1Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
2Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.
3The Central Mental Health Supporting Committee, Seoul, Korea.
Copyright © 2012 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The authors have no conflicts of interest with the material presented in this paper.
This article is available at http://jpmph.org/.
Variable | Frequency (%) |
Knowledge1 |
Familiarity2 |
Prejudice3 |
Social distance4 |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | ||
Total | 4057 (100) | 3.103 | 0.010 | 0.425 | 0.009 | 3.137 | 0.010 | 2.626 | 0.012 |
Year | |||||||||
2007 | 870 (21.4) | 3.070 | 0.022 | 0.422 | 0.019 | 3.183 | 0.022 | 2.604 | 0.025 |
2008 | 1039 (25.6) | 3.081 | 0.020 | 0.373 | 0.017 | 3.121 | 0.019 | 2.610 | 0.023 |
2009 | 1102 (27.2) | 3.083 | 0.019 | 0.392 | 0.017 | 3.082 | 0.019 | 2.591 | 0.023 |
2010 | 1046 (25.8) | 3.174 | 0.020 | 0.514 | 0.019 | 3.174 | 0.020 | 2.697 | 0.026 |
Region (province) | |||||||||
Seoul | 854 (21.1) | 3.156 | 0.023 | 0.405 | 0.019 | 3.145 | 0.023 | 2.706 | 0.028 |
Busan | 297 (7.3) | 3.139 | 0.037 | 0.367 | 0.032 | 3.126 | 0.035 | 2.589 | 0.047 |
Daegu | 208 (5.1) | 3.066 | 0.043 | 0.413 | 0.039 | 3.114 | 0.040 | 2.746 | 0.055 |
Incheon | 212 (5.2) | 3.097 | 0.046 | 0.443 | 0.041 | 3.206 | 0.043 | 2.471 | 0.051 |
Gwangju | 129 (3.2) | 2.966 | 0.052 | 0.395 | 0.051 | 3.124 | 0.056 | 2.676 | 0.064 |
Daejeon | 129 (3.2) | 3.078 | 0.055 | 0.450 | 0.057 | 3.150 | 0.050 | 2.715 | 0.066 |
Ulsan | 106 (2.6) | 3.283 | 0.064 | 0.283 | 0.046 | 3.028 | 0.065 | 2.429 | 0.075 |
Gyeonggi-do | 875 (21.6) | 3.093 | 0.020 | 0.459 | 0.020 | 3.143 | 0.021 | 2.662 | 0.024 |
Gangwon-do | 119 (2.9) | 3.017 | 0.060 | 0.437 | 0.052 | 3.031 | 0.063 | 2.450 | 0.062 |
Chungcheongbuk-do | 121 (3) | 3.234 | 0.055 | 0.405 | 0.049 | 3.240 | 0.059 | 2.568 | 0.072 |
Chungcheongnam-do | 168 (4.1) | 3.194 | 0.050 | 0.500 | 0.048 | 3.082 | 0.049 | 2.570 | 0.064 |
Jeollabuk-do | 152 (3.8) | 2.980 | 0.052 | 0.421 | 0.047 | 3.125 | 0.047 | 2.688 | 0.060 |
Jeollanam-do | 157 (3.9) | 2.983 | 0.051 | 0.503 | 0.049 | 3.221 | 0.056 | 2.580 | 0.072 |
Gyeongsangbuk-do | 217 (5.4) | 3.020 | 0.043 | 0.318 | 0.035 | 3.161 | 0.041 | 2.552 | 0.055 |
Gyeongsangnam-do | 260 (6.4) | 3.090 | 0.039 | 0.485 | 0.040 | 3.096 | 0.038 | 2.552 | 0.049 |
Jeju-do | 53 (1.3) | 3.126 | 0.097 | 0.491 | 0.079 | 3.097 | 0.086 | 2.495 | 0.094 |
Sex | |||||||||
Male | 1991 (49.1) | 3.086 | 0.015 | 0.428 | 0.013 | 3.139 | 0.014 | 2.553 | 0.018 |
Female | 2066 (50.9) | 3.119 | 0.014 | 0.423 | 0.013 | 3.136 | 0.014 | 2.697 | 0.017 |
Age | |||||||||
<30 | 1129 (27.8) | 3.216 | 0.020 | 0.320 | 0.015 | 2.816 | 0.017 | 2.499 | 0.023 |
30 - 39 | 867 (21.4) | 3.189 | 0.022 | 0.382 | 0.019 | 3.013 | 0.020 | 2.683 | 0.026 |
40 - 49 | 921 (22.7) | 3.093 | 0.020 | 0.530 | 0.020 | 3.208 | 0.019 | 2.607 | 0.026 |
50 - 59 | 593 (14.6) | 2.973 | 0.026 | 0.497 | 0.024 | 3.417 | 0.024 | 2.713 | 0.032 |
≥60 | 547 (13.5) | 2.891 | 0.026 | 0.457 | 0.025 | 3.574 | 0.023 | 2.735 | 0.035 |
Education | |||||||||
≤Middle school | 717 (17.7) | 2.934 | 0.024 | 0.420 | 0.022 | 3.422 | 0.023 | 2.685 | 0.030 |
High school | 1515 (37.3) | 3.106 | 0.016 | 0.405 | 0.015 | 3.151 | 0.015 | 2.590 | 0.020 |
≥College | 1825 (45.0) | 3.167 | 0.015 | 0.444 | 0.014 | 3.014 | 0.015 | 2.633 | 0.018 |
Economic status | |||||||||
Low | 658 (16.2) | 3.196 | 0.026 | 0.514 | 0.024 | 3.035 | 0.025 | 2.605 | 0.032 |
