Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Ki Soon Kim

22 Articles

Associated Factors of Impaired Fasting Glucose in Some Korean Rural Adults.: Hye Eun Yun, Mi Ah Han, Ki Soon Kim, Jong Park, Myeng Guen Kang, So Yeon Ryu; J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(4):309-318.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.4.309

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OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and its related characteristics among healthy adults in some Korean rural areas. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study using the data from 1352 adults who were over the age 40 and under the age 70 and who were free of diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular diseases and other diseases and who participated in a survey conducted as part of the Korean Rural Genomic Cohort Study. IFG was defined as a serum fasting glucose level between 100 and 125 mg/dL. RESULTS: The prevalence of IFG was 20.4% in men, 15.5% in women and 12.7% overall. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the independent risk factors for IFG were male gender, having a family history of DM, the quartiles of gamma glutamyltransferase and high sensitive C-reactive protein and the waist circumference. The homeostatis model assessment for insulin resistance was very strongly associated with IFG. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and MS components was higher in the subjects with IFG then in those with normal fasting glucose (NFG). CONCLUSIONS: The result of study could supply evidence to find the high risk population and to determine a strategy for treating IFG. Further research is needed to explain the causal relationship and mechanisms of IFG.

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Classification of Type 2 Diabetes Incidence Risk and the Health Behavior of the 30–50-Year-Old Korean Adults: Latent Class Analysis
Roma Seol, Jin-Ho Chun
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(24): 16600. CrossRef

The Association Between Circulating Inflammatory Markers and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Rural Adults.: So Yeon Ryu, Ki Soon Kim, Jong Park, Myeng Guen Kang, Mi Ah Han; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(6):413-418.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.6.413

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OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the associations between the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and inflammatory markers. METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from 1578 Koreans aged 40-69 years residing in a rural area. We investigated associations between MetS and circulating high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), white blood cells (WBC) and adiponectin. MetS was defined using the criteria proposed by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III). RESULTS: Increased WBC counts and hs-CRP levels and decreased adiponectin levels were observed in subjects with MetS. WBC, hs-CRP and adiponectin levels linearly deteriorated with an increase in the number of MetS components (all ptrend <0.005). Finally, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of MetS by increase/decrease in 3 inflammatory markers were calculated by multivariate logistic regression analyses. In terms of changes in inflammation markers, in men, the adjusted ORs (95% confidence interval) were 1.15 (1.01-1.31) for WBC, 1.64 (1.02-2.64) for hs-CRP, and 0.19 (0.08-0.45) for adiponectin, whereas corresponding adjusted ORs (95% CIs) in women were 1.27 (1.15-1.40), 0.98 (0.67-1.42), 0.09 (0.04-0.18), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Serum adiponectin levels and WBC counts were found to be strongly associated with MetS in both sexes. However, hs-CRP lost its significance after adjusting for BMI and other inflammatory markers in women. This study shows that inflammatory response is associated with MetS in the Korean population. Further prospective studies are necessary to confirm the contribution made by inflammatory markers to the development of MetS.

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Associations of Insulin Resistance and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein with Metabolic Abnormalities in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Preliminary Study
Yuchul Jeong, Beom Jun Lee, Wonjai Hur, Minjoon Lee, Se-Hyeon Han
Metabolites.2024; 14(7): 371. CrossRef
Acute phase proteins levels in horses, after a single carbohydrate overload, associated with cecal alkalinization
Isabela Peixoto Rabelo, Vanessa Barroco de Paula, Caio Carvalho Bustamante, André Marcos Santana, Daniela Gomes da Silva, Amanda Cristina Baldassi, Paulo Aléscio Canola, Carlos Augusto Araújo Valadão
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory Markers and Atherogenic Coefficient: Early Markers of Metabolic Syndrome
Marjan Mahdavi-Roshan, Nargeskhatoon Shoaibinobarian, Morvarid Noormohammadi, Aboozar Fakhr Mousavi, Amir Savar Rakhsh, Arsalan Salari, Zeinab Ghorbani
International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between C-Reactive Protein and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults
Youhyun Song, Soo Kyung Yang, Jungeun Kim, Duk-Chul Lee
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2019; 40(2): 116. CrossRef
Prospective cohort study evaluating risk factors for the development of pasture‐associated laminitis in the United Kingdom
N. J. Menzies‐Gow, P. A. Harris, J. Elliott
Equine Veterinary Journal.2017; 49(3): 300. CrossRef
The Relationship between Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Metabolic Syndrome
Eun Jung Lee, Hye Jin Hwang, Chan Min Jung, Min Ki Kim, Min Seok Kang, Kyung-Su Kim
American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy.2017; 31(4): 222. CrossRef
Biomarkers of Metabolic Syndrome: Biochemical Background and Clinical Significance
Harry Robberecht, Nina Hermans
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders.2016; 14(2): 47. CrossRef
Incremental Predictive Value of Serum AST-to-ALT Ratio for Incident Metabolic Syndrome: The ARIRANG Study
Dhananjay Yadav, Eunhee Choi, Song Vogue Ahn, Soon Koo Baik, Youn zoo Cho, Sang Baek Koh, Ji Hye Huh, Yoosoo Chang, Ki-Chul Sung, Jang Young Kim, Sheng-Nan Lu
PLOS ONE.2016; 11(8): e0161304. CrossRef
In prehypertension leukocytosis is associated with body mass index but not with blood pressure or incident hypertension
Stevo Julius, Brent M. Egan, Niko A. Kaciroti, Shawna D. Nesbitt, Andrew K. Chen
Journal of Hypertension.2014; 32(2): 251. CrossRef
Circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and soluble CD40 ligand are inter-related in a cohort of women with polycystic ovary syndrome
H.O. El-Mesallamy, R.S. Abd El-Razek, T.A. El-Refaie
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology.2013; 168(2): 178. CrossRef
Metabolic syndrome and inflammatory biomarkers: a community-based cross-sectional study at the Framingham Heart Study
Dhayana Dallmeier, Martin G Larson, Ramachandran S Vasan, John F Keaney, Joao D Fontes, James B Meigs, Caroline S Fox, Emelia J Benjamin
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
Adiponectin reduces C-reactive protein expression and downregulates STAT3 phosphorylation induced by IL-6 in HepG2 cells
Haiyun Sun, Yingnan Zhang, Ping Gao, Qiang Li, Yuqian Sun, Jinchao Zhang, Changqing Xu
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.2011; 347(1-2): 183. CrossRef
Association between insulin resistance and c-reactive protein among Peruvian adults
Bizu Gelaye, Luis Revilla, Tania Lopez, Luis Suarez, Sixto E Sanchez, Karin Hevner, Annette L Fitzpatrick, Michelle A Williams
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2010;[Epub] CrossRef

