- The Nonlinear Association Between Internet Using Time for Non-Educational Purposes and Adolescent Health
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Jong Yeon Kim
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(1):37-46. Published online January 31, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.1.37
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This study was performed to consider the association between Internet using time for non-educational purposes and adolescent health, and to examine how health status differs between Internet users and non-users. MethodsWe analyzed 2009 data from the Korea Adolescent Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, conducted on a nationally representative sample of students in grades 7 to 12. A total of 75 066 adolescents were categorized into four groups according to their Internet using time excluding using for educational purposes: non-Internet users (NIUs), occasional Internet users (OIUs) (<1 h/d), moderate Internet users (MIUs) (≥1 and <2 h/d), and heavy Internet users (HIUs) (≥2 h/d). Health factors included eight health risk behavior indices, four mental health indices and six physical health indices. ResultsThe distribution of Internet use was as follows: NIUs 17.4%, OIUs 68.1%, MIUs 12.7%, and HIUs 1.7%. In multivariate analysis, using OIUs as a reference, U- or J-shaped associations were observed for five health risk behavior indices (current smoking, current drinking, drug abuse, sexual intercourse, sedentary behavior on weekdays) and four mental health indices (stressed, depressed, suicidal ideation, attempted suicide) in both genders. After removing confounding effects, including age, region, school type, subjective school record, subjective economic status, presence of parents, living with family, and sedentary behavior, these associations were still observed. ConclusionsHealth professionals should consider both Internet non-users (for non-educational purposes) and heavy users to be high-risk groups in terms of health status. Also, more well-designed studies are needed to clarify what factors are working in these nonlinear associations.
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- Changes in Dietary Behavior Among Adolescents and Their Association With Government Nutrition Policies in Korea, 2005-2009
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Sang Geun Bae, Jong Yeon Kim, Keon Yeop Kim, Soon Woo Park, Jisuk Bae, Won Kee Lee
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(1):47-59. Published online January 31, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.1.47
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This study was conducted to observe recent changes in adolescents' dietary behavior and indirectly evaluate the effects of the government's nutritional policies in Korea. MethodsWe analyzed the secular trends in seven dietary behaviors using the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey data from 2005 to 2009. Through literature review, we included the policies implemented for the improvement of adolescents'dietary behaviors during the same periods. ResultsThe significant linear trends were observed in all dietary behaviors (p<0.05). Overall, all behaviors except the fruit intake rate were desirably changed during five years but undesirable changes were observed between 2008 and 2009 in all behaviors. Within those periods, several policies were implemented including 'Ban on carbonated-beverages in school', 'Green Food Zone', etc. Despite confirmed evidence of their effects, the policies on individual behavior such as nutrition education didn't influence the prevalence of dietary behaviors because they were conducted to too limited persons. Polices on the school environmental improvement, such as ban on carbonated beverage in school, were more effective because they decreased the exposure of undesirable food environment. However, for effect of Green Food Zone improving community environment we couldn't come to a conclusion because of too short period after full implementation. ConclusionsAmong government nutrition policies conducted from 2005 to 2009, those on environmental improvement, especially in school, were more effective than those on individual behavior. Therefore, the development and implement of policies on school environmental improvement are needed in Korea.
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- Test-Retest Reliability of a Questionnaire for the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey.
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Jisuk Bae, Hyojee Joung, Jong Yeon Kim, Kyoung Nam Kwon, Young Taek Kim, Soon Woo Park
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(5):403-410.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.5.403
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A web-based survey has been administered annually since 2005 throughout Korea to assess the prevalence of adolescent health risk behaviors among middle and high school students. The aim of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS) questionnaire. METHODS: A convenience sample of 2298 middle and high school students participated in self-administered questionnaire surveys twice, approximately two weeks apart, in 2008. The percent agreement, kappa statistics, and prevalence rates at the first and second surveys were computed for the core subset of 39 self-reported health risk behavior indices of the KYRBWS. RESULTS: Among 39 indices, seven indices had kappas > or = 0.81 and all of the indices had kappas > or = 0.41. Based on non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals, three indices had significantly different prevalence rates between the first and second surveys. In the subgroup analyses by school grade and gender, two indices had significantly different reliability estimates between middle and high school students. There were no significantly different reliability estimates between male and female students, except for one index. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the reliability estimates for the KYRBWS questionnaire are varied, but generally reliable over time. The indices with low reliability estimates need to be evaluated further in order to determine whether the indices should be modified or deleted from future versions of the KYRBWS.