Middle | 2292 (56.5) | 3.117 | 0.013 | 0.396 | 0.012 | 3.111 | 0.013 | 2.630 | 0.016 |
High | 1107 (27.3) | 3.020 | 0.020 | 0.434 | 0.018 | 3.253 | 0.018 | 2.631 | 0.024 |
Variable |
Prejudice (model A) |
Social distance (model B) |
Social distance without prejudice variable (model C) |
|||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|||||||
Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | |
Fixed parameters | ||||||||||||
Constant | 3.72 | 0.061 | 3.732 | 0.194 | 2.027 | 0.111 | 1.336 | 0.276 | 3.398 | 0.085 | 2.702 | 0.289 |
Sex | ||||||||||||
Male | ||||||||||||
Female | -0.007 | 0.017 | -0.007 | 0.017 | 0.159* | 0.022 | 0.157* | 0.022 | 0.156* | 0.023 | 0.155* | 0.023 |
Age | ||||||||||||
<30 | ||||||||||||
30 - 39 | 0.216* | 0.025 | 0.217* | 0.025 | 0.095* | 0.033 | 0.097* | 0.033 | 0.174* | 0.033 | 0.177* | 0.033 |
40 - 49 | 0.385* | 0.025 | 0.386* | 0.025 | -0.039 | 0.033 | -0.038 | 0.033 | 0.103* | 0.033 | 0.105* | 0.033 |
50 - 59 | 0.526* | 0.028 | 0.526* | 0.028 | -0.025 | 0.038 | -0.025 | 0.038 | 0.17* | 0.038 | 0.169* | 0.038 |
≥60 | 0.631* | 0.03 | 0.632* | 0.03 | -0.04 | 0.041 | -0.042 | 0.041 | 0.193* | 0.041 | 0.192* | 0.041 |
Education | ||||||||||||
<Middle school | ||||||||||||
High school | -0.114* | 0.026 | -0.116* | 0.026 | 0.029 | 0.034 | 0.027 | 0.034 | -0.013 | 0.035 | -0.016 | 0.035 |
≥University | -0.184* | 0.027 | -0.187* | 0.027 | 0.125* | 0.036 | 0.119* | 0.036 | 0.057 | 0.037 | 0.05 | 0.037 |
Income | ||||||||||||
Low | ||||||||||||
Middle | 0.04 | 0.024 | 0.04 | 0.024 | -0.015 | 0.032 | -0.016 | 0.032 | 0 | 0.033 | 0 | 0.033 |
High | 0.052 | 0.028 | 0.053 | 0.028 | -0.045 | 0.036 | -0.045 | 0.036 | -0.026 | 0.037 | -0.026 | 0.037 |
Knowledge (0-2) | -0.227* | 0.014 | -0.227* | 0.014 | -0.228* | 0.018 | -0.228* | 0.018 | -0.312* | 0.019 | -0.312* | 0.019 |
Familiarity (1-5) | -0.042* | 0.015 | -0.042* | 0.015 | -0.151* | 0.02 | -0.15* | 0.02 | -0.167* | 0.02 | -0.166* | 0.02 |
Prejudice (1-5) | 0.369* | 0.02 | 0.369* | 0.02 | ||||||||
Gross regional domestic product per person | 0 | 0.002 | 0 | 0.003 | 0 | 0.003 | ||||||
Regional proportion of people who has education experience above college entrance (%) | 0 | 0.003 | 0.012* | 0.004 | 0.012* | 0.004 | ||||||
Regional proportion of people aged 65 and over (%) | -0.005 | 0.005 | 0.015* | 0.007 | 0.014 | 0.008 | ||||||
Regional proportion of welfare spending of total budget (%) | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.005 | ||||||
Year | ||||||||||||
2007 | ||||||||||||
2008 | -0.103* | 0.035 | -0.103* | 0.034 | 0.051 | 0.054 | 0.046 | 0.046 | 0.012 | 0.057 | 0.009 | 0.05 |
2009 | -0.158* | 0.035 | -0.157* | 0.034 | 0.044 | 0.053 | 0.04 | 0.046 | -0.014 | 0.057 | -0.017 | 0.05 |
2010 | -0.008 | 0.035 | -0.009 | 0.034 | 0.149* | 0.053 | 0.145* | 0.046 | 0.147* | 0.057 | 0.143* | 0.05 |
Random parameters | ||||||||||||
Individual level | 0.294 | 0.007 | 0.294 | 0.007 | 0.491 | 0.011 | 0.492 | 0.011 | 0.531 | 0.012 | 0.531 | 0.012 |
Region level | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.014 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Year level | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
-2*loglikelihood | 6578.925 | 6576.004 | 8682.097 | 8668.155 | 8998.95 | 8985.709 | ||||||
Units | ||||||||||||
Individual | 4057 | 4057 | 4057 | 4057 | 4057 | 4057 | ||||||
Region | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | 64 | ||||||
Year | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |