Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

Volume 52(2); March 2019

Editorial

Our Valuable Contributors: Reviewers of 2018: Sung-il Cho; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):71-71. Published online March 29, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.19.054

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Review

A Scoping Review of Components of Physician-induced Demand for Designing a Conceptual Framework: Marita Mohammadshahi, Shahrooz Yazdani, Alireza Olyaeemanesh, Ali Akbari Sari, Mehdi Yaseri, Sara Emamgholipour Sefiddashti; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):72-81. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.238

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Objectives
The current study presents a new conceptual framework for physician-induced demand that comprises several influential components and their interactions.
Methods
This framework was developed on the basis of the conceptual model proposed by Labelle. To identify the components that influenced induced demand and their interactions, a scoping review was conducted (from January 1980 to January 2017). Additionally, an expert panel was formed to formulate and expand the framework.
Results
The developed framework comprises 2 main sets of components. First, the supply side includes 9 components: physicians’ incentive for pecuniary profit or meeting their target income, physicians’ current income, the physician/population ratio, service price (tariff), payment method, consultation time, type of employment of physicians, observable characteristics of the physician, and type and size of the hospital. Second, the demand side includes 3 components: patients’ observable characteristics, patients’ non-clinical characteristics, and insurance coverage.
Conclusions
A conceptual framework that can clearly describe interactions between the components that influence induced demand is a critical step in providing a scientific basis for understanding physicians’ behavior, particularly in the field of health economics.

Summary

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Appropriateness of angiography for suspected coronary artery disease
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Original Articles

‘Pneumonia Weather’: Short-term Effects of Meteorological Factors on Emergency Room Visits Due to Pneumonia in Seoul, Korea: Sangho Sohn, Wonju Cho, Jin A Kim, Alaa Altaluoni, Kwan Hong, Byung Chul Chun; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):82-91. Published online February 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.232

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
Many studies have explored the relationship between short-term weather and its health effects (including pneumonia) based on mortality, although both morbidity and mortality pose a substantial burden. In this study, the authors aimed to describe the influence of meteorological factors on the number of emergency room (ER) visits due to pneumonia in Seoul, Korea.
Methods
Daily records of ER visits for pneumonia over a 6-year period (2009-2014) were collected from the National Emergency Department Information System. Corresponding meteorological data were obtained from the National Climate Data Service System. A generalized additive model was used to analyze the effects. The percent change in the relative risk of certain meteorological variables, including pneumonia temperature (defined as the change in average temperature from one day to the next), were estimated for specific age groups.
Results
A total of 217 776 ER visits for pneumonia were identified. The additional risk associated with a 1°C increase in pneumonia temperature above the threshold of 6°C was 1.89 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37 to 2.61). Average temperature and diurnal temperature range, representing within-day temperature variance, showed protective effects of 0.07 (95% CI, 0.92 to 0.93) and 0.04 (95% CI, 0.94 to 0.98), respectively. However, in the elderly (65+ years), the effect of pneumonia temperature was inconclusive, and the directionality of the effects of average temperature and diurnal temperature range differed.
Conclusions
The term ‘pneumonia temperature’ is valid. Pneumonia temperature was associated with an increased risk of ER visits for pneumonia, while warm average temperatures and large diurnal temperature ranges showed protective effects.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구에서는 기온 등 다양한 기상요인의 건강영향을 나타내는 표현 중 하나로 알려진 'pneumonia weather'가 역학적으로 가진 의미를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국가응급진료정보망의 폐렴 진료기록과 기상자료개방포털 일기자료를 일반화가법모형을 이용해 분석하였다. 그 결과 pneumonia weather는 연속된 양일간 평균기온의 차이를 의미하며, 일정 수준 이상의 일간 기온차는 단기간 이후 폐렴으로 인한 응급실 내원 위험을 증가시킨다는 사실을 확인하였다.