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- Validity of Self-Reported Height, Weight, and Body Mass Index of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey Questionnaire.
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Jisuk Bae, Hyojee Joung, Jong Yeon Kim, Kyoung Nam Kwon, Yoonjung Kim, Soon Woo Park
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2010;43(5):396-402.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2010.43.5.396
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Self-reported anthropometric values, such as height and weight, are used to calculate body mass index (BMI) and assess the prevalence of obesity among adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of self-reported height, weight, and BMI of the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey questionnaire. METHODS: A convenience sample of 137 middle school students and 242 high school students completed a self-administered questionnaire in 2008. Body height and weight were directly measured after self-reported values were obtained from the questionnaire survey. Sensitivity, specificity, and kappa statistics were computed in order to evaluate the validity of the prevalence of obesity (BMI > or = 95th percentile or > or = 25 kg/m2) based on self-reported data. RESULTS: Self-reported weight and BMI tended to be underestimated. Self-reported height tended to be overestimated among middle school females and high school males. Obese adolescents tended to underestimate their weight and BMI and overestimate their height more than non-obese adolescents. The prevalence estimate of obesity based on self-reported data (10.6%) was lower than that based on directly measured data (15.3%). The estimated sensitivity of obesity based on self-reported data was 69.0% and the specificity was 100.0%. The value of kappa was 0.79 (95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that self-reported height and weight may lead to the underestimation of BMI and consequently the prevalence of obesity. These biases should be taken into account when self-reported data are used for monitoring the prevalence and trends of obesity among adolescents nationwide.
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- Validity of Self-reported Smoking Using Urinary Cotinine among Vocational High School Students.
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Soon Woo Park, Jong Yeon Kim
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(4):223-230.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.4.223
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to validate self-reported smoking among high school students using urinary cotinine. METHODS: A self report of smoking behavior was collected together with urine sample for cotinine analysis from 130 male and female students in two vocational high school students in November, 2007. Validity and agreement between self-reported smoking and urinary cotinine was analyzed with STATA 9.0 for different definitions of current smokers, and frequent and daily smokers. Urinary cotinine concentration was measured by the DRI Cotinine Assay for urine (Microgenics Corp., Fremont, CA) on Toshiba 200FR. The cut-off point of urinary cotinine was 50 ng/dl. RESULTS: The concentrations of urinary cotinine were significantly different according to the frequency and amount of smoking. Sensitivity and specificity was 90.9% and 91.8% respectively, and the Cohen's kappa value was 0.787 among the current smokers who smoked at least one day during one month preceding the survey. The comparable high sensitivity, specificity, and kappa value were shown also among the other definitions of current smokers, that is, subjective smokers, and weekly smokers. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed the high validity of self-reported smoking among high school students. However, due to the small sample size and limitation of the participants, it is cautious to generalize the results to overall high school students.