Health-related Quality of Life Assessment by the EuroQol-5D in Some Rural Adults.: Mi Ah Han, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Myung Geun Kang, Jong Ku Park, Ki Soon Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(3):173-180.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.3.173

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OBJECTIVES
The purposes of this study were to examine the health-related quality of life(HRQoL) and to identify its related factors for a group of rural adults. METHODS: The study subjects were 1,901 adults who were aged 40-70 years and who were living in Naju City, Jeollanamdo. The sociodemographic characteristics, health-related behavior, health status and global self-rated health were collected for statistical analysis. The healthrelated quality of life was measured by the Euroqol EQ-5D instrument. The differences on the EQ-5D index between the groups were assessed with t-test, ANOVA and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Overall, the mean value of the EQ-5D index was 0.884+/-0.140 and this score was significantly different according to the socioeconomic characteristics, the healthrelated behavior, the health status and the global self-rated health. According to the results from the hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the HRQoL was significantly reduced for females, older subjects, and other subjects with no spouse and the subjects with osteoporosis, obesity, mental distress or poorer global self-rated health. CONCLUSIONS: The HRQoL for rural adults was related to the socioeconomic characteristics, the health status and the global self-rated health. A better understanding of the factors related to the HRQoL would help to improve the rural adults' quality of life.

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The Role of Physical Activity and Depression on Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Using Propensity Score Matching Approaches
Suyeong Bae, Monique R. Pappadis, Sanghun Nam, Ickpyo Hong
Journal of Aging and Physical Activity.2022; 30(5): 770. CrossRef
High prevalence and low awareness of hyperuricemia in hypertensive patients among adults aged 50–79 years in Southwest China
Yang Zhang, Feng-Qin Nie, Xiao-Bo Huang, Weiwei Tang, Rong Hu, Wen-Qiang Zhang, Jian-Xiong Liu, Rong-Hua Xu, Ya Liu, Dong Wei, Tzung-Dau Wang, Xu Fan
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Dietary Habits, Stress, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Korean Adults
A Lum Han
Nutrients.2020; 12(6): 1555. CrossRef
Number of remaining teeth and health-related quality of life: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010–2012
Hyo-Eun Park, Hye Young Song, Kyungdo Han, Kyung-Hwan Cho, Yang-Hyun Kim
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Latent Class Analysis for Health-Related Quality of Life in the Middle-Aged Male in South Korea
Youngsuk Cho, Dong Moon Yeum
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(1): 104. CrossRef
High prevalence of obesity-related hypertension among adults aged 40 to 79 years in Southwest China
Yang Zhang, Li-Sha Hou, Wei-Wei Tang, Fan Xu, Rong-Hua Xu, Xin Liu, Ya Liu, Jian-Xiong Liu, Yan-Jing Yi, Tai-Shang Hu, Rong Hu, Tzung-Dau Wang, Xiao-Bo Huang
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
A Study on the Physical Activities, Mental Health, and Health-Related Quality of Life of Osteoarthritis Patients
Deok-Ju Kim
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2019; 10(6): 368. CrossRef
Analysis of Levels of Health-related Quality of Life and Its Related Factors of Traditional Market Merchants
Keung-Mi Shin, Young-Sil Bae
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2019; 30(4): 437. CrossRef
Predictors of Health-related Quality of Life among Spouses of Older Adults with Dementia in the Community-dwelling
Hye-Young Jang, Song Yi Han
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2019; 30(4): 518. CrossRef
Health Related Quality of Life Assessment by the EQ-5D of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery Workers
Woun-Jong Choi, Kyeong-Su Kim, Hyeon-Gyeong Lee, Hyo-Cher Kim, Hye-seon Chae, Kyung-Suk Lee, Dong-Phil Choi
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2018; 29(3): 399. CrossRef
Comparison of health‐related quality of life between patients with stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease and patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Suk Jeong Lee, Heesook Son
Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2016; 13(1): 166. CrossRef
The relationship of quality of health-related life with the status of oral health in adults
Ye Hwang Kim, Jung Hwa Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health.2016; 40(3): 165. CrossRef
The Effect of Oral Function on the Quality of Life of Korean Adults by Age Group
Eun-Ju Lee, Myung-Gwan Kim
The Korean Journal of Health Service Management.2016; 10(2): 99. CrossRef
Quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus compared with non-diabetic subjects in Korea: The 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Hwan Ho Shin, Mi Ah Han, Jong Park, So Yeon Ryu, Seong Woo Choi, Seon Mi Park, Hyo Ju Kim
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2015; 40(1): 21. CrossRef
A study on the OHIP-14 of some local women impact on the EQ-5D for review
Ye Hwang Kim, Jung Hwa Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health.2015; 39(3): 180. CrossRef
Health-related quality of life assessment according to socio-demographic characteristics and health behavior among Gyeonggi-do citizens: focused on gender difference
Sun-Hee Joung, YeogSeon Hong, AeRee Sohn
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2015; 32(3): 33. CrossRef
Quality of Nutrient Adequacy and Health-related Quality of life of the Rural Elderly
Mee Sook Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(6): 423. CrossRef
Association between the number of existing permanent teeth and health-related quality of life (EuroQol-5 Dimension) among adults: findings from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2012
Hye-Sun Shin, Hyun-Duck Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health.2015; 39(4): 303. CrossRef
The Effect of Regular and Temporary Employment on Health-related Quality of Life
Shin-Young Sohn
The Korean Journal of Health Service Management.2015; 9(4): 171. CrossRef
A spatially filtered multilevel model to account for spatial dependency: application to self-rated health status in South Korea
Yoo Park, Youngho Kim
International Journal of Health Geographics.2014; 13(1): 6. CrossRef
Effect of Staged Education Program for Hypertension, Diabetes Patients in a Community (Assessment of Quality of Life Using EQ-5D)
Jung Jeung Lee, Hye Jin Lee, Eun Jin Park
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2014; 39(1): 37. CrossRef
The Relationship Between the Social Network of Community-living Elders and Their Health-related Quality of Life in Korean Province
Jun Tae Lim, Jong-Heon Park, Jin-Seok Lee, Juhwan Oh, Yoon Kim
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2013; 46(1): 28. CrossRef
Psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in the general population of South Korea
Tae Hyup Kim, Min-Woo Jo, Sang-il Lee, Seon Ha Kim, Son Mi Chung
Quality of Life Research.2013; 22(8): 2245. CrossRef
Levels of Health-related Quality of Life (EQ-5D) and Its Related Factors among Vulnerable Elders Receiving Home Visiting Health Care Services in Some Rural Areas
Jong Im Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(1): 99. CrossRef
The Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Quality of Life in Korean Adult Women
Hyung-Su Park, Jong Park
The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences.2013; 8(4): 639. CrossRef
Relationship between Low Back Pain and Health-Related Quality of Life among Some Elderly
Kyeong-Ae Oh, Jong Park, Dae-Jung Jeon, Mi-Ah Han, Seong-Woo Choi
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2012; 37(3): 156. CrossRef
Health-Related Factors Influencing the Quality of Life of Rural Elderly Subjects - Activities of Daily Living, Cognitive Functions, Prevalence of Chronic Diseases and Nutritional Assessment
Mee Sook Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(6): 772. CrossRef
Factors Affecting the Mental Health related Quality of Life in Adults across the Lifespan
Mi Kyeong Kang, Myung-Sook Kim, Moonhee Gang, Kyongok Oh, Jong Sun Kwon, Sun-Hyun Lee
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2012; 15(2): 73. CrossRef
Impact of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Depression on Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults
Hyo Jeong Song, Mi Ah Han, Hyung Chang Kang, Kyung Suk Park, Kwang Sung Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Jina Kang, Eun Ok Park, Mi Yeul Hyun, Chul Soo Kim
International Neurourology Journal.2012; 16(3): 132. CrossRef
Comparison of the quality of life of adults and elderly
Eun-Gyeong Lee
Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2012; 12(5): 1029. CrossRef
Effects of Ishige okamurae Extract Supplement on Blood Glucose and Antioxidant Systems in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Yeon-Ju Kang, Hak-Ju Kim, Ji-Sook Han
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2011; 40(12): 1726. CrossRef
The Effects of Tele-care Case Management Services for Medical Aid Beneficiaries
Yang Heui Ahn, Eui Sook Kim, Il Sun Ko
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2010; 21(3): 351. CrossRef
The Effects of a Tai Chi Exercise Program for Patients with Arthritis in Rural Areas
Aeyoung So, Kyung-Sook Lee, Jung Sook Choi, Eun Hee Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2010; 21(1): 118. CrossRef
The Decline of Health-Related Quality of Life Associated with Some Diseases in Korean Adults
Seol-Ryoung Kil, Sang-Il Lee, Sung-Cheol Yun, Hyung-Mi An, Min-Woo Jo
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2008; 41(6): 434. CrossRef
Measuring Health Related Quality of Life of General Adult Population in One Metropolitan City using EQ-5D

