1Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
2School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Copyright © 2019 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest associated with the material presented in this paper.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: SR. Data curation: SR. Formal analysis: MH. Funding acquisition: SR. Methodology: SR, MH. Project administration: SR. Visualization: SR. Writing - original draft: SR. Writing - review & editing: MH.
Variables | Marginal effect | Elasticity | Concentration index |
Contribution |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | Summed | Summed, % | ||||
Demographic variables | ||||||
Sex of household head | ||||||
Male (reference) | ||||||
Female | 0.003* | 0.009 | -0.312 | -0.003 | -0.003 | 1.83 |
Age of household head (y) | ||||||
15-45 (reference) | ||||||
46-65 | 0.005*** | 0.037 | 0.080 | 0.003 | ||
66 and above | 0.015*** | 0.058 | -0.194 | -0.012 | -0.009 | 5.48 |
Household size | ||||||
≤4 (reference) | ||||||
> 4 | -0.006*** | -0.028 | 0.051 | -0.001 | -0.001 | 0.92 |
Socioeconomic variables | ||||||
Education status of the household head | ||||||
Literate (reference) | ||||||
Illiterate | 0.002 | 0.008 | -0.2806 | -0.002 | -0.002 | 1.47 |
Wealth index of households | ||||||
Poorest (reference) | ||||||
Poor | -0.011 | -0.041 | -0.402 | 0.017 | ||
Middle | -0.019 | -0.072 | -0.002 | 0.000 | ||
Rich | -0.019 | -0.073 | 0.399 | -0.031 | ||
Richest | -0.032 | -0.121 | 0.800 | -0.102 | -0.115 | 71.7 |
Members ≤5 y | ||||||
Yes | -0.001 | -0.003 | 0.020 | -0.000 | -0.000 | 0.35 |
No (reference) | ||||||
Members ≥65 y | ||||||
Yes | 0.004*** | 0.017 | -0.097 | -0.002 | -0.002 | 1.07 |
No (reference) | ||||||
Insurance coverage | ||||||
Yes | 0.006*** | 0.109 | 0.014 | 0.002 | 0.002 | -0.97 |
No (reference) | ||||||
Utilization of healthcare | ||||||
Inpatient care | ||||||
Used | 0.050*** | 0.154 | 0.054 | 0.009 | 0.009 | -5.44 |
Not used (reference) | ||||||
Outpatient care | ||||||
Used | 0.019*** | 0.083 | 0.067 | 0.006 | 0.006 | -3.68 |
Not used (reference) | ||||||
Dental care | ||||||
Used | 0.051*** | 0.045 | 0.237 | 0.011 | 0.011 | -7.10 |
Not used (reference) | ||||||
Ecological variables | ||||||
Geographical area | ||||||
Urban (reference) | ||||||
Rural | 0.026*** | 0.250 | 0.094 | 0.025 | 0.025 | -15.41 |
Province | ||||||
Tehran (reference) | ||||||
Markazi | 0.012 | 0.009 | 0.019 | 0.000 | ||
Gilan | 0.018*** | 0.011 | -0.098 | -0.001 | ||
Mazandaran | 0.027 | 0.015 | 0.186 | 0.003 | ||
East Azerbaijan | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.044 | 0.000 | ||
West Azerbaijan | 0.005*** | 0.003 | 0.062 | 0.000 | ||
Kermanshah | -0.009*** | -0.005 | -0.240 | 0.001 | ||
Khuzestan | 0.021*** | 0.014 | -0.179 | -0.003 | ||
Fars | 0.027*** | 0.020 | 0.087 | 0.002 | ||
Kerman | -0.010*** | -0.006 | -0.389 | 0.002 | ||
Razavi Khorasan | 0.010* | 0.008 | -0.031 | 0.000 | ||
Esfahan | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.282 | 0.000 | ||
Sistan and Baluchestan | 0.007 | 0.005 | -0.608 | -0.003 | ||
Kurdistan | -0.007 | -0.003 | -0.067 | 0.000 | ||
Hamadan | -0.004 | -0.002 | 0.092 | 0.000 | ||
Chahar Mahall and Bakhtiari | -0.002*** | -0.001 | 0.185 | 0.000 | ||
Lorestan | 0.023*** | 0.012 | -0.133 | -0.002 | ||
Ilam | -0.011*** | -0.005 | -0.215 | 0.001 | ||
Kohgiluyeh and Buyer-Ahmad | -0.023*** | -0.013 | 0.065 | -0.001 | ||
Bushehr | -0.005 | -0.003 | 0.020 | 0.000 | ||
Zanjan | 0.001 | 0.001 | -0.039 | 0.000 | ||
Semnan | 0.025*** | 0.012 | 0.107 | 0.001 | ||
Yazd | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.355 | 0.000 | ||
Hormozgan | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.202 | 0.000 | ||
Ardebil | -0.007 | -0.004 | -0.018 | 0.000 | ||
Qom | 0.016*** | 0.008 | 0.196 | 0.002 | ||
Qazvin | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.126 | 0.000 | ||
Golestan | 0.031*** | 0.021 | 0.012 | 0.000 | ||
North Khorasan | 0.000 | 0.000 | -0.088 | 0.000 | ||
South Khorasan | -0.002 | -0.002 | -0.019 | 0.000 | ||
Alborz | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.267 | 0.001 | 0.006 | -3.60 |
Sum | -0.074 | 46.4 | ||||
Residual | -0.086 | 53.6 | ||||
Total Cn | -0.161 | 100.0 |
Incidence and Intensity of Catastrophic Health-care Expenditure for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Care in Iran: Determinants and Inequality