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Sunkyoung Jung, Sangshin Park Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2022; 48(4): 216. CrossRef - Smoking Susceptibility and Tobacco Media Engagement Among Youth Never Smokers
Saida I. Coreas, Erik J. Rodriquez, Sana G. Rahman, Sherine El-Toukhy, Wilson M. Compton, Carlos Blanco, Heather L Kimmel, Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable Pediatrics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - A comparison of self-reported to cotinine-detected smoking status among adults in Georgia
Julianne Williams, Ivo Rakovac, Enrique Loyola, Lela Sturua, Nino Maglakelidze, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Kristina Mauer-Stender, Bente Mikkelsen, João Breda European Journal of Public Health.2020; 30(5): 1007. CrossRef - Clustering of chronic diseases risk factors among adolescents: a quasi-experimental study in Sousse, Tunisia
Emna Dendana, Rim Ghammem, Jihene Sahli, Jihen Maatoug, Sihem Ben Fredj, Imed Harrabi, Molka Chaieb, Hassen Ghannem International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef - Consistency and reliability of smoking-related variables: longitudinal study design in asthma and COPD
Eveliina Hirvonen, Mikhail Stepanov, Maritta Kilpeläinen, Ari Lindqvist, Tarja Laitinen European Clinical Respiratory Journal.2019; 6(1): 1591842. CrossRef - Underestimation of Self-Reported Smoking Prevalence in Korean Adolescents: Evidence from Gold Standard by Combined Method
Jun Hwang, Jong Kim, Do Lee, Hye Jung, Soon-Woo Park International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(4): 689. CrossRef - Tobacco smoking and the risk of atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Dagfinn Aune, Sabrina Schlesinger, Teresa Norat, Elio Riboli European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.2018; 25(13): 1437. CrossRef - Susceptibility to tobacco product use among youth in wave 1 of the population Assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study
Dennis R. Trinidad, John P. Pierce, James D. Sargent, Martha M. White, David R. Strong, David B. Portnoy, Victoria R. Green, Cassandra A. Stanton, Kelvin Choi, Maansi Bansal-Travers, Yuyan Shi, Jennifer L. Pearson, Annette R. Kaufman, Nicolette Borek, Bla Preventive Medicine.2017; 101: 8. CrossRef - Lipid profiles and determinants of total cholesterol and hypercholesterolaemia among 25–74 year-old urban and rural citizens of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: a cross-sectional study
Aung Soe Htet, Marte Karoline Kjøllesdal, Wai Phyo Aung, Aye Nyein Moe Myint, Win Thuzar Aye, Myint Myint Wai, Than Than Nu, Ei Mon Hla, Pyone Pyone Soe, Nan Wut Yi Tun, Naw Angela, Mya Mya Khaing, Aung Kyaw Htoo, Soe Tun, Pai Thitsar, Theeoo Lwin, San Sa BMJ Open.2017; 7(11): e017465. CrossRef - Comparative analysis of two tobacco surveillance questionnaires used in NHANES: accuracy of self-reported smoking status
Ram B. Jain Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry.2016; 98(1): 137. CrossRef - Influence of Stress, Self-efficacy for Smoking Cessation, Smoking Temptation and Nicotine Dependency in Male College Students who Smoke
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Haewon Byeon, Dongwoo Lee, Sunghyoun Cho, Hiroyoshi Ariga PLOS ONE.2016; 11(11): e0165337. CrossRef - Relationship between women's smoking and laryngeal disorders based on the urine cotinine test: results of a national population-based survey
Haewon Byeon, Dongwoo Lee, Sunghyoun Cho BMJ Open.2016; 6(11): e012169. CrossRef - Evaluating the validity of self-reported smoking in Mexican adolescents
María del Carmen Valladolid-López, Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu, James F Thrasher, Ingris Peláez-Ballestas, Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce, Mauricio Hernández-Ávila BMJ Open.2015; 5(10): e007485. CrossRef - The Correlation of Different Cotinine Levels With Questionnaire Results
Myung Bae Park, Eun Woo Nam, Seon Kui Lee, Chun-Bae Kim, Chhabi Ranabhat Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2015; 27(5): 542. CrossRef - The Relationship between Smoking and Personal Psychological Factors and Socioeconomic Status in 8th Grade Students from the 2010-2012 Online Survey of Adolescent Health Behaviors of Korea
Cheol-Hwan Kim, Min-jung Jun, Sung-eun Kim Journal of the Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.2015; 6(1): 26. CrossRef - Validation of Self-Reported Smokeless Tobacco Use by Measurement of Serum Cotinine Concentration Among US Adults
I. T. Agaku, B. A. King American Journal of Epidemiology.2014; 180(7): 749. CrossRef - Prevalence and validity of self-reported smoking in Indigenous and non-Indigenous young adults in the Australian Northern Territory
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- Predictors of Current Smoking among Male Students in a Technical High School: A Prospective Study.