Korean Journal of Health Policy and Administration.2008; 18(3): 18. CrossRef
A Methodological Approach on the Evaluation of Patient Satisfaction: Focused on the Importance Performance Analysis(IPA)

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Serum Ferritin and Risk of the Metabolic Syndrome in Some Korean Rural Residents.: So Yeon Ryu, Ki Soon Kim, Jong Park, Myeng Guen Kang, Mi Ah Han; J Prev Med Public Health. 2008;41(2):115-120.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.2.115

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OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between serum ferritin and the metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,444 adults over age 40 and under age 70 that lived in a rural area and participated in a survey conducted as part of the Korean Rural Genomic Cohort Study (KRGCS). The MS was defined as the presence of at least three of the followings: elevated blood pressure, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated serum triglycerides, elevated plasma glucose, or abdominal obesity. After adjustment for age, alcohol intake, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), odds ratios (ORs) for the prevalence of the MS by sex were calculated for quartiles of serum ferritin using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The MS was more common in those persons with the highest levels of serum ferritin, compared to persons with the lowest levels, in men (37.1% vs. 22.4%, p=0.006) and women (58.8% vs. 34.8, p<0.001). In both sexes, the greater the number of MS components presents, the greater the serum ferritin levels. After adjustment for age, alcohol intake, and menopausal status, the OR for metabolic syndrome, comparing the fourth quartile of ferritin with the first quartile, was 2.21 (95% confidence interval ; CI=1.26-3.87; p-trend=0.024) in men and 2.10 (95% CI=1.40-3.17; p-trend=0.001) in women. However, after further adjustment for BMI, hs-CRP, and ALT, the ORs were statistically attenuated in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Moderately elevated serum ferritin levels were not independently associated with the prevalence of the MS after adjusting for other risk factors. Further studies are needed to obtain evidence concerning the association between serum ferritin levels and the MS.

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Serum GGT and serum ferritin as early markers for metabolic syndrome
Eli Mohapatra, Ritu Priya, Rachita Nanda, Suprava Patel
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2020; 9(7): 3458. CrossRef
Association of serum ferritin level and depression with respect to the body mass index in Korean male adults
Hea Shoon Lee, Eunmi Park
Nutrition Research and Practice.2019; 13(3): 263. CrossRef
Ferritin, metabolic syndrome and its components: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Milton Fabian Suárez-Ortegón, Eduardo Ensaldo-Carrasco, Ting Shi, Stela McLachlan, José Manuel Fernández-Real, Sarah H. Wild
Atherosclerosis.2018; 275: 97. CrossRef
Serum ferritin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein are associated with metabolic syndrome in Japanese men and women
Chizumi YAMADA, Noriaki KISHIMOTO, Nobushige YUKUMATSU, Asami TAKEDA, Tamae OGATA, Emiko KIKUCHI, Emiko KURODA, Shigeyuki MOTEGI, Naoaki ISHII, Yasuhiro NISHIZAKI
Health evaluation and promotion.2016; 43(4): 511. CrossRef
The Association of Serum Ferritin and Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Syndrome Score in Korean Adults
Hyun Yoon, Jae Seong Go, Kang Uk Kim, Keon Woo Lee
The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2016; 48(4): 287. CrossRef
STUDY OF SERUM FERRITIN IN METABOLIC SYNDROME AND ITS COMPONENTS
Sachin Bongale, Yeshwanth G, Nagaraja V T
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare.2015; 2(32): 4743. CrossRef
Ferritin levels and risk of metabolic syndrome: meta-analysis of observational studies
Victoria Abril-Ulloa, Gemma Flores-Mateo, Rosa Solà-Alberich, Begoña Manuel-y-Keenoy, Victoria Arija
BMC Public Health.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Serum ferritin level is higher in male adolescents with obesity: results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010
Yeon Jin Jeon, In Ah Jung, Shin Hee Kim, Won-Kyoung Cho, Seung Hee Jeong, Kyoung Soon Cho, So Hyun Park, Min Ho Jung, Byung-Kyu Suh
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2013; 18(3): 141. CrossRef
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Assessment of Food·Nutrient Intakes among Adult Visitors of a Public Health Center in Korea
Won-Hoon Jeong, Bok-Hee Jin, Eun-Hee Hwang
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2012; 41(2): 205. CrossRef
Serum Ferritin and Metabolic Syndrome in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
Soo Hyun Cho
The Journal of Korean Society of Menopause.2011; 17(3): 166. CrossRef
The Association Between Circulating Inflammatory Markers and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Rural Adults
So Yeon Ryu, Ki Soon Kim, Jong Park, Myeng Guen Kang, Mi Ah Han
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2008; 41(6): 413. CrossRef

The Association of High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hsCRP) with Hypertension in Some Rural Residents.: Young Seon Lee, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Myeong Guen Kang, Ki Soon Kim; J Prev Med Public Health. 2005;38(3):325-329.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE
This study was performed to assess the association between high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) and hypertension. METHODS: We evaluated the relationship between hsCRP with hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors, using a cross-sectional survey of 202 people over the age of 50, living in a rural area. A logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between hsCRP and hypertension. The hsCRP levels were divided in quartiles, and the odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), calculated, using the lowest quartile as a reference. RESULTS: The subjects consisted of 37.1% men and 62.9% women, with a mean (SD) hsCRP level of 1.9 (+/-3.0) mg/l. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 61.4%. The prevalence of hypertension according to the hsCRP quartile was not statistically significant. After adjustment for confounding variables, the prevalence of hypertension according to the subjects in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th hsCRP quartiles were 1.418 (95% CI=0.554-3.628), 1.124 (95% CI=0.392-3.214) and 0.892 (95% CI=0.312-2.547) times higher, respectively, compared to those in the 1st quartile. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the level of hsCRP was not a risk factor for hypertension among adults aged over 50 years, living in a rural area. A further study should be performed to find the association between hsCRP and hypertension.; Summary

Evaluation of Field Epidemiology Specialist Training Program Based on the Satisfaction and the Changes of Educational Needs.: No Rai Park, Ihn Sook Jeong, Jong Gu Lee, Young Taek Kim, Jin Ho Chun, Ki Soon Kim, Sang Soo Bae, Jong Myon Bae, Gyung Jae Oh, Hee Chul Ohrr, Kun Sei Lee, Byung Kook Lee, Hun Jae Lee, Hyun Sul Lim, Young Hwangbo; J Prev Med Public Health. 2004;37(1):80-87.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the learning achievement and satisfaction levels for the Field Epidemiology Specialist Training Program (FESTP), on infectious disease control between March 19 and October 31, 2002. METHODS: The FESTP was designed as a set of 84 hours curricula including lectures, discussions, self-studies, and field practicals, and organized both centrally and locally by the Division of Communicable Disease Control of the National Institute of Health and 11 universities. Before and after the program, a questionnaire survey on the educational need (49 items) and satisfaction (15 items) was conducted on 484 trainees, who were responsible for communicable disease control and immunization at 242 regional health centers. The data were analyzed with paired t-tests for comparison of the educational needs between the pre and post scores. RESULTS: The average score for satisfaction was 3.06 out of 5.0; with relatively higher scores for sincerity (4.10) and professionalism (4.01) of the tutors, adequacy (3.54) and clearness (3.51) of the evaluation criteria, usefulness (3.54) and fitness (3.52) of the contents, but with relatively lower satisfaction for schedule (2.96) and self-studies (2.91). The average for requirement for education improved, as shown by the decrease from 2.72 to 2.22 (p< .0001) with the biggest decrease in the outbreak investigation from 2.60 to 2.08. CONCLUSION: The FESTP was evaluated as being effective, the trainees showed moderate satisfaction and decrease educational needs. However, the actual schedules and self-studies should be rearranged to improve the satisfaction level.; Summary

Smoking Status and Smoking Cessation Activity among Physicians in a Community.: So Yeon Ryu, Ki Soon Kim, Myung Gun Kang, Hyung Cheol Park, Jin Sun Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 2003;36(3):271-278.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purposes of this study were to assess the smoking status, knowledge and attitude related to smoking and smoking cessation activity of the physicians in a community, and to identify their predictors of smoking cessation activity. METHOD: All physicians employed by various health facilities in a community were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Of the physicians surveyed, 523 (69.6%) returned completed questionnaires. RESULTS: The smoking rate of physicians was 29.3% (34.2% in males, 3.6% in females) and the knowledge and attitude scores to smoking were 22.5+/-2.4 and 65.4+/-6.9, respectively. The self-efficacy score was 3.4+/-1.0 and the smoking cessation activity score was 65.4+/-6.9. The smoking cessation activity was statistically significant with working place, specialty, knowledge and attitude to smoking and self-efficacy. In stepwise multiple regression, smoking cessation activity was predicted by doctors' working place, specialty, attitudes related to smoking issues, and self-efficacy of counseling knowledge and skills. CONCLUSION: Physicians need to participate routinely and actively in smoking cessation activity. For doctors to effectively counsel and intervene in patients regarding smoking cessation, it is essential to integrate education on smoking cessation intervention into curricula in formal education and to offer continuing education including smoking cessation intervention.; Summary

Relationship of Serum Uric Acid to Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Korean Male Workers.: So Yeon Ryu, Jong Gab Oh, Chul Gab Lee, Ki Soon Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(3):214-220.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To investigate the relationship of serum uric acid to cardiovascular risk factors in Korean male workers. METHODS: We screened 522 male workers at an electrical manufacturing company by a periodic health examination and a questionnaire survey in 2000. We collected data relating to age, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, serum lipid, fasting blood glucose and serum uric acid. The data were analyzed using a variety of methods, including ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and multivariate regression analyses, to examine the association between uric acid and cardiovascular risk factors with a cross-sectional study design. RESULTS: The concentration of serum uric acid showed positive associations with BMI, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol; it was also significantly correlated to systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Life-style characteristics, such as smoking and alcohol drinking showed no significant association. From the multivariate regression analyses, BMI, total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose levels were found to be independent positive predictors of uric acid; while age, blood pressure and smoking status give no independent contribution explaining the variability of serum uric acid levels. Conclusions : This study demonstrates that serum uric acid level have a significant association with cardiovascular risk factors, such as BMI, total cholesterol and blood glucose in some Korean male workers.; Summary

Association of Blood Pressure with the Social Support of Some Rural Residents.: So Yeon Ryu, Chul Gab Lee, Jong Park, Ki Soon Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 2001;34(4):437-443.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to assess the association between the social support and blood pressure(BP) in a rural community. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey, comprising a health examination including BP, height and weight and a questionnaire-based interview which investigated social support, demographic factors, smoking, drinking, and etc. was performed between February 10th and March 5th, 1998. The survey included 318 persons who were over than 30-year-old in the rural community of Kwangju, Republic of Korea. We excluded persons who taking antihypertensive medications or who provided incomplete information; we subsequently analyzed the data from 284 persons. In order to test the hypothesis of an association between BP and social support controlling confounders such as age, educational level, working time, body mass index, smoking and drinking, the data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The subjects were composed of 109(38.4%) males and 175(61.6%) females with mean ages of 62.0 years and 61.1 years, respectively. The hypertension prevalence was 41.3% among males and 45.1% among females. In the correlation analysis, higher total social support scores correlated significantly with lower systolic BP in both males and females. The hypertension prevalence increased significantly with the decreasing of the social support in males. In multiple regression analysis, systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a negative association with social support in both males and females, although this was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Larger and broader studies are required in the future in order to identify the association between the social support and BP.; Summary

Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disorders in Koreans.: Jong Ku Park, Ki Soon Kim, Chun Bae Kim, Tae Yong Lee, Duk Hee Lee, Kwang Wook Koh, Kang Sook Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Il Suh, So Yeon Ryu, Kee Ho Park; Korean J Prev Med. 2001;34(2):157-165.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To identify the risk factors of cerebrovascular disorders(CVD) in Koreans using a nested case-control study. METHODS: The cohort consisted of beneficiaries who had taken health examinations of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC cohort: 115,600 persons) in 1990 and 1992 consecutively. Four hundred and twenty five (425) cases were selected following the validation of diagnosis among 2,026 reported CVD (I60-I68) inpatients during the year from 1993 to 1997. Controls were matched (1:1) with age and gender of the cases among inpatients without CVD during the same period. The source of data in this study were the files of the 1990 health examinations and the 1992 health questionnaires, as well as an additional telephone survey undertaken from March to November 1999. RESULTS: In a bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis, risk factors for total CVD were hyperglycemia and hypertension. Unrespectively, the odds ratio of ex-smoker was significantly lower than that of those who had never smoked. The risk factors for ischemic CVD also were hyperglycemia and hypertension. However, only blood pressure was found to be a risk factor for hemorrhagic CVD. Hypercholesterolemia was not a risk factor for total CVD, ischemic CVD, and hemorrhagic CVD. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the most important risk factor for CVD (including subtype) in Koreans was hypertension.; Summary

A Nested Case Control Study on Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in Korean.: Ki Soon Kim, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Jong Ku Park, Chun Bae Kim, Byung Yeol Chun, Tae Yong Lee, Kang Sook Lee, Duk Hee Lee, Kwang Wook Koh, Sun Ha Jee, Il Suh; Korean J Prev Med. 2001;34(2):149-156.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVE
To elucidate risk factors for coronary heart diseases among Korean males. METHODS: A nested case control study was conducted among a Korea Medical Insurance Cooperation(KMIC) cohort composed of 108,802 males. The cases included 246 male patients who were admitted to hospital due to coronary heart diseases from 1993 to 1997 (I20-25 by ICD) and whose diagnosis was confirmed by the protocol by WHO MONICA Project(1994). The control group was composed of 483 patients selected by frequency matching considering age and resident area from an inpatient care group without coronary heart disease during the same period. For study cases and the controls, the results of a health check-up in 1990 and a questionnaire on life style in 1992 were received through the KMIC. Some additional information was collected by telephone interviews during October 1999. RESULTS: Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio(OR) of coronary heart diseases among past smokers and current smokers as compared to non-smokers were 1.94(95% CI : 1.14-3.31) and 2.20(95% CI : 1.35-3.59), respectively. The OR among persons who drank 4 cups or more of caffeinated beverages such as coffee or tea daily as compared to persons who drank one cup for 2-3 days was 2.56(95% CI : 1.07-6.12). The OR among persons with high normal BP and stage 3 hypertension against normotension were 2.51(95% CI : 1.44-4.37) and 5.08(95% CI : 2.38-10.84). The OR among persons whose blood cholesterol were 240 mg/dL or more against lower than 200mg/dL was 2.24(95% CI : 1.43-3.49). CONCLUSION: Smoking, drinking of excessive caffeinated beverages, hypertension and high blood cholesterol were proven to be significant risk factors for coronary heart diseases among Korean males.; Summary

The Accuracy of ICD codes for Cerebrovascular Diseases in Medical Insurance Claims.: Jong Ku Park, Ki Soon Kim, Chun Bae Kim, Tae Yong Lee, Kang Sook Lee, Duk Hee Lee, Sunhee Lee, Sun Ha Jee, Il Suh, Kwang Wook Koh, So Yeon Ryu, Kee Ho Park, Woonje Park, Seungjun Wang, Hwasoon Lee, Yoomi Chae, Hyensook Hong, Jin Sook Suh; Korean J Prev Med. 2000;33(1):76-82.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
We attempted to assess the accuracy of ICD codes for cerebrovascular diseases in medical insurance claims (ICMIC) and to investigate the reasons for error. This study was designed as a preliminary study to establish a nationwide surveillance system. METHODS: A total of 626 patients with medical insurance claims who indicated a diagnosis of cerebrovascular diseases during the period from 1993 to 1997 was selected from the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation cohort (KMIC cohort: 115,600 persons). The KMIC cohort was 10% of those insured who had taken health examinations in 1990 and 1992 consecutively. The registered medical record administrators were trained in the survey technique and gathered data from March to May 1999. The definition of cerebrovascular diseases in this study included cases which met one of two criteria (Minnesota, WHO) or 'definite stroke' in CT/MRI finding. We questioned the medical record administrators to explain the error if the final diagnoses were not coded as stroke. RESULTS: The accuracy rate of the ICMIC was 83.0% (425 cases). Medical records were not available for 8.2% (51 cases) due to the closing of hospitals, the absence of a computer system or omission of medical record, etc. Sixty-three cases (10.0%) were classified as impossible to interpret due to insufficient records in 'major clinical symptoms' or 'neurological deficits'. The most common reason was 'to meet review criteria of medical insurance benefits (52.9%)'. The department where errors in the ICMIC occurred most frequently was the department for medical insurance claims in the hospital. CONCLUSION: The accuracy rate of the ICMIC was 83.0%.; Summary

Meta-analysis on the Blood Lipids as Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Diseases in Koreans.: So Yeon Ryu, Ki Soon Kim, Yang ok Kim, Jong Park, Jong Ku Park, Chun Bae Kim, Sun Ha Jee; Korean J Prev Med. 1999;32(4):491-493.

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Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
To determine the relations between seven blood lipids such as total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), HDL-cholesterol(HDL), LDL-cholesterol(LDL), apolipoprotein A-1(Apo A1), apolipoprotein B(Apo B) and lipoprotein(a)(Lp(A)) and the coronary heart diseases(CHD), the quantitative techniques of meta-analysis were applied to studies of blood lipids and CHD in Koreans. METHODS: We searched the Korean and the English literature published from 1980 to August, 1997 by manual search and bibliography review. Information on sample size, study design, participant characteristics(gender, age) and blood lipid levels were abstracted by reviewers using inclusion criteria. Estimates of the effect sizes of blood lipid levels on CHD in Koreans and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random-effect models. RESULTS: We identified 16 case-control studies to apply meta-analysis. The overall effect sizes for CHD were 20.3(95% CI : 14.23-26.22) in TC, 24.8(95% CI : 12.6-36.86) in TG, 15.16(95% CI : 3.99 - 26.33) in LDL, -3.48(95% CI : -5.79 - -1.17) in HDL, -9.78(95% CI : -16.98 - -2.58) in Apo-a1, 17.88(95% CI : 9.72 - 26.05) in Apo B and 18.95(95% CI : 17.88 - 20.02) in Lp(a). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that seven blood lipids were significantly associated with CHD in Koreans. Well-designed and prospective studies between blood lipids and CHD in Koreans should be performed.; Summary

The Association of Perception of Health Status with Lifestyle of Yanbian Koreans and Yanbian Chinese.: Hyun Ock Ahn, Ki Soon Kim, So Yeon Ryu, Chul Gab Lee, Jong Park, Yang Ok Kim, Hee Kyung Ro; Korean J Prev Med. 1998;31(4):828-843.

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Abstract PDF: To find the association of perception of health status with lifestyle of different ethnic groups living in north-eastern part of China, a cross-sectional questionnaire survey was done by 10 local health workers for 375 Korean immigrants and 217 Chinese whose age was 30 years old or more. Because Korean immigrants showed higher mortality than Chinese, we expected to find significant lifestyle related with perception of health status which was known to be a predictor of mortality by different ethnic groups. The results were as follows: 1. We found that 59.7% of Yanbian Koreans and 42.9% of Yanbian Chinese felt unhealthy (p=0.000). 2. For Yanbian Koreans, significant variables associated with perception of health status were selected through logistic regression analysis and they were sex; female to male with an OR=2.45 (95% confidence interval[CI]: 1.06, 5.64), prevalence of chronic illness with an OR=8.48 (95% CI: 4.62, 15.56), amount of meal; small or moderate to full with an OR=2.67 (95% CI: 1.40, 5.09), preference of spicy food with an OR=1.78 (95% CI: 1.04, 3.04), and less amount intake of vitamin B2 with an OR=2.29 (95% CI: 1.33, 3.93). 3. For Yanbian Chinese, significant variables associated with perception of health status were prevalence of chronic illness with an OR=4.97 (95% CI: 2.11, 11.68), history of taking ginseng with an OR=3.72 (95% CI: 1.33, 10.43), and less intake of vitamin C with an OR=0.18 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.46). In conclusion, sex, presence of chronic illness, dietary habit, and amount of vitamin- B1 intake were associated with perception of health status in Yanbian Koreans. Presence of chronic illness, experience of ginseng intake, and amount of vitamin C intake were associated with perception of health status in Yanbian Chinese. To prove cause-effect relation between perception of health status and lifestyle, further study is needed for these different ethnic groups.; Summary

A Meta-analysis on the Risk Factors of Cerebrovascular Disorders in Koreans.: Jong Ku Park, Myung Keun Kang, Chun Bae Kim, Ki Soon Kim, Sun Ha Jee; Korean J Prev Med. 1998;31(1):27-48.

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Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to integrate the results of studies which evaluated or identified the risk factors of CVD(cerebrovascular disorders) for Koreans. We retrieved the literature published in Korean by manual search and the English literature by Medline database to identify studies on the relationship between reported risk factors and CVD conducted for the Korean from 1980 to August, 1997. Hypertension and total serum cholestrol were selected as subjects of quantitative meta-analysis as risk factors of CVD in Koreans. The overall effect sizes of the risk of CVD due to hypertension and total serum cholesterol were calculated by common odds ratio(OR) and average standardized mean difference, retrospectively. Before the integration of each effect sizes into common effect sizes, the heterogeneity tests were conducted. Also, sensitivity tests were conducted for the estimated common effect sizes. Regarding hypertension and CVD, a total of 9 epidemiologic studies were identified with a total of 2,271 cases of CVD. The overall OR of hypertension associated CVD was 4.10(95% confidence interval[CI] 3.56 to 4.71). The OR of hypertension associated with hemorrhagic CVD and ischemic CVD were 6.56(95% CI : 4.92 to 8.80) and 3.28(95% CI : 2.77 to 3.90), retrospectively. The OR of hypertension in relation to hemorrhagic CVD was significantly higher than that of hypertension in relation to overall CVD or ischemic CVD. Regarding serum total cholesterol and ischemic CVD, total 9 epidemiologic studies were identified with a total of 843 cases of ischemic CVD. Average mean difference as an effect size was 0.76, which was judged an important value according to Cohen's criteria. Our data suggested that hypertension was an important risk factor of overall CVD and its subtypes, and that the total serum cholesterol was associated with ischemic CVD in Koreans. For the lack of reliable prospective studies, however, we concluded that further research designed longitudinally would be required in this area.; Summary