Citations

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Impact of ambient temperature on respiratory disease: a case-crossover study in Seoul
Hyewon Lee, Hee-Young Yoon
Respiratory Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Extreme temperatures increase the risk of pediatric pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Firdian Makrufardi, Rina Triasih, Nurnaningsih Nurnaningsih, Kian Fan Chung, Sheng-Chieh Lin, Hsiao-Chi Chuang
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Relative Humidity Affects Acute Otitis Media Visits of Preschool Children to the Emergency Department
Ying-Fang Jiang, Wen-Wei Luo, Xin Zhang, Dong-Dong Ren, Yi-Bo Huang
Ear, Nose & Throat Journal.2023; 102(7): 467. CrossRef
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Chan Lu, Wenhui Yang, Mengju Lan, Bin Li, Faming Wang
Building and Environment.2023; 244: 110800. CrossRef
Combined effect of preconceptional and prenatal exposure to air pollution and temperature on childhood pneumonia: A case-control study
Wenhui Yang, McSherry Brownel Johnson, Hongsen Liao, Zijing Liu, Xiangrong Zheng, Chan Lu
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Allison J Burbank
Journal of Asthma and Allergy.2023; Volume 16: 183. CrossRef
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Olivia Kline, Mary Prunicki
Current Opinion in Pediatrics.2023; 35(3): 350. CrossRef
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Hakjung Kim, Woosung Yu
Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine.2022; 29(1): 17. CrossRef
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Eu Sun Lee, Jung-Youn Kim, Young-Hoon Yoon, Seoung Bum Kim, Hyungu Kahng, Jinhyeok Park, Jaehoon Kim, Minjae Lee, Haeun Hwang, Sung Joon Park, Yan-Ren Lin
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Yukitaka Ohashi, Yuya Takane, Ko Nakajima, Ka Chun Chong
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Hieu K.T. Ngo, Ly M. T. Luong, Hong H.T.C Le, Tran Ngoc Dang, An Le Pham, Dung Phung, Phong K. Thai
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Factors Related to Smoking Status Among Young Adults: An Analysis of Younger and Older Young Adults in Korea: Yeji Lee, Kang-Sook Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):92-100. Published online January 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.201

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
Young adulthood represents a critical developmental period during which the use of tobacco may begin or cease. Furthermore, differences in smoking behaviors between younger (aged 18-24 years) and older (aged 25-34 years) young adults may exist. This study aimed to characterize patterns related to current smoking in younger and older young adults.
Methods
This study used data acquired from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2013 to 2014. A total of 2069 subjects were categorized as younger (712 subjects) and older (1357 subjects) young adults. The chi-square test was used to assess the relationships between smoking status and socio-demographic, health-related, and smoking-related factors. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to assess the factors affecting current smoking in these age groups.
Results
The current smoking prevalence was 18.3% among the younger young adults and 26.0% among the older young adults. Sex, education level, occupation, perceived health status, alcohol consumption, and electronic cigarette use were related to current smoking in both age groups. Secondhand smoke exposure at home and stress levels showed significant relationships with smoking in younger and older young adults, respectively.
Conclusions
Strong correlations were found between the observed variables and smoking behaviors among young adults. Determining the factors affecting smoking and designing interventions based on these factors are essential for smoking cessation in young adults.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 제 6기 2013-2014년도 자료를 이용하였으며, 대상자 중 청년(18-34세)인 총 2,069명의 자료를 활용하여 전기 청년(18-24세)과 후기 청년(25-34세)인 두 연령 집단(18-24세, 25-34세)으로 나누어서 각 집단의 현재 흡연에 미치는 요인을 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구 결과, 두 연령 집단 모두에서 성별, 대학교육 여부, 직업, 자가보고 건강수준, 음주, 그리고 평생 전자담배 사용은 현재 흡연과 유의한 관련이 있게 나타났으며, 가정실내 간접흡연 노출은 전기 청년에서만, 스트레스 정도는 후기 청년에서만 유의한 관련이 있었다. 본 연구는 전기 청년과 후기 청년에서 사회경제적 요인, 건강관련 요인, 흡연 관련 요인이 중요한 예측인자로 나타난 것을 알 수 있었으며 이에 따른 맞춤형 금연 프로그램의 적용이 필요할 것으로 시사한다.

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Phantara Chulasai, Surarong Chinwong, Purida Vientong, John J. Hall, Dujrudee Chinwong
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Developmental trajectories of tobacco use and risk factors from adolescence to emerging young adulthood: a population-based panel study
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Addictive Behaviors.2020; 107: 106420. CrossRef
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Objectively Measured Physical Activity of Vietnamese Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: Opportunities to Intervene: Vuong Van Do, Jonine Jancey, Ngoc Minh Pham, Chung Thanh Nguyen, Minh Van Hoang, Andy H. Lee; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):101-108. Published online February 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.213

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
To objectively determine and compare the physical activity (PA) levels of adults newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and adults without T2D in Vietnam using an accelerometer.
Methods
A total of 120 participants with newly diagnosed T2D and 120 adults without T2D were recruited from a large hospital in Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam. All participants wore an ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer for at least 5 days, including 1 weekend day. Freedson cut-off points were used to estimate different intensities of PA. In addition, comparisons between groups were made with respect to achieving the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) recommended PA guidelines.
Results
Men with T2D had significantly lower levels of PA than men without T2D. The respective multivariable-adjusted mean values of daily step count, daily light-intensity, moderate-intensity, and moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA were approximately 14%, 19%, and 22% lower in the men with T2D than in their non-T2D counterparts. However, women with T2D accumulated a greater number of steps per day than women without T2D. Only 59.2% of the adults with T2D met the minimum recommended level of PA (WHO and IDF), compared to 74.2% of adults without T2D (p<0.05). After adjusting for potential confounders, participants with T2D experienced 50.0% significantly lower odds of achieving PA recommendations.
Conclusions
Vietnamese men with T2D were less physically active than those without T2D, and adults with T2D were less likely to meet PA guidelines. The results suggest a need for integrating PA into the self-management of this chronic condition.

Summary

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The Effects of Socio-demographic Characteristics on Indonesian Women’s Knowledge of HIV/AIDS: A Cross-sectional Study: Putu Erma Pradnyani, Arief Wibowo, Mahmudah; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):109-114. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.256

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to characterize Indonesian women’s knowledge of HIV/AIDS and to investigate the effects of socio-demographic characteristics thereupon with the goal of supporting the prevention and early detection of HIV/AIDS.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the standard Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in 2012. A total of 34 984 subjects ranged in age from 15 years to 49 years. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression to identify the effects of socio-demographic characteristics on Indonesian women’s knowledge of HIV/AIDS.
Results
All socio-demographic characteristics except marital status were related to knowledge of HIV/AIDS among Indonesian women in the univariate analysis (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that only age group, education level, location of residence, and wealth index were related to Indonesian women’s knowledge of HIV/AIDS (p<0.05).
Conclusions
Indonesian women’s insufficient knowledge related to HIV/AIDS shows that the provision of accurate and comprehensive information related to HIV/AIDS are components of prevention and control interventions that should be improved. With greater knowledge, women are expected to be more likely to determine their own and their partners’ human immunodeficiency virus status and to take appropriate preventive steps.

Summary

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Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Joshua Okyere, Wonder Agbemavi, Mawulorm Akpeke, Eugene Budu, Farrukh Ishaque Saah, Vivian Tackie, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
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Predictors of Comprehensive Knowledge of HIV/AIDS Among People Aged 15–49 Years in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Analysis

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HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2020; Volume 12: 449. CrossRef

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Tuberculosis in Timor-Leste: Results From the Demographic and Health Survey 2016: Supa Pengpid, Karl Peltzer; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):115-122. Published online February 18, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.170

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286 Download
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Abstract PDF

Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding tuberculosis (TB) in the general population in Timor-Leste.
Methods
In the nationally representative cross-sectional 2016 Timor-Leste Demographic and Health Survey, 4622 men (aged 15-59 years) and 12 607 women (aged 15-49 years) were randomly selected using stratified multistage sampling and interviewed.
Results
Overall, 66.9% of men and 62.8% of women were aware of TB, 4.4% of men and 12.6% of women had TB courtesy stigma, and 83.3% of men and 88.6% of women reported intention to receive TB treatment. The mean±standard deviation overall TB knowledge score was 3.9±2.0 (out of 8) among men and 3.0±1.8 among women. In a multivariable linear regression analysis, among both men and women, older age, higher education, rural residence, and sources of TB information (family/friends, school/workplace, health care provider, Internet, television, and newspaper) were associated with higher TB knowledge scores. In addition, among women, higher wealth status and having heard about TB from the radio were associated with higher TB knowledge scores. Negative associations with TB courtesy stigma were found for urban residence and having heard about TB from family or friends among men, and for older age, higher TB knowledge, and TB information sources (family/friends and school/workplace) among women. Among both men and women, higher TB knowledge scores and having heard of TB from a health care provider were associated with intention to receive TB treatment.
Conclusions
This study identified socio-demographic risk factors for deficiences in population-based TB knowledge in Timor-Leste; these findings should be considered when designing TB communication, prevention, and control strategies.

Summary

Citations

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Determinants of correct knowledge on tuberculosis transmission and self-reported tuberculosis prevalence among general population aged 15–49 years in Myanmar
Pyae Linn Aung, Kyawt Mon Win, Htet Myet Win Maung, Kyaw Lwin Show, Seo Ah Hong
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(8): e0290470. CrossRef
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Tuberculosis in Indonesia: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study
Silma Kaaffah, Ikhwan Yuda Kusuma, Fransiskus Samuel Renaldi, Yovita Endah Lestari, Arik Dian Eka Pratiwi, Muh Akbar Bahar
Infection and Drug Resistance.2023; Volume 16: 1787. CrossRef
Tuberculosis related barriers and facilitators among immigrants in Atlantic Canada: A qualitative study
Isdore Chola Shamputa, Moira A. Law, Clara Kelly, Duyen Thi Kim Nguyen, Tatum Burdo, Jabran Umar, Kimberley Barker, Duncan Webster, Sanghyuk S. Shin
PLOS Global Public Health.2023; 3(6): e0001997. CrossRef
An insight from National Family Health Surveys on changing trends in prevalence and knowledge regarding T.B. in India
Ankeeta Menona Jacob, Jeni Jacob
Indian Journal of Tuberculosis.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Dengue in Timor-Leste during the COVID-19 phenomenon
Zito Viegas da Cruz, Afonso Lima Araujo, Alexis Ribas, Choosak Nithikathkul
Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Stigma: The Perceptions of Tuberculosis in Equatorial Guinea
Marta Vericat-Ferrer, Alba Ayala, Policarpo Ncogo, Juan Eyene-Acuresila, Belén García, Agustín Benito, María Romay-Barja
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(14): 8227. CrossRef
Determinants of self-reported correct knowledge about tuberculosis transmission among men and women in Malawi: evidence from a nationwide household survey
Peter A. M. Ntenda, Razak Mussa, Steve Gowelo, Alick Sixpence, Andy Bauleni, Atusayi Simbeye, Alfred Matengeni, Ernest Matola, Godfrey Banda, Christopher C. Stanley, Susan Banda, Owen Nkoka
BMC Infectious Diseases.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
INQUÉRITO DE CONHECIMENTO, ATITUDE E PRÁTICA: O AUTOCUIDADO E CONDUTAS DE PACIENTES EM TRATAMENTO PARA TUBERCULOSE
Ana Caroline Cavalcante de Menezes, Valdízia Mendes e Silva, Jéssica Lins de Oliveira, Mona Laura de Sousa Moraes, Tânia Maria Ribeiro Monteiro de Figueiredo
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Adedapo Olufemi Bashorun, Christopher Linda, Semeeh Omoleke, Lindsay Kendall, Simon D. Donkor, Ma-Ansu Kinteh, Baba Danso, Lamin Leigh, Sheriff Kandeh, Umberto D’Alessandro, Ifedayo Morayo O. Adetifa
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Sheilla Mufidha Wahyuningtyas, Endang Sri Lestari, Jojok Mukono, Endro Sukmono
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Sreeharshika Dumpeti, KishoreYadav Jothula, NavyaK Naidu
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Impact of Changes in Maternal Age and Parity Distribution on the Increasing Trends in the Low Birth Weight and Very Low Birth Weight Rates in South Korea, 2005-2015: Yujin Oh, Jisuk Bae; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):123-130. Published online March 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.247

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Abstract Summary PDF

Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of shifts in maternal age and parity on the increasing trends in the low birth weight (LBW) and very low birth weight (VLBW) rates from 2005 to 2015 in South Korea.
Methods
Data from 4 993 041 live births registered with Statistics Korea during the period between 2005 and 2015 were analyzed. Applying a modified standardization method, we partitioned the total increment in the LBW and VLBW rates into (1) the increase in the LBW and VLBW rates due to changes in the maternal age and parity distribution (AP-dis) and (2) the increase due to changes in the age-specific and parity-specific rates (AP-spe) of LBW and VLBW for singleton and multiple births, respectively.
Results
During the study period, the total increment in the LBW and VLBW rates was 1.43%p and 0.25%p, respectively. Among singleton births, changes in the AP-dis accounted for 79% (0.34%p) and 50% (0.06%p) of the total increment in the LBW and VLBW rates, respectively. Meanwhile, among multiple births, changes in the AP-dis did not contribute to the increase in the LBW and VLBW rates, with 100% of the increase in the LBW (1.00%p) and VLBW (0.13%p) rates being attributed to changes in the AP-spe.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated that shifts in maternal age and parity were prominent contributors to the increase in the LBW and VLBW rates among singleton births between 2005 and 2015 in South Korea.

Summary

Korean summary
우리나라 출생자료를 이용하여 2005년부터 2015년까지 한국인 저출생체중아 및 극소저출생체중아 발생률 증가에서 1) 산모연령 및 출산순위 분포변화에 기인하는 부분과 2) 이들 분포변화 이외의 요인에 기인하는 부분을 수정된 표준화법을 적용하여 평가하였다. 분석 결과, 단태아에서 저출생체중아 발생률 증가량의 79% (0.34%p), 극소저출생체중아 발생률 증가량의 50% (0.06%p)가 산모연령 및 출산순위 분포변화에 기인한 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 다태아에서는 저출생체중아 및 극소저출생체중아 발생률 증가량의 100% (저출생체중아 1.00%p, 극소저출생체중아 0.13%p)가 이들 분포변화 이외의 요인에 기인한 것으로 나타났다.

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Validity of Self-reported Hypertension and Factors Related to Discordance Between Self-reported and Objectively Measured Hypertension: Evidence From a Cohort Study in Iran: Farid Najafi, Yahya Pasdar, Ebrahim Shakiba, Behrooz Hamzeh, Mitra Darbandi, Mehdi Moradinazar, Jafar Navabi, Bita Anvari, Mohammad Reza Saidi, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):131-139. Published online March 29, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.18.257

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136 Download
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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Self-reporting can be used to determine the incidence and prevalence of hypertension (HTN). The present study was conducted to determine the validity of self-reported HTN and to identify factors affecting discordance between self-reported and objectively measured HTN in participants in the Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort.
Methods
The RaNCD cohort included permanent residents of Ravansar, Iran aged 35-65 years. Self-reported data were collected before clinical examinations were conducted by well-trained staff members. The gold standard for HTN was anti-hypertensive medication use and blood pressure measurements. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and overall accuracy of self-reporting were calculated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine the discordance between self-reported HTN and the gold standard.
Results
Of the 10 065 participants in the RaNCD, 4755 (47.4%) were male. The prevalence of HTN was 16.8% based on self-reporting and 15.7% based on medical history and HTN measurements. Of the participants with HTN, 297 (18.8%) had no knowledge of their disease, and 313 (19.9%) had not properly controlled their HTN despite receiving treatment. The sensitivity, specificity, and kappa for self-reported HTN were 75.5%, 96.4%, and 73.4%, respectively. False positives became more likely with age, body mass index (BMI), low socioeconomic status, and female sex, whereas false negatives became more likely with age, BMI, high socioeconomic status, smoking, and urban residency.
Conclusions
The sensitivity and specificity of self-reported HTN were acceptable, suggesting that this method can be used for public health initiatives in the absence of countrywide HTN control and detection programs.

Summary

Citations

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Alex Kato, Winnie Kibone, Jerom Okot, Joseph Baruch Baluku, Felix Bongomin
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Validity of self‐reported hypertension and related factors in the adult population: Preliminary results from the cohort in the west of Iran
Negar Piri, Yousef Moradi, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Mahsa Abdullahi, Eghbal Fattahi, Farhad Moradpour
The Journal of Clinical Hypertension.2023; 25(2): 146. CrossRef
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Hoang Thi Hai Van, Dang Thi Huong, Tran Ngoc Anh
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Brief Report

Estimating the Survival of Patients With Lung Cancer: What Is the Best Statistical Model?: Siavosh Abedi, Ghasem Janbabaei, Mahdi Afshari, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Masoumeh Rashidi Alashti, Akbar Hedayatizadeh-Omran, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, Ehsan Abedini; J Prev Med Public Health. 2019;52(2):140-144. Published online February 18, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.17.090

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Abstract PDF

Objectives
Investigating the survival of patients with cancer is vitally necessary for controlling the disease and for assessing treatment methods. This study aimed to compare various statistical models of survival and to determine the survival rate and its related factors among patients suffering from lung cancer.
Methods
In this retrospective cohort, the cumulative survival rate, median survival time, and factors associated with the survival of lung cancer patients were estimated using Cox, Weibull, exponential, and Gompertz regression models. Kaplan-Meier tables and the log-rank test were also used to analyze the survival of patients in different subgroups.
Results
Of 102 patients with lung cancer, 74.5% were male. During the follow-up period, 80.4% died. The incidence rate of death among patients was estimated as 3.9 (95% confidence [CI], 3.1 to 4.8) per 100 person-months. The 5-year survival rate for all patients, males, females, patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), and patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) was 17%, 13%, 29%, 21%, and 0%, respectively. The median survival time for all patients, males, females, those with NSCLC, and those with SCLC was 12.7 months, 12.0 months, 16.0 months, 16.0 months, and 6.0 months, respectively. Multivariate analyses indicated that the hazard ratios (95% CIs) for male sex, age, and SCLC were 0.56 (0.33 to 0.93), 1.03 (1.01 to 1.05), and 2.91 (1.71 to 4.95), respectively.
Conclusions
Our results showed that the exponential model was the most precise. This model identified age, sex, and type of cancer as factors that predicted survival in patients with lung cancer.

Summary

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