Yunfeng Zhao, Song Ni, Jiaying Liu, Yongning Wu
Chemosphere.2023; 312: 137162. CrossRef
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Myungsil Hwang, Seon-Joo Park, Hae-Jeung Lee
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Wei Lu, Zhuo Sun, Zhengyuan Wang, Mengying Qu, Zehuan Shi, Qi Song, Liping Shen, Shupeng Mai, Yuan Wang, Xinyu Hong, Jiajie Zang
Nutrients.2023; 15(15): 3422. CrossRef
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Zhuanning Xia, Cheng Lv, Yan Zhang, Rong Shi, Qi Lu, Ying Tian, Xiaoning Lei, Yu Gao
Chemosphere.2023; 341: 139973. CrossRef
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Lei Zhang, Jiahuai Zhang, Sai Fan, Yuxin Zhong, Jingguang Li, Yunfeng Zhao, Song Ni, Jiaying Liu, Yong-Ning Wu
SSRN Electronic Journal .2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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The Effect of Prenatal Cadmium Exposure on Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in 6-Year-old Children in Korea: Woosung Kim, Yoonyoung Jang, Youn-Hee Lim, Bung-Nyun Kim, Choong Ho Shin, Young Ah Lee, Johanna Inhyang Kim, Yun-Chul Hong; J Prev Med Public Health. 2020;53(1):29-36. Published online November 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.175

6,426 View
180 Download
15 Crossref

Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
Prenatal cadmium (Cd) exposure may be associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the relationship between Cd exposure during gestation and ADHD at 6 years of age.
Methods
As part of an ongoing cohort study (the Environment and Development of Children study), 479 mother-child pairs from Seoul, Korea were included for analysis between 2008 and 2011. The whole blood concentration of Cd was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The parents were surveyed about ADHD behaviors in their children at age 6. Multivariable linear regression models were used to investigate the relationship between prenatal exposure to Cd and ADHD at 6 years of age.
Results
Increased prenatal Cd concentrations were associated with increased scores for ADHD for girls, but not for boys, at age 6. A 2-fold increase in the prenatal Cd level was significantly associated with a 22.3% (95% confidence interval, 11.6 to 34.1) increase in ADHD in girls at 6 years of age, as indicated by the linear regression model.
Conclusions
Our results identified significant associations between prenatal Cd exposure and ADHD scores in 6-year-old girls.

Summary

Korean summary
이 연구의 목적은 산모와 아이의 코호트 추적조사 상 임신 중 혈중의 중금속 카드뮴 농도가 6세 아이의 주의력결핍 과잉행동 장애(ADHD)와 연관이 있는지를 확인하는 것이다. 자료원으로는 환경부와 식약처 지원 어린이 코호트인 환경노출과 어린이 성장 코호트 (EDC)를 이용하였다. 총 479쌍의 산모-아이 쌍을 대상으로 다변수 선형 회귀분석을 통해 연관성을 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 임신 중 산모의 혈중 카드뮴 농도가 2배 증가함에 따라 6세 여아의 한국어판 주의력결핍장애(ADHD) 평점척도 (K-ARS) 점수가 22.3% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

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Associations Between Thyroid Hormone Levels and Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol A, F, and S in 6-Year-old Children in Korea
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