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Jong Yeon Kim, Soon Woo Park
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2009;42(1):59-66.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.1.59
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVES
This study was performed using a longitudinal approach to explore the predictors for current smoking among male high school students. METHODS: Baseline data was collected in May 2004 through a self-administrated questionnaire completed by 607 male students in a technical high school in Daegu city, Korea. Subsequently, their smoking behaviors were followed one year after. Among the 544 followed participants, data for 439 non-smokers in the first year was used in longitudinal analysis. Current smokers were defined as those respondents who had smoked one or more cigarettes within the 30 days preceding the survey. Several potential predictors for smoking were investigated including smoking history (never, experimental, former smoker), sociodemographic factors, environmental factors, attitudes toward smoking, and behavioral factors. Logistic regression was used to predict smoking with SPSS ver. 12.0. RESULTS: According to multiple logistic regression analysis, those students who were more likely to smoke after one year were former smokers (OR: 2.12, 95% CI=1.01-4.44), current drinkers (OR: 2.55, 95% CI=1.33-4.89), who had four or five smokers among five best friends (OR: 3.43. 95% CI=1.14-10.30). In addition, those who had smokers among family members besides parents or siblings (OR: 1.66, 95% CI=0.92-2.98), exhibited a high level of subjective stress (OR: 1.77, 95% CI=0.96-3.26), or had a very good relationship with friends (OR: 1.93, 95% CI=0.99-3.75) were also more likely to smoke albeit with marginal statistical significance (p<0.1). CONCLUSIONS: A smoking prevention program aimed at high school students may be more effective with due consideration of the predictors highlighted in this study. However, further studies with larger sample size and various target populations are necessary to find potential predictors not found in this study but suggested in other longitudinal studies.
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- The Causes and Courses of Nonviolent and Violent Delinquency among South Korean Adolescents
Trent Bax, Vladimir Hlasny Deviant Behavior.2019; 40(7): 816. CrossRef - Adolescent Abuse and Smoking Behavior Among High School Students in the Republic of Korea
Junghee Kim, Sunhee Park Journal of Child and Family Studies.2019; 28(1): 52. CrossRef - Structural Equation Modeling on Smoking Cessation Intention in Male Technical High School Students
Eun Su Do, Eunsuk Choi Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2017; 47(2): 211. CrossRef - Age at Smoking Initiation and Subsequent Smoking Among Korean Adolescent Smokers
Jun Hyun Hwang, Soon-Woo Park Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2014; 47(5): 266. CrossRef - Alcohol and tobacco use among South Korean adolescents: An ecological review of the literature
Jun Sung Hong, Na Youn Lee, Andrew Grogan-Kaylor, Hui Huang Children and Youth Services Review.2011; 33(7): 1120. CrossRef - A Longitudinal Study on the Causal Association Between Smoking and Depression
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- Estimation of Smoking Prevalence among Adolescents in a Community by Design-based Analysis.
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Soon Woo Park, Jong Yeon Kim, Sang Won Lee, Jung Han Park, Yeon Oh Yun, Won Kee Lee
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(4):317-324.
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Abstract
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This study was conducted to estimate the unbiased smoking prevalence and its standard errors among adolescents in a large city in Korea, by designbased analysis. METHODS: All the students in Daegu city were stratified by grade, gender and region, and then schools as primary sampling units (PSU) were selected by probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling. One or two classes were sampled randomly from each grade, from 5th grade in elementary schools to the 3rd grade in high schools. The students anonymously completed a standardized selfadministered questionnaire from October to December 2004. The total number of respondents was 8,480 in the final analysis, excluding the third graders in the general high schools because of incomplete sampling. The sampling weight was calculated for each student after poststratification adjustment, with adjustment being made for the missing cases. The data were analyzed with Stata 8.0 with consideration of PSU, weighting and the strata variables. RESULTS: The smoking prevalence (%) and standard errors for male students from the fifth grade in elementary schools to the second grade in high schools were 0.93[0.47, 1.83[ 0.74, 3.16[1.00, 5.12[1.02, 10.86[1.13, 15.63[2.44 and 17.96[2.67, and those for the female students were 0.28[ 0.28, 1.17[0.73, 3.13[0.60, 1.45[0.58, 3.94[0.92, 8.75 [1.86 and 10.04[1.70, sequentially. CONCLUSIONS: The smoking prevalence from this study was much higher than those from the other conventional studies conducted in Korea. The point estimates and standard errors from the design-based analysis were different from those of the model-based analysis. These findings suggest the importance of design-based analysis to estimate unbiased prevalence and standard errors in complex survey data and this method is recommended to apply to future surveys for determining the smoking prevalence for specific population.
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Summary
- Factors Associated with Perceived Peer Smoking Prevalence among Adolescents.
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Soon Woo Park, Sang Won Lee, Jong Yeon Kim, Jung Han Park
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2006;39(3):249-254.
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Abstract
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This study was conducted to examine the factors related to the perceived peer smoking prevalence for adolescents. METHODS: A self-administrated questionnaire was administered to 352 students in a technical high school in Kangwon Province in May, 2002. The questions included in the questionnaire were concerned with the estimated number of smokers among ten students of the same grade in their school, the sociodemographic characteristics, the smoking-related behaviors and attitudes, and the smoking-related environments. All the students had their expiratory carbon monoxide level measured with EC50 Micro-Smokerlyzer? to verify their smoking status. Multiple regression analysis was applied for data analysis using Windows SPSS 11.5. RESULTS: The former and current smokers overestimated the peer smoking prevalence. Multiple regression analysis for estimating the peer smoking prevalence for the male showed that the perceived smoking prevalence was higher in the female students than in the male students, higher in those students whose mothers had a higher educational level, who had smoked more frequently, who had more best friends smoking, and who had a higher actual smoking rate of the class. For estimating the peer smoking prevalence for the female, the perceived smoking prevalence was higher in the female students than in the male students, higher in those who smoked more frequently, whose five best friends smoked, who had higher actual smoking rate of the class, and who had smoking siblings. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that a higher perceived peer smoking rate is related with their own smoking history and smoking frequency, the smoking related environment, and gender. Smoking prevention and smoking cessation programs need to focus on correcting the falsely perceived smoking prevalence.
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Summary
- Professional Job Perception, Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Westerm Doctors and Oriental Doctors Practicing at Local Clinic.
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Jong Yeon Kim, Sin Kam, Yune Sik Kang, Yong Kee Cho, Sang Won Lee, Dae Gu Jin, Soon Gi Ahn, Byung Yeol Chun, Min Hae Yeh
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J Prev Med Public Health. 2004;37(1):44-50.
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted in order to investigate the professionalism, job stress and job satisfaction in western and oriental doctors in Korea. METHODS: The authors conducted a survey using a selfadministered questionnaire, conducted between August and September, 2001. The study subjects were 457 western doctors and 161 oriental doctors practicing at local clinics in Daegu City. RESULTS: For the professionalism scale, the score for 'belief in service to the public' of western doctors was significantly higher than that of oriental doctors (p< 0.05) whereas the scores for 'sense of calling to the field' and 'feeling of autonomy' were higher in oriental doctors (p< 0.01). For the job stress scale, the scores for 'work factor', and 'clinical responsibility/decision factor' of western doctors were significantly higher than those of oriental doctors (p< 0.01). Of the western doctors, 59.7% expressed satisfaction with their job as a doctor, 69.5% responded that the role of a doctor was appropriate to their aptitude, and 61.8% answered that they wouldn't consider other kinds of job even if offered. In case of oriental doctors, these responses were83.1%, 82.5%, and 82.3%, espectively. CONCLUSION: The job stress scores of western doctors were higher than those of oriental doctors, but the job satisfaction was lower. The reasons for the above results are not clear. Further studies are required to understand the characteristics of job stress and job satisfaction in doctors.
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Summary
- Professional Job Perception, Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Doctors Practicing in Local Clinic in Daegu City.
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Dae Gu Jin, Sin Kam, Yune Sik Kang, Yong Kee Cho, Sang Won Lee, Jong Yeon Kim, Soon Gi Ahn, Byung Yeol Chun, Min Hae Yeh
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Korean J Prev Med. 2003;36(2):153-162.
