Figure 1Kaplan-Meier curves for three different risk group.
Table 1.Baseline characteristics of the Seoul male cancer cohort
Variables |
Live cohort (n = 13544) |
Premature death (n = 990) |
p - value |
Age (y) |
50.42 ± 5.14 |
53.28 ± 5.12 |
<0.01 |
40 - 44 |
1837 (13.5) |
60 (6.1) |
|
45 - 49 |
4511 (33.3) |
187 (18.9) |
|
50 - 54 |
3704 (27.4) |
269 (27.2) |
|
55 - 59 |
3326 (24.6) |
454 (45.9) |
|
Missing |
166 (1.2) |
20 (2.0) |
<0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
23.41 ± 2.38 |
23.37 ± 2.47 |
0.60 |
Education level |
|
|
|
University or more |
2747 (20.3) |
150 (15.2) |
|
High school |
4652 (34.4) |
309 (31.2) |
|
Middle school or less |
6117 (45.2) |
526 (53.1) |
|
Missing |
28 (0.21) |
5 (0.5) |
<0.01 |
Smoking |
|
|
|
Never |
3064 (22.6) |
148 (14.9) |
|
Former |
3615 (26.7) |
213 (21.5) |
|
Current |
6590 (48.7) |
596 (60.2) |
|
Missing |
275 (2.0) |
33 (3.3) |
<0.01 |
Alcohol drinking |
|
|
|
Never |
3223 (23.8) |
187 (18.9) |
|
Former |
1129 (8.3) |
112 (11.3) |
|
Current |
8654 (92.4) |
647 (68.4) |
|
Missing |
538 (4.0) |
44 (4.4) |
<0.01 |
Self reported hypertension |
1036 (7.9) |
102 (11.0) |
<0.01 |
Self reported diabetes mellitus |
353 (2.7) |
44 (4.8) |
<0.01 |
Table 2.Causes of death among participants in the Seoul male cohort
Causes of death (ICD-10 code) |
n |
% |
All - cancer (C00 - C97) |
535 |
54.0 |
Type of cancer |
|
|
Stomach (C16) |
109 |
11.0 |
Lung (C34) |
104 |
10.5 |
Liver (C22) |
77 |
7.8 |
Pancreas (C25) |
44 |
4.4 |
Biliary tract (C24) |
27 |
2.7 |
Colon (C18) |
36 |
3.6 |
Esophagus (C15) |
14 |
1.4 |
Other cancers |
124 |
12.5 |
CVD (I05 - I09, I20 - I52, I70 - I99) |
95 |
9.6 |
Cerebrovascular disease (I60 - I69) |
72 |
7.2 |
Cerebral hemorrhage (I60 - I62) |
31 |
3.1 |
CVA/infarct (I63) |
21 |
2.1 |
Other cerebrovascular disease (I64 - I69) |
20 |
2.0 |
Liver disease (K70 - K77) |
35 |
3.5 |
DM (E10 - E14) |
16 |
1.6 |
COPD (J40 - J47) |
11 |
1.1 |
HTN (I10 - I12) |
6 |
0.6 |
Others |
220 |
22.2 |
|
Total |
990 |
100.0 |
Table 3.Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis and points system for all-cause premature mortality
Risk factors |
Number (n = 14205) |
Number of death (n = 946) |
Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
ß regression coefficient |
Points |
Age (y) |
|
|
|
|
|
40 - 44 |
1867 (13.14) |
59 (6.24) |
1.00 |
|
0 |
45 - 49 |
4616 (32.50) |
184 (19.45) |
1.34 (0.98, 1.83) |
0.29 |
2 |
50 - 54 |
3885 (27.35) |
260 (27.48) |
2.16 (1.59, 2.94) |
0.77 |
5 |
55 - 59 |
3656 (25.74) |
425 (44.93) |
