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Original Article
- Association Between Basic Immunization Status and Stunting in Toddlers Aged 12-59 Months in Indonesia
- Eka Desi Purwanti, Siti Masitoh, Sudarto Ronoatmodjo
- J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(3):298-306. Published online January 30, 2025
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.230
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Abstract
Summary
PDF - Objectives
Immunization has been identified as a specific nutrition-related intervention to address the direct causes of stunting. This study examines the association between basic immunization status and stunting among toddlers in Indonesia.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the 2021 Study of Indonesia’s Nutritional Status. A total of 70 267 toddlers, aged 12 months to 59 months, were examined. Cox regression was employed to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
The prevalence of stunting among children aged 12 months to 59 months in Indonesia was 23.1%, while 74.9% of children under 5 years old had complete basic immunization status. Multivariable analysis revealed a statistically significant association between basic immunization status and the incidence of stunting. Relative to toddlers with complete basic immunization, those with incomplete (partial) immunization were at a 1.18 times higher risk of stunting (aPR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.22). Furthermore, toddlers who had not been immunized at all faced an even greater stunting risk (aPR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.37). This association persisted after adjusting for variables such as maternal education, economic status, and the child’s birth weight.
Conclusions
Basic immunization status influences the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 12 months to 59 months. Thus, parents must ensure that their children’s immunizations are completed according to the recommended schedule. Additionally, it is crucial to increase parental awareness regarding health service utilization, disease prevention, and the nutritional needs of toddlers. -
SummaryKey Message
Stunting remains a major public health concern in Indonesia. Immunization is recognized as a specific nutrition-related intervention to address its direct causes. Using data from 70,267 toddlers aged 12–59 months, this study found that children with partial or no basic immunization had significantly higher risks of stunting (aPR 1.18 and 1.27, respectively) compared to fully immunized peers. Given the high stunting prevalence (23.1%) and suboptimal immunization coverage (74.9%), the findings underscore the need to strengthen immunization programs and enhance parental awareness of health service utilization, disease prevention, and the nutritional needs of young children.
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