A Study on the Medical Insurance Utilization of Workers Suffering from Low Back Pain in an Area.: Chul Gab Lee, Hyun Ok Ahn, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Ki Soon Kim, Yang Ok Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 1997;30(4):764-778.

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Abstract PDF: To find the medical insurance utilization of workers when suffering from low back pain, an analysis was made toward the data of medical insurance benefits matched with the general characteristics of 10,183 workers, who were registered continuously from 1993 to 1995 at a medical insurance cooperation for industrial workers. The results were as follows; 1. The period prevalence of the medical insurance utilization for low back pain for 3 years from 1993 to 1995 was calculated as 17.1% for male workers and 19.4% for female workers. Most common cause of utilization was other dorsopathies including the herniation of lumbar discs. 2. The utilization rate increased significantly as the present age and the age joining the company got older(p<0.001). As the duration of employment got longer, the utilization rate of the male showed the tendency to increase and that of the female increased significantly(p<0.05). Among male workers employed at cement and concrete manufacturing companies showed higher utilization rate and among female laborers showed significantly higher utilization rate than clerical workers(p<0.01). 3. Annual utilization rate for low back pain didn't show any difference, but the portion of other dorsopathies among cause of utilization showed the tendency to increase from 1993 to 1995. 4. The mean number of claims for outpatient medical care for low back pain differed significantly by age, working duration, type of industries, income level(p<0.05), and the mean of total visiting days for care of low back pain differed siginificantly by working duration. In conclusion, considering the fact that the medical insurance utilization for low back pain increased annually and other dorsopathies including the herniation of dorsopathies were increasing, an effective preventive or management program for low back pain toward worker employed at industries were required.; Summary

A Study on the low back pain and its associated factors of the staffs in a university.: So Yeon Ryu, Chul Gab Lee, Jong Park, Ki Soon Kim, Yang Ok Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 1996;29(3):679-692.

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Abstract PDF: This study was performed to find the prevalence and the associated risk factors with low back pain(LBP) of the staffs in a university at Kwang-ju city. The data were collected by a questionnaire including SDS(Self-rating depression Scale) battery from September 1st to October 15th, 1996. The results were as follows; 1. The prevalence rate of LBP during lifetime was 73.1%, 53.1% for the last one year, and 23.6% for the last one week. 2. Statistically significant factors related to LBP during lifetime were sex and satisfaction with job. Sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, occupation, work posture, forward bending of trunk and satisfaction with job were selected as significant factors related to LBP during the last one year. The significant determinants related with LBP during the last one week were sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, occupation, forward bending of trunk and satisfaction with job. 3. Through the analysis of self-rating depression scores according to LBP during lifetime were selected to be female(OR=2.63, 95% CI: 1.08~6.40), dissatisfaction with job(OR=2.16, 95% CI: 1.16~4.15), those for the last one year were chosen to be female(OR=2.30, 95% CI: 1.03~5.12), forward bending of trunk(OR=2.18, 95% CI: 1.26~3.79), dissatisfaction with job(OR=1.84, 95% CI: 1.06~3.21), and those for the last one week were female(OR=3.00, 95% CI: 1.17~7.69), forward bending of trunk(OR=2.85, 95% CI: 1.38~5.88). In conclusion, for effective prevention of the LBP at work site, appropriate improvement of work posture and various psychological factors should be considered.; Summary

A Study on the Health Risk Agents in the Workplace of a General Hospital.: Yang Ok Kim, Ki Soon Kim, Jong Park, So Yeon Ryu, Hee Yeon Yang; Korean J Prev Med. 1996;29(1):1-14.

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Abstract PDF: To evaluate the health risk of the workplace environment of a general hospital toward the hospital workers, a questionnaire survey on the perception of risk at the workplace environment and environmental measurements at 27 locations with 240 workers in the hospital were made from October 25th, 1993 to October 30th, 1994. The results were as follows; 1. By the environmental measurements, 86 workers(36%) were found to be exposed to poor or harmful degree of general illumination, 193 workers(80%) were exposed to poor or harmful local illumination, 34 workers(14%) were exposed to poor or harmful degree of thermal condition and l80 workers(75%) were exposed to poor or harmful noise level, but nobody was exposed to poor or harmful dust and toluene concentration. Also nobody was exposed to poor or harmful level of radiation or anticancer/antibiotic agents. 2. The subjective perceptions on the environmental conditions felt by the workers were different from the objective findings by the environmental measurements. The workers underscored the poor illumination state and overscored the dust concentrations. Also workers oversensitized about the thermal condition, the noise level, the radiation level, the toluene concentration and anticancer/antibiotic agents. 3. The sources of noise were the dialogue(179 workers) and the office instruments(131workers). The sources of dust came from the clothes(108 workers) and the building materials(79 workers). 4. The questionnaire survey showed that the 28 workers were exposed to poor or harmful level of the antibiotics, 10 workers to alkali or acid and 6 workers to drug dust in the pharmacy but the above findings could not be proved by the environmental measurements.; Summary

Health-Related Behaviors and Subjective Symptoms Associated with Smoking of Freshmen in a University.: Jong Park, Byong Woo Kim, Yang Ok Kim, Ki Soon Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 1992;25(3):223-237.

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Abstract PDF: This study was to examine the association of the health-related behaviors and subjective symptoms with smoking. Data were collected by questionnaire survey during regular health examination from Mar. 23 to Mar. 31, 1992 for 1,615 male freshmen of a university in Kwangju City. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Among the freshmen, 26.9% reported that they were smokers. 69.4% for smokers started smoking for the recent 4 years, and 63.4% for smokers smoked 10 cigarettes or more a day. 2. Meal regularity, meat eating, use of coffee or tea and alcohol drinking were positively associated with the status, the duration and the amount of smoking while the vegetable preference was negatively associated with the status and the duration of smoking. 3. There was no evidence of familial aggregation in smoking status except that of siblings. 4. Respiratory symptoms like cough or phlegm, dyspnea were positively associated with the status, the duration, and the amount of smoking. General symptoms like chest pain, fatigue, back pain, facial edema, and weight loss were positively associated with the duration and the amount of smoking. Other symptoms like headache, dizziness, and myalgia were not associated with smoking. 5. In multivariate' logistic regression analysis, cough or phlegm, dyspnea, chest pain, facial edema, and back pain were related to smoking status.; Summary

A study of electrolyte excretion and salt intake in a ruralcommunity.: Jeong Joo Moon, Sun Hee Ham, Kyoung Ae Choi, Mi Ee Yook, Young Hee Chai, Ki Soon Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 1991;24(1):8-15.

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Abstract PDF: This study was carried out in order to examine the urinary excretion of electrolytes (Na, K) and their relationship with blood pressure, and to estimate the amount of daily salt intake in a rural community. From January to March in 1987, a mobile screening team visited 40 villages, and carried out health screening of 537 adult volunteers whose age were over 30 years and collected 12-hours overnight urine. To determine the completeness of collection, the urinary creatinine was measured. If the creatinine excretion was beyond the range given to the age group, the sample was excluded from the analysis as an imcomplete collection; 345 samples were remained for analysis. This study revealed the following results. 1. The mean excretion amounts of urinary electrolytes for 12 hours were Na 193.5 mEq, K 20.8 mEq, creatinine 1.0 g. The mean ratio of electrolytes were Na/K 9.84, Na/creatinine 0.44, K/creatinine 0.046. 2. Both the mean excretion amount of K and the mean ratio of K/creatinine were less in hypertensives than in normotensives. K excretion also showed a tendency towards a decrease in inverse proportion to systolic blood pressure when it exceeded 120 mmHg. There was no significant difference between the hypertensives and normotensives in Na excretion. The sodium to potassium ratio increased in proportion to systolic blood pressure. 3. The meand daily salt excretion amount was 22.4 g. Assuming that 90% of the intake was excreted, the estimated amount of daily salt intake was 24.9 g.; Summary

Study on the Death Rates and Causes of Death.: Ki Soon Kim, Byung Mok Lee; Korean J Prev Med. 1977;10(1):142-149.

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Abstract PDF: To use basic data for health planning and evaluation of Kangwha community health project of Yonsei University, a study on death rates and causes of death were investigated in two townships (Naega and Sunwon Myuns) in Kangwha County from April 1, 1975 to March 31, 1977). All death was identified and reported by family health workers who are living in each village and 2 trained public health nurses confirmed the death. The causes of death were investigated by 2 public physicians. Total number of deaths for 2 years was 230 and the followings are brief summary of the study. 1. Age-adjusted crude death rates of study area were 8.69 per 1,000 population in 1975 and 7.18 per 1,000 population in 1976. Age-adjusted crude death rates for male were 9.18 in 1975 and 6.38 in 1976 and for female were 8.33 and 7.80 per 1,000 population. 2. Age specific death rate curves by year and sex showed "U" shapes. 3. Infant and neonatal death rates were 30.08 and 22.56 per 1,000 live births in 1975, and the rates in 1976 were 18.18 and 13.64. 4. The most common cause of death was cerebrovascular disease and average cause specific death rate for the disease was 215.5 per 100,000 population. 5. Four leading causes of death were non-infectious origin ; cerevrovascular disease, malignant neoplasms, senility and suicide. Pulmonaty tubeculosis and pneumonia occupied 5th and 9th causes of death. 6. Stomach cancer and hepatoma occupied 61.3% of total death due to malignant neoplasms. 7. Most frequent cause of neonatal death was birth injury. Two deaths due to tetanus were found in 1975, but no death due to this disease was found in 1976. 8. About half of deceased received care from physician before death.; Summary

A Study on the Usefulness of Birth Registration Data in Rural Korea.: Chung Ok Ji, Young Key Kim, Ki Soon Kim; Korean J Prev Med. 1977;10(1):109-117.

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Abstract PDF: The onprovement of civil registration reguires continuous study rather than periodic efforts. More and better statistics, however, are urgently required to formulate development programs and planning, Data obtainable from the civil registration are usually marred by errors of omission which are difficult to correct. This study aimed at finding out the problems occurring when a set of crude birth registration data in a rural area is used. Data Sources of this study are : 1) For birth registration : government birth registration records obtained from myun office and other government offices. 2) for the actual number of births : birth and child records from the Kang Wha Community Health Project. The study area is Sunwon Myun and Naega Myun in Kang Wha Gun, Gyunggido. The reference period for the accumulated data is one full year : Jan. 1st 1975 - Dec. 31st 1975. Major findings are as follows : If the number of registered birth is compared with the actual number of births which occurred in the target area, the former os far greater than the latter. The general assumption usually is , that the actual number of exceeds the registered number of birth in Korea. The observation from this specific study in this specific target area, shows the opposite trend. The number of births which actually occurred during the year of 1975 in the study area namely 256. The difference comes mainly from the fact that many cases of births from other areas were registered in the target area. In other words birth is not registered where it occurred but where the permanent residence address is. Among 550 births registered in the target area 66% did not occur in the target area. Only one third of all registered births were registered within the legal period for birth registration which is 2 weeks. 34% of the registered births actually occurred in 1974, but were registered in 1975. In 55% of the cases a difference was observed between the actual data of birth and the registered data of birth. From the 256 births which occurred in the target area, only 153 births (59%) were registered at the myun office and the remaining 130 births (41%) were not resistered there in the year of study. 6% of the 550 cases listed as registered have no separate registration sheets. Nevertheless, they definitely have been registered in the birth list at the myun office. 3% of the 550 cases are not recorded in this list but have a separate registration sheet at the myun offices. In conclusion, birth registration data have many errors and problems. Their usefulness as a source for vital and other statistics should be reconsidered. A series of sound methological studies will be necessary to establish their actual usefulness. A continuous and permanent compulsory system of birth recording is needed.; Summary

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