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Abstract
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- OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted in order to investigate professional job perception, job stress and job satisfaction in doctors. METHOD: The authors conducted a survey using a self-administered questionnaire, conducted between August and September, 2001. The study subjects were 457 doctors practicing at local clinics in Daegu City. RESULTS: For the professionalism scale, the score for 'sense of calling to field' and 'feeling of autonomy' were relatively high. Age, working hours per day, and perception of socioeconomic status significantly influenced the professionalism scale scores (p< 0.01). For the job stress scale, the scores for 'clinical responsibility/ decision' factor were the highest of all the surveyed factors. Working hours per day significantly influenced the job stress scores (p< 0.01). To investigate the overall relationship between the variables, the authors conducted a linear structural equation model analysis. The equation was statistically appropriate and a good fit. The job stress, and the professionalism factors, respectively influenced job satisfaction negatively and positively (T> 2.0). The working hours per day and status perception also influenced their job satisfaction (T> 2.0). CONCLUSION: To promote the job satisfaction of doctors, the development of coping tools and other intervention methods are needed to increase doctor's professional job perception and reduce their job stress. Further studies are required to understand the characteristics of job satisfaction and for its promotion with doctors.
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- The Efficient Methods of Population-based Cancer Registration in Daegu City.
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Dae Gu Jin, Sin Kam, Byung Yeol Chun, Soon Ki Ahn, Jong Yeon Kim
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Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(4):322-330.
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Abstract
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This study was conducted to automatically improve the completeness and validity of the Daegu Cancer Registry, using cross record linkage of many data sources, and to develop a computerized patient enrollment system for efficient communication among cancer researchers via the internet. METHOD: We analyzed 10,229 cancer patients who were reported in the National Cancer Registry, and from pathological reports, health insurance cancer claims lists, cancer patient records at hospital information centers and death certificates from the Korea National Statistical Office. RESULT: We confirmed 4,624 cancer patients and found 897 of new cases from a review of medical chart. The new cases were detected efficiently using cross record linkage. We developed a computerized patient enrollment system, based on a client-server model, for the input of cancer patients, and then developed a web-based reporting homepage and patient enrollment system for the internet. CONCLUSION: This system could manage cancer databases systematically, and could be given to other researchers as a basic database.
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- Serum Total Cholesterol Levels and Related Factors in a Rural Adult Population.
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Soon Ki Ahn, Byung Yeol Chun, Sin Kam, Dae Gu Jin, Jong Yeon Kim
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Korean J Prev Med. 2002;35(3):255-262.
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Abstract
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To investigate the total cholesterol levels and related factors in a rural adult population. METHODS: 3,207 adults( 1,272 men and 1,935 women) were examined in 1997. Their heights, weights, and fasting serum total cholesterol levels were measured, and their body mass indices were calculated. A questionnaire interviewing method was used to collect risk factor data. RESULTS: The mean value of total cholesterol were 190.5 mg/dl, and 198.8 mg/dl, and the age-adjusted prevalence rates for hypercholesterolemia (above 240 mg/dl) were 13.7% and 10.2%, in men and women, respectively. From simple analyses, age, educational level, coffee intake, amount of meat and food intake, waist circumference, waist-hip circumference ratio(WHR), and body mass index(BMI) were significant risk factors in men (p<0.05) relating to serum total cholesterol levels. In women, age, educational level, hypertension history, diabetes history, herbal drug history, amount of food intake, alcohol consumption, waist circumference, WHR, BMI, and menopausal status were significant risk factors (p<0.05). In multiple linear regression analyses, waist circumference (p<0.01), BMI (p<0.01), and coffee intake (p<0.05) proved to be significant risk factors in men. Whereas, menopausal status (p<0.01), BMI (p<0.01), herbal drug history (p<0.01), amount of food intake (p<0.05), waist circumference (p<0.05), and alcohol consumption (p<0.05) were significant risk factors in women. Conclusions : The significant risk factors, for both men and women, relating to the serum total cholesterol were waist circumference and BMI. Thus, for the reduction of serum total cholesterol level, it is recommended that health education for the control of obesity should be implemented.
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