3.99 (2.98, 5.37) |
1.38 |
9 |
Missing |
181 (1.27) |
18 (1.90) |
|
|
|
Smoking |
|
|
|
|
|
Never |
3138 (22.09) |
136 (14.38) |
1.00 |
|
0 |
Former |
3735 (26.29) |
202 (21.35) |
1.11 (0.88, 1.40) |
0.10 |
0 |
Current |
7027 (49.47) |
575 (60.78) |
1.77 (1.45, 2.17) |
0.58 |
4 |
Missing |
305 (2.15) |
33 (3.49) |
|
|
|
Alcohol drinking |
|
|
|
|
|
Never |
3332 (23.46) |
179 (18.92) |
1.00 |
|
0 |
Former |
1190 (8.38) |
99 (10.47) |
1.17 (0.98, 1.39) |
0.15 |
1 |
Current |
9108 (64.12) |
624 (65.96) |
1.40 (1.07, 1.83) |
0.33 |
2 |
Missing |
575 (4.05) |
44 (4.65) |
|
|
|
BMI (kg/m2) |
|
|
|
|
|
18.5 - 22.9 |
6039 (42.51) |
396 (41.86) |
1.00 |
|
0 |
Less than 18.5 |
107 (0.75) |
11 (1.16) |
0.98 (0.82, 1.18) |
-0.01 |
0 |
23 - 24.9 |
4627 (32.57) |
302 (31.92) |
1.00 (0.85, 1.19) |
0.01 |
0 |
25 or more |
3332 (23.46) |
218 (23.04) |
1.63 (0.97, 2.74) |
0.48 |
3 |
Missing |
100 (0.70) |
19 (2.01) |
|
|
|
Regular exercise (wk) |
|
|
|
|
|
None |
2060 (14.50) |
167 (17.65) |
1.00 |
|
0 |
1 - 3 times |
6824 (48.04) |
418 (44.19) |
0.88 (0.72, 1.09) |
-0.10 |
0 |
4 or more |
4984 (33.51) |
317 (33.51) |
0.84 (0.69, 1.02) |
-0.16 |
-1 |
Missing |
337 (2.37) |
44 (4.65) |
|
|
|
Sleep hours (h) |
|
|
|
|
|
8 or more |
3687 (25.96) |
237 (25.05) |
1.00 |
|
0 |
6 - 7 |
9879 (69.55) |
640 (67.65) |
1.04 (0.88, 1.22) |
0.04 |
0 |
5 or less |
529 (3.72) |
58 (6.13) |
1.53 (1.11, 2.12) |
0.43 |
3 |
Missing |
110 (0.77) |
11 (1.16) |
|
|
|
Education level |
|
|
|
|
|
University or more |
2829 (19.92) |
141 (14.90) |
1.00 |
|
0 |
High school |
4837 (34.05) |
295 (31.18) |
1.36 (1.09, 1.71) |
0.31 |
2 |
Middle school or less |
6506 (45.80) |
505 (53.38) |
1.76 (1.42, 2.18) |
0.57 |
4 |
Missing |
33 (0.23) |
5 (0.53) |
|
|
|
Hypertension |
1138 (8.15) |
102 (11.04) |
1.34 (1.06, 1.66) |
0.29 |
2 |
Diabetes mellitus |
397 (2.84) |
044 (4.77) |
1.47 (1.07, 2.04) |
0.39 |
3 |
Table 4.All cause premature mortality risk and hazard ratio stratified by health risk score
Total points |
No. of subjects at risk |
No. of death |
Mortality risk (%) |
Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
1 - 3 |
543 |
12 |
2.21 |
1.00 |
4 - 6 |
1597 |
37 |
2.31 |
1.05 (0.55, 2.01) |
7 - 9 |
2682 |
91 |
3.39 |
1.54 (0.85, 2.82) |
10 - 12 |
3322 |
207 |
6.23 |
2.88 (1.61, 5.15) |
13 - 15 |
2592 |
211 |
8.14 |
3.79 (2.12, 6.79) |
16 - 18 |
1361 |
154 |
11.32 |
5.28 (2.99, 9.68) |
19 - 21 |
540 |
75 |
13.89 |
6.64 (3.61, 12.21) |
22 - 25 |
124 |
28 |
22.58 |
11.09 (5.64, 21.81) |
26 - 28 |
13 |
4 |
30.77 |
16.92 (5.46, 